International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.t
Design and Analysis of Mechanism for Dynamic Characterization of Power Transm...iosrjce
Power transmission systems are being widely used for transmission of power between two members.
Once a particular transmission system is realized it needs to be qualified before its course of application. As
part of this intended torque of the transmission systems needs to be measured and tested. Conventional means of
dynamic characterization of power transmission system has got the demerit of energy consumption to a greater
extent. Because of this more effort is to be put in terms of power for the sake of testing the intended system.
Great need exists for a system which consumes less or ideally no energy while performing test. This project
aims at evolution of a novel technique for evaluating the torque transmitting capability of power transmission
systems without consuming more energy. To start with all the subsystems of the proposed design will be
identified and each of them will be designed for getting their dimensions. Then these dimensional models will be
transformed to solid model of the assembled configuration using 3D CAD software. Functional load which will
be experienced by this design will be assessed and structural analysis will be carried out against these loads
using Finite Element Method (FEM) in commercial FEA software i.e. ANSYS
6 ijaems jul-2015-11-design of a drivetrain for sae baja racing off-road vehicleINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With growing time, the participation of the students in SAE BAJA is increasing year by year. The vehicle’s performance is highly dependent on the installation and appropriate use of Drivetrain components. Drivetrain includes powertrain (prime mover i.e. engine/motor) and transmission components (gearbox, shafts etc). Therefore, Drivetrain is also called as the driving force of any vehicle. The proper design of Drivetrain is thus a part and parcel for any vehicle. The lack of literature available for a optimize design of Drivetrain makes it a hard nut to crack for the students who don’t have any past experience. Thus there is a need for some source by which the students can learn to design the Drivetrain for SAE BAJA. The engine vibration is another aspect which is needed to be considered. NVH consideration is another deciding parameter in BAJA vehicle’s performance which if neglected could leads to lethal results. Therefore proper installation of engine mounts is required according to the need.
Thus, this segment aims at developing the Drivetrain for BAJA vehicles which can boost up the performance of the vehicle. Properly use of a powertrain and transmission components for a vehicle along with the calculations according to the need will be discussed in detail. This segment also aims at developing the conceptual understanding of the performance parameters of a BAJA vehicle among the student which will be helpful in their academic curriculum as well.
Investigation on Chassis Dynamometer with Capability to Test Regenerative Bra...IJPEDS-IAES
An investigation-based approach to a bidirectional power flow method for
testing regenerative braking function on a chassis dynamometer is presented.
The requirements and specifications for capability to test regenerative
braking function of Electric Vehicle (EV) emulated by using a bidirectional
chassis dynamometer are discussed. The dynamometer emulates road load
conditions during testing, and regenerative braking is able to test their
function while the vehicle is in deceleration condition. Performances of
power requirement are illustrated and translated into sequence diagram. It is
shown that the proposed topology is particularly advantageous in generating
and regenerating power for energy consumption. The overview of
conventional chassis dynamometer and the proposed chassis dynamometer is
compared to investigate the parameter in the development of regenerative
braking test.
Topology Optimization of Gears from Two Wheeler Gear Set Using Parametric StudyIOSRJMCE
: Gears are used to transmit motion from on shaft to another and it has wide variety of applications. One of the applications of gear is in automobile gear box. Gears generally fail when the working stress exceeds the maximum permissible stress. These stresses are proportional to the amount of power transmitted by the gears. This project intends to identify the magnitude of the stresses for a given configuration of a two wheeler gears transmitting power while trying to find ways for reducing weight of the gear. The philosophy for driving this work is the lightness of the gear for a given purpose while keeping intact its functionality thus reducing the material cost of the gear. Ease of incorporating the new feature for weight reduction over the existing process of manufacturing and the magnitude of volume of weight reduced could be considered as the key parameters for assessment for this work.
Design and Analysis of Mechanism for Dynamic Characterization of Power Transm...iosrjce
Power transmission systems are being widely used for transmission of power between two members.
Once a particular transmission system is realized it needs to be qualified before its course of application. As
part of this intended torque of the transmission systems needs to be measured and tested. Conventional means of
dynamic characterization of power transmission system has got the demerit of energy consumption to a greater
extent. Because of this more effort is to be put in terms of power for the sake of testing the intended system.
Great need exists for a system which consumes less or ideally no energy while performing test. This project
aims at evolution of a novel technique for evaluating the torque transmitting capability of power transmission
systems without consuming more energy. To start with all the subsystems of the proposed design will be
identified and each of them will be designed for getting their dimensions. Then these dimensional models will be
transformed to solid model of the assembled configuration using 3D CAD software. Functional load which will
be experienced by this design will be assessed and structural analysis will be carried out against these loads
using Finite Element Method (FEM) in commercial FEA software i.e. ANSYS
6 ijaems jul-2015-11-design of a drivetrain for sae baja racing off-road vehicleINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With growing time, the participation of the students in SAE BAJA is increasing year by year. The vehicle’s performance is highly dependent on the installation and appropriate use of Drivetrain components. Drivetrain includes powertrain (prime mover i.e. engine/motor) and transmission components (gearbox, shafts etc). Therefore, Drivetrain is also called as the driving force of any vehicle. The proper design of Drivetrain is thus a part and parcel for any vehicle. The lack of literature available for a optimize design of Drivetrain makes it a hard nut to crack for the students who don’t have any past experience. Thus there is a need for some source by which the students can learn to design the Drivetrain for SAE BAJA. The engine vibration is another aspect which is needed to be considered. NVH consideration is another deciding parameter in BAJA vehicle’s performance which if neglected could leads to lethal results. Therefore proper installation of engine mounts is required according to the need.
Thus, this segment aims at developing the Drivetrain for BAJA vehicles which can boost up the performance of the vehicle. Properly use of a powertrain and transmission components for a vehicle along with the calculations according to the need will be discussed in detail. This segment also aims at developing the conceptual understanding of the performance parameters of a BAJA vehicle among the student which will be helpful in their academic curriculum as well.
Investigation on Chassis Dynamometer with Capability to Test Regenerative Bra...IJPEDS-IAES
An investigation-based approach to a bidirectional power flow method for
testing regenerative braking function on a chassis dynamometer is presented.
The requirements and specifications for capability to test regenerative
braking function of Electric Vehicle (EV) emulated by using a bidirectional
chassis dynamometer are discussed. The dynamometer emulates road load
conditions during testing, and regenerative braking is able to test their
function while the vehicle is in deceleration condition. Performances of
power requirement are illustrated and translated into sequence diagram. It is
shown that the proposed topology is particularly advantageous in generating
and regenerating power for energy consumption. The overview of
conventional chassis dynamometer and the proposed chassis dynamometer is
compared to investigate the parameter in the development of regenerative
braking test.
Topology Optimization of Gears from Two Wheeler Gear Set Using Parametric StudyIOSRJMCE
: Gears are used to transmit motion from on shaft to another and it has wide variety of applications. One of the applications of gear is in automobile gear box. Gears generally fail when the working stress exceeds the maximum permissible stress. These stresses are proportional to the amount of power transmitted by the gears. This project intends to identify the magnitude of the stresses for a given configuration of a two wheeler gears transmitting power while trying to find ways for reducing weight of the gear. The philosophy for driving this work is the lightness of the gear for a given purpose while keeping intact its functionality thus reducing the material cost of the gear. Ease of incorporating the new feature for weight reduction over the existing process of manufacturing and the magnitude of volume of weight reduced could be considered as the key parameters for assessment for this work.
Stress analysis on steering knuckle of the automobile steering systemeSAT Journals
Abstract Steering Knuckle plays major role in many direction control of the vehicle it is also linked with other linkages and supports the vertical weight of the car. Therefore, it requires high precision, quality, and durability. The main objective of this work is to explore performance opportunities, in the design and production of a steering knuckle. This can be achieved by performing a detailed load analysis. Therefore, this study has been dealt with two steps. First part of the study involves modeling of the steering knuckle with the design parameters using the latest modeling software, and also it includes the determination of loads acting on the steering knuckle as a function of time. This is done for finding out the minimum stress area. Then the stress analysis was performed using analysis software. The steering knuckle can be modeled, and analyzed under the actual load conditions. This may also improve the depth knowledge of its function and performance in terms of durability and quality. Keywords: Steering knuckle, stress analysis and Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
Fuzzy rules incorporated skyhook theory based vehicular suspension design for...IJERA Editor
The vehicle suspension system supports and isolate the vehicle body and payload from road vibrations due to surface roughness by maintaining a controllable damping traction force between tires and road surface. In modern luxury vehicles semi active suspension system are offering both the reliability and accuracy that has enhanced the passenger ride comfort with less power demand. In this paper we have proposed the design of a hybrid control system having a combination of skyhook theory with fuzzy logic control and applied on a semi-active vehicle suspension system for its ride comfort enhancement. A two degree of freedom dynamic model is simulated using Matlab/Simulink for a vehicle equipped with semi-active suspension system with focused on the passenger‟s ride comfort performance.
Simulation and Optimization of wheel Hub and Upright of Vehicle: A ReviewIOSRJMCE
This paper deals with various methodologies adopted by present researcher for analysis of wheel hub and upright assembly with main objective of analysis and optimization of the vehicle. This review will assist researchers working in the field of development of the structural design and mass reduction of vehicle through optimization methods conducted by FEA software viz. Cre0 1.0 and HyperWorks. The review includes key areas of researches as shape optimization, static load analysis and fatigue load analysis using FEA. This literature progressively discusses about the research methodology, softwares and the outcomes of the discussed researches and is intended to give the readers a brief variety of the researches carried out on the wheel hub and upright assembly
CAD based modeling of flywheel motor with multiple operatorIOSR Journals
Abstract : The Human powered flywheel motor (HPFM) is the integral part of the various manually energized
machines such as brick making machine, chaff cutter, pedal operated flour mill etc .Since its invention
continuous efforts are being made for its optimization with objective of the efficient energy utilization of human
energy. In an attempt this paper presents the development of flywheel motor for multiple rider as till now only
single rider system is developed. Further the CAD modeling of this system is developed by using the CAD
software SOLID EGDE.
Keywords - CAD modeling, HPFM, Solid edge.
EFFECT OF MOTOR PARAMETER VARIATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MINIATURE CLAW POL...Journal For Research
This paper deals with a parametric study of Motor geometry and Material characteristics on the performance of a Small Claw-poled Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor. In this analysis effect of variation in individual factor on Motor performance is analyzed. Along with that combine effect of variation in different factors is also analyzed. Design of Experiment (DOE) using Taguchi Approach and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques are carried out to find out best suitable combination and relative contribution of selected factors on the Motor Performance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Stress analysis on steering knuckle of the automobile steering systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Parametric Optimization of Eicher 11.10 Chassis Frame for Weight Reduction Us...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The chassis serves as a backbone for supporting the body and different parts of the automobile. It
should be rigid enough to withstand the shock, twist, vibration and other stresses. Along with strength, an
important consideration in chassis design is to have adequate bending stiffness. The main objective of the
research is to obtain the minimum weight of Eicher 11.10 chassis frame. The chassis frame is made of two side
members joined with a series of cross members. The number of cross members, their locations, cross-section
and the sizes of the side and the cross members becomes the design variables. The chassis frame model is to be
developed in Solid works and analyzed using Ansys. Since the no. of parameters and levels are more, the
probable models are too many. So, to select optimum parameters among them large no of modeling and analysis
work is involved which consumes more time. To overcome this problem TAGUCHI method along with FEA is
use. The weight reduction of the side bar is achieved by changing the Parameters using orthogonal array. Then
FEA is performed on those models to get the best solution. This method can save material used, production cost
and time.
Keywords: Parametric optimization, Chassis frame, FE analysis, FEA-DOE hybrid modeling, Weight
reduction
5 ijaems jul-2015-7-reciprocating reversible front wheel drive incorporated i...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With growing time, there are upcoming new technologies related to driving mechanisms but indeed led to massive emissions and violation of nature laws. Oil consumption is going high and nearly half of the world oil consumption is through automotive sector. Thus there is need for some source, by which we can prevent our nature. This could be done via various methods. One such is- encouraging the use of hybrid trikes. Generally tricycles are less preferred by humans because they require more human effort, they cannot be reversed, doesn’t provide the comfortability, rollover stability is less and are slow in speed.
Thus this segment aims at developing a reciprocating reversible drive mechanism in a three wheeler trike which has not been incorporated till now and brings out various advantages. Viewing into the context of INDIA, one cannot drive any vehicle without reversing, thus this mechanism allows a vehicle to be reversed and further, it also reduces the human effort required for the vehicle to move (initial torque increases). This hybrid vehicle allows, increasing the speed of vehicle and making it an all- wheel drive. Further suspension system is incorporated such that the full frame is suspended and provides at-par comfortability and excellent rollover stability to the vehicle. Other advantages include low maintenance cost, always in running condition, cheap in price and one of its kinds when it comes to eco -friendly vehicles.
The effect of rotor disc clearance on the lift performance of contra rotating...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Stress analysis on steering knuckle of the automobile steering systemeSAT Journals
Abstract Steering Knuckle plays major role in many direction control of the vehicle it is also linked with other linkages and supports the vertical weight of the car. Therefore, it requires high precision, quality, and durability. The main objective of this work is to explore performance opportunities, in the design and production of a steering knuckle. This can be achieved by performing a detailed load analysis. Therefore, this study has been dealt with two steps. First part of the study involves modeling of the steering knuckle with the design parameters using the latest modeling software, and also it includes the determination of loads acting on the steering knuckle as a function of time. This is done for finding out the minimum stress area. Then the stress analysis was performed using analysis software. The steering knuckle can be modeled, and analyzed under the actual load conditions. This may also improve the depth knowledge of its function and performance in terms of durability and quality. Keywords: Steering knuckle, stress analysis and Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
Fuzzy rules incorporated skyhook theory based vehicular suspension design for...IJERA Editor
The vehicle suspension system supports and isolate the vehicle body and payload from road vibrations due to surface roughness by maintaining a controllable damping traction force between tires and road surface. In modern luxury vehicles semi active suspension system are offering both the reliability and accuracy that has enhanced the passenger ride comfort with less power demand. In this paper we have proposed the design of a hybrid control system having a combination of skyhook theory with fuzzy logic control and applied on a semi-active vehicle suspension system for its ride comfort enhancement. A two degree of freedom dynamic model is simulated using Matlab/Simulink for a vehicle equipped with semi-active suspension system with focused on the passenger‟s ride comfort performance.
Simulation and Optimization of wheel Hub and Upright of Vehicle: A ReviewIOSRJMCE
This paper deals with various methodologies adopted by present researcher for analysis of wheel hub and upright assembly with main objective of analysis and optimization of the vehicle. This review will assist researchers working in the field of development of the structural design and mass reduction of vehicle through optimization methods conducted by FEA software viz. Cre0 1.0 and HyperWorks. The review includes key areas of researches as shape optimization, static load analysis and fatigue load analysis using FEA. This literature progressively discusses about the research methodology, softwares and the outcomes of the discussed researches and is intended to give the readers a brief variety of the researches carried out on the wheel hub and upright assembly
CAD based modeling of flywheel motor with multiple operatorIOSR Journals
Abstract : The Human powered flywheel motor (HPFM) is the integral part of the various manually energized
machines such as brick making machine, chaff cutter, pedal operated flour mill etc .Since its invention
continuous efforts are being made for its optimization with objective of the efficient energy utilization of human
energy. In an attempt this paper presents the development of flywheel motor for multiple rider as till now only
single rider system is developed. Further the CAD modeling of this system is developed by using the CAD
software SOLID EGDE.
Keywords - CAD modeling, HPFM, Solid edge.
EFFECT OF MOTOR PARAMETER VARIATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MINIATURE CLAW POL...Journal For Research
This paper deals with a parametric study of Motor geometry and Material characteristics on the performance of a Small Claw-poled Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor. In this analysis effect of variation in individual factor on Motor performance is analyzed. Along with that combine effect of variation in different factors is also analyzed. Design of Experiment (DOE) using Taguchi Approach and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques are carried out to find out best suitable combination and relative contribution of selected factors on the Motor Performance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Stress analysis on steering knuckle of the automobile steering systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Parametric Optimization of Eicher 11.10 Chassis Frame for Weight Reduction Us...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The chassis serves as a backbone for supporting the body and different parts of the automobile. It
should be rigid enough to withstand the shock, twist, vibration and other stresses. Along with strength, an
important consideration in chassis design is to have adequate bending stiffness. The main objective of the
research is to obtain the minimum weight of Eicher 11.10 chassis frame. The chassis frame is made of two side
members joined with a series of cross members. The number of cross members, their locations, cross-section
and the sizes of the side and the cross members becomes the design variables. The chassis frame model is to be
developed in Solid works and analyzed using Ansys. Since the no. of parameters and levels are more, the
probable models are too many. So, to select optimum parameters among them large no of modeling and analysis
work is involved which consumes more time. To overcome this problem TAGUCHI method along with FEA is
use. The weight reduction of the side bar is achieved by changing the Parameters using orthogonal array. Then
FEA is performed on those models to get the best solution. This method can save material used, production cost
and time.
Keywords: Parametric optimization, Chassis frame, FE analysis, FEA-DOE hybrid modeling, Weight
reduction
5 ijaems jul-2015-7-reciprocating reversible front wheel drive incorporated i...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With growing time, there are upcoming new technologies related to driving mechanisms but indeed led to massive emissions and violation of nature laws. Oil consumption is going high and nearly half of the world oil consumption is through automotive sector. Thus there is need for some source, by which we can prevent our nature. This could be done via various methods. One such is- encouraging the use of hybrid trikes. Generally tricycles are less preferred by humans because they require more human effort, they cannot be reversed, doesn’t provide the comfortability, rollover stability is less and are slow in speed.
Thus this segment aims at developing a reciprocating reversible drive mechanism in a three wheeler trike which has not been incorporated till now and brings out various advantages. Viewing into the context of INDIA, one cannot drive any vehicle without reversing, thus this mechanism allows a vehicle to be reversed and further, it also reduces the human effort required for the vehicle to move (initial torque increases). This hybrid vehicle allows, increasing the speed of vehicle and making it an all- wheel drive. Further suspension system is incorporated such that the full frame is suspended and provides at-par comfortability and excellent rollover stability to the vehicle. Other advantages include low maintenance cost, always in running condition, cheap in price and one of its kinds when it comes to eco -friendly vehicles.
The effect of rotor disc clearance on the lift performance of contra rotating...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The constant rise in fuel prices on a day to day basis, maximum performance with minimum compromise on the front of fuel economy and emissions is highly desirable and expected from a vehicle’s transmission system. These friction drive CVTs were common in automotive use until engines capable of producing higher torques became common and necessitated the move to geared, fixed-ratio transmissions capable of high torque transfer and having better wear characteristics than friction dependent CVTs. Only in the past few years, with the advent of advanced materials and technology, have friction dependent CVTs returned to commercial application in the automotive industry. To provide a foundation and motivation for the research presented, this chapter first presents a definition of a continuously variable transmission.
Hydrostatic Continuous Variable Power Transmission Drive for Two wheelers usi...ijsrd.com
Power transmission is an extremely important factor for the automotive industry today. In vehicles, the power transmission system is the major source of energy losses. This is an intentionally compact review for a module addressing basic Fluid Mechanics for incompressible fluids within the context of Applied Energy Systems. Rather than attempting to cover Fluid Mechanics in a very broad and general way, two practical areas are selected in the use of fluids, hydrostatic power transmission systems and the flow of fluids through pipes and fittings. Thus readers are prepared for applying the same and similar principles to a much broader range of practical applications in the future. The present review work relates to a rotary pump and motor transmission system, which permits a change in ratio between the speed of the driver and driven shafts from direct drive to neutral position. This transmission, which may be adopted for many uses, such as vehicles and machine tools, is endowed with the utmost ease of operation even under load, is of a simple and rugged construction and offers safety of operation even after an extended use.
Abstract: since last two decades ample amount of research work has been done in order to develop power train systems such that they reduce power losses in the vehicle. Comfort ride is one of the important concerns in a passenger car. Continuously variable transmission (CVT) is a solution for it. The CVT provides continuously varying combinations of gear ratios within fixed limits that save fuel and give a better performance of vehicle that comply with the operating conditions of engine. This paper deals with a research on the control of friction- limited CVT. As the growth in advancement of CVTs continues the car performances shall keep improving and the costs shall also depreciate. A few critical issues and difficulties in this system are also mentioned.
PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF A CONTROLLED DIFFERENTIAL CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE ...ijiert bestjournal
Now a day�s development trends in car industry and mobile machines are driven by universal concerns on energy limitations and greenhouse gases reduction,more energy efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles will be needed. A s the increasing concerns in the impact of vehicle emissions of carbon dioxides and Nitrogen oxides on the biosphere combined with today�s shortage fuel,hence need to find alternate fuel solutions o r develop the transmission system in such a way tha t lower consumption and lower emission should takes p lace. Continuously variable drive is the type of automati c transmission that allows selection of infinite number of transmission ratios within the finite ran ge i.e. between minimum and maximum value. Continuously variable drive is 34.91% more efficien t than that of manual transmission. In order to achieve emission reduction and fuel economy needs t o improve fuel efficiency. Continuously variable drive can be improved by coupling differen tial gear assembly to one of variable speed drives;we can increase the speed variation range a t the expense of the horse power range. Numerous combinations of the variables are possible
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIAL CONTROLLED CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE DRIVEJournal For Research
Now a day's development trends in car industry and mobile machines are driven by universal concerns on energy limitations and greenhouse gases reduction, more energy efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles will be needed. As the increasing concerns in the impact of vehicle emissions of carbon dioxides and Nitrogen oxides on the biosphere combined with today's shortage fuel, hence need to find alternate fuel solutions or develop the transmission system in such a way that lower consumption and lower emission should takes place. Continuously variable drive is the type of automatic transmission that allows selection of infinite number of transmission ratios within the finite range i.e. between minimum and maximum value. Continuously variable drive is 34.91% more efficient than that of manual transmission. In order to achieve emission reduction and fuel economy needs to improve fuel efficiency. Continuously variable drive can be improved by coupling differential gear assembly to one of variable speed drives; we can increase the speed variation range at the expense of the horse power range. Numerous combinations of the variables are possible.
A Review Design of Effective Braking and Efficient Transmission Systemijtsrd
This paper focuses on the designing, simulation and fabrication of brake disc and a constant speed two stage reduction gearbox for an All Terrain Vehicle ATV . In our paper, we have presented an efficient gearbox and brake disc which is lightweight and long lasting. The drive train consists of Continuous Variable Transmission CVT and a constant mesh two stage reduction gearbox. The gearbox and disc brake were modeled on SOLIDWORKS version 2018 and analyzed on ANSYS mechanical workbench version 2016 and the result were found to be satisfactory. Shashwat Kulshreshtha | Shantanu Tiwari | Naman Varshney | Shikhar Verma | Mayank Kushwaha "A Review: Design of Effective Braking and Efficient Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30969.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/30969/a-review-design-of-effective-braking-and-efficient-transmission-system/shashwat-kulshreshtha
Design of two stage planetary gear train for high reduction ratioeSAT Journals
Abstract Planetary Gear Trains are extensively used for the power transmission and are the most critical component. Planetary gearboxes are used frequently to match the inertias, lower the motor speed, boost the torque, and at the same time provide a sturdy mechanical interface for pulleys, cams, drums and other mechanical components. This paper presents the advantages of planetary gear systems over other, consideration to be given while determining the reduction ratios of gear box, minimum and maximum reductions per stage of planetary gear pairs. Also the case study to determine the reduction ratio of two stage gear box is discussed. The comparison of planetary gear system over helical gears systems is done on the basis of volume, weight and torque density Keywords: Planetary Gears, Gear train, IS 4460, Torque density.
Analysis, Design and Application of Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)IJERA Editor
Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) offers a continuum of gear ratios between desired limits. This allows the engine to operate more time in the optimum range. In contrast, traditional automatic and manual transmissions have several fixed transmission ratios forcing the engine to operate outside the optimum range. The need for a transmission system and the working principle of CVT has been discussed in depth. An attempt has been made to understand the contribution of Hydraulic Actuators, which is an integral part of a CVT. Furthermore, the question of how and why a Torque Converter has effectively replaced a conventional clutch has been answered. The materials used, constructional aspects and stress analysis of the belt has been discussed in detail. A graphical comparison of fuel efficiency between a manual transmission and a CVT in different high end vehicles is included. Recent developments in clamping force control for the push belt Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) have resulted in increased efficiency in combination with improved robustness. Current control strategies attempt to prevent macro slip between elements and pulleys at all times for maximum robustness.
Hydrostatic transmission as an alternative to conventional gearboxeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A COMPARATIVE STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS REGENERATIVE B...IAEME Publication
Regenerative Braking System (RBS) converts a part of the vehicle’s kinetic energy into a useful form of energy. Thus the fuel requirements and the level of pollutant sexhausted by thevehicle are reduced,and canbecontrolled.VariousRegenerativeBrakingSystems include Mechanical Flywheel RBS, Elastomeric Flywheel RBS,
Hydraulic Power-Assist RBS, Ultra capacitor RBS, etc. In this paper, a typicalmathematical analysis of the performance of Mechanicalflywheel RBS, ElastomericFlywheel RBS, and Hydraulic Power-Assist RBS has been studied on different carmodels based on current research, and a comparison of the efficiencies and fuelsavings by these systems has been done taking into consideration, a basic Volvo car
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Ae04606189197
1. Kunal S. Marathe Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 6), June 2014, pp.189-197
www.ijera.com 189 | P a g e
Speed Ratio Prediction and Performance Analysis of Single Ball
Traction Drive for CVT
Kunal S. Marathe*, Vishnu D. Wakchaure**
*(Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Pune,
Sangamner-422605, Maharashtra State, India)
**(Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Pune,
Sangamner-422605, Maharashtra State, India)
ABSTRACT
Drives are basically used to transmit power and speed from the prime mover to the machine. The power
transmission and speed reduction between the prime-mover and the driven machine can be achieved by using
conventional drives like Belt drive, Rope drive, Chain drive, Gears, etc. with their numerous advantages and
disadvantages. There are many machines and mechanical units that under varying circumstances make it
desirable to be able to drive at a barely perceptible speed, an intermediate speed or a high speed. Thus an
infinitely variable (step less) speed variation in which it is possible to get any desirable speed. Some mechanical,
hydraulic, drives serve as such step less drives. However the torque versus speed characteristics of these drives
do not match torque at low speeds. Hence the need of a step less or infinitely variable speed drive came into
existence. The drive presented by the end of this research work is single ball traction drive for continuously
variable transmission systems. Dissertation includes the brief history of existing drives, speed prediction
methodology and performance analysis of the drive developed.
Keywords – Analysis, Ball, CVT, IVT, Traction
I. INTRODUCTION
Mechanical transmission devices allow energy
and power to be transmitted through physical space
and enable matching between differing characteristics
of energy sources and loads. A lever, for example,
converts a small force applied over a long distance to
a large force applied over a small distance, or a
gearbox converts a small torque over a large angle to
a large torque over a small angle [11]. Also, with
growing socioeconomic and environmental concern,
automobile energy consumption has become a key
element in the current debate on global warming.
Over the past few decades, vehicles have been
increasingly facing stringent performance, emissions,
and fuel economy standards driven by regulatory and
market forces. Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2),
the principal greenhouse gas produced by
transportation sector, have steadily increased along
with travel, energy use, and oil imports. Vehicle fuel
economy plays a crucial role in determining the
emission of greenhouse gases from an automobile.
There are three fundamental ways to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation
sector: (a) increase the energy efficiency of
transportation vehicles, (b) substitute energy
sources that are low in carbon for carbon-intensive
sources (i.e. the use of alternative fuel technologies),
and (c) reduce transportation activity. With
tremendous growth in consumerism and urbanization,
there is little scope for emissions reduction to occur
through a decrease in the amount of vehicle use. In
order to achieve lower emissions and better
performance, it is necessary to capture and
understand the detailed dynamic interactions in a
CVT system so that efficient controllers could be
designed to overcome the existing losses and enhance
the fuel economy of a vehicle. There are many kinds
of CVTs, each having their own characteristics, e.g.
Spherical CVT, Hydrostatic CVT, E-CVT, Toroidal
CVT, Power-split CVT, Belt CVT, Chain CVT,
Multi-Ball-type toroidal CVT, Milner CVT etc. [7,
16]. With the increasing concerns in the impact of
automotive emissions of CO2 and NOX on the
biosphere combined with today‟s shortages on oil
crude supply and increase of fuel cost, the need to
find solutions reducing the fuel consumption and
emission of tomorrow‟s cars is more than ever
present. Research and development activities in the
torque controlled full toroidal variator are
strategically oriented toward these requirements of
the society. In principle, CVTs are ideal
transmissions as they perform a continuous, step-less
change of the speed ratio. This enables the
optimization of the engine operation, while ensuring
a comfortable driving experience and a high dynamic
performance of the vehicle. A CVT can be regarded
as a system dedicated to converting the torque
delivered by the prime mover to machines being
driven [6].
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Kunal S. Marathe Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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II. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF SINGLE
BALL TRACTION DRIVE
There are many machines and mechanical units
that under varying circumstances make it desirable to
be able to drive at barely perceptible speed, an
intermediate speed or a high speed. Thus an infinitely
variable (step less) speed variation in which it is
possible to get any desirable speed. Some
mechanical, hydraulic, drives serve as such step less
drives. However the torque versus speed
characteristics of these drives do not match torque at
low speeds. There are many machines and
mechanical units that under varying circumstances
make it desirable to be able to drive at barely
perceptible speed, an intermediate speed or a high
speed. Thus an infinitely variable (step less) speed
variation in which it is possible to get any desirable
speed. Some mechanical, hydraulic, drives serve as
such step less drives. However the torque versus
speed characteristics of these drives do not match
torque at low speeds.
From Fig. 1, the major components of the drive
are steel ball (1) positioned between two axially
displaced hollow cone discs (2 & 3) and acts as a
power transmission element.
Fig. 1: Principle of Operation of Single Ball Traction
Drive
When the load is applied, the transmission ball is
pulled into a triangle formed by the two hollow cone
disks by an amount equal to the elastic deformation
of the parts under load. Thus the contact pressure is
directly proportional to the output torque. Torque-
dependent pressure devices are unnecessary.
Clockwise or counterclockwise rotation is
permissible. The output speed of the drive is
infinitely variable and it is achieved by adjusting the
position of the steel ball rotating the speed-setting
spindle knob (4). Speed setting is permissible both at
rest and in motion. In the upper adjustment position
ratio of 3:1 reduction is created between input and
output shaft. In the lower adjustment position the
ratio is 1:3. The total speed range covered is up to
9:1. For a speed range of 6:1, higher input horse
power is possible since the output horse power is
determined by the lower output speed. The
movement of the transmission ball is positively
controlled when adjusting for high or low speeds.
When adjusting to the lower speeds, the transmission
ball takes up a position against the speed setting
spindle because of its tendency to move toward the
middle of the higher cones. Power must be
transmitted through the unit only in the direction
shown by the arrow on the outer housing. In the case
of very low input speeds, a minimum amount of load
must be applied at the output shaft to achieve the
desired output speed. The drive may be used in any
mounting position and can be made hermetically
sealed. The test rig required for the Analysis of
Performance characteristics can be tentatively
constructed as shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2: Test Rig for the Analysis of Performance
characteristics
III. METHODOLOGY AND SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT
In the era of development of continuously
variable transmission system the development of
simple and proficient system would always be
considered on priority. The new inventions will be
followed in the future only if they possess few or all
of the characteristics mentioned earlier. Researchers
have been continuously taking efforts towards
development of such efficient system. The existing
systems could also be developed for better efficiency.
It may include the improvements and efforts towards
making existing systems, balanced and smooth. The
proper working force between the elements of power
transmission also plays important role.
The methodology aims towards the development
of single ball traction drive with shock-less and
singular control and compactness of size. The general
methodology for the development of single ball
traction drive can be explained with the help of
flowchart shown in Figure 3.
3. Kunal S. Marathe Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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Fig. 3: Test Rig for the Analysis of Performance
characteristics
The problem has already been defined precisely
in the previous paragraphs. It tends to decide the
objectives of the project in appropriate manner. It is
much necessary to review the existing continuously
variable transmission systems with their drawbacks
and advantages. The defined problem could be solved
with invention of the new system. This new system
should be beneficial than the existing systems. It
could be only claimed after the analysis of
performance. For measurement of performance
analysis input and output parameters of the system
should be decided. For given problem and
parameters, new system has been designed and
developed. The manufacturing requires simple
machines and machining operations. For accurate and
precise prediction of performance of system the
simple method has been developed. The method
correlates the relation between „movement of control
element‟ (Knob) for step-less speed variation and
„transmission element‟ (Friction Ball). The
performance analysis is measured by having the
attachment of torque measurement in the system. Use
of statistical approaches and computer software in the
measurement of performance analysis optimizes
calculation efforts. System design mainly concerns
with various physical constrains, deciding basic
working principle, space requirements, arrangements
of various components etc.Following parameters are
looked upon in system design.
1. Selection of system based on physical
constraints.
2. The mechanical design has direct norms with the
system design hence system is designed such
that distinctions and dimensions thus obtained in
mechanical design can be well fitted in to it.
3. Arrangement of various components made
simple to utilize every possible space.
4. Ease of maintenance and servicing achieved by
means of simplified layout that enables quick
assembly and dismantling of components.
5. Scope of future improvement.
6. The system has to be designed in such manner
that, the drive possibly could be sealed
hermetically to avoid contamination of foreign
particles.
In mechanical design, the components are
categorized as follows: Parts to be designed,
Selection of standard parts. For parts to be designed
detail design has been done. Dimensions obtained are
compared to next dimensions which are already
available in the market. This simplifies the assembly
as well as the post production and maintenance work.
The required geometrical and dimensional tolerances
were specified .The process sheets are prepared and
passed to manufacturing stage. Two dimensional
view and a photograph of assembly has been shown
in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. Table 1 shows the details of
components of assembly.
Fig. 4: Assembly of Single Ball traction Drive (2
Dimensional View)
Table 1: Validation of Speed Prediction methodology
at 1500 RPM
4. Kunal S. Marathe Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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Fig. 5: Photograph of Assembly of Single Ball
Traction Drive
IV. PREDICTION OF SPEED RATIOS
For the drive developed the input parameter may
be input speed of the electric motor, reduced input
speed at the Input cone and displacement of ball
within the drive due to position of knob. The output
of the drive is continuously variable speed thus
power and torque.
Fig. 6: Knob positions assumed for Speed Prediction
Fig. 6 shows knob positions assumed for speed
ration prediction methodology. It moves the traction
ball in upward and downward direction causing
continuous variation in speed. The pitch of the thread
of the knob is 2mm. One rotation of knob covers
2mm of vertical distance. The drive may not give the
useful output at all positions of knob. This happens
due to imprecise alignment, manufacturing and / or
random error. Knob positions which may give the
useful output were found out by trial and error. Total
7 positions were found out and they were numbered
from 1 to 7. Total vertical distance that could be
travelled by the knob is 30mm. From trial and error it
was found that, for upper distance of 5mm, drive
does not give useful output. Similarly for lower
14mm distance drive does not give useful output.
These upper and lower distances have not been
considered for prediction of speed ratios and
validation of the methodology used. Remaining span
of 12mm has been considered. Within this span of
12mm, 7 positions were considered and marked on
the knob. These 7 positions were separated by the
distance of 2mm.
Now, from Fig. 7, Knob will cause the
movement of the traction ball, hence similar positions
were marked on the geometry of traction ball, Input
and Output cone. For each value of R1 corresponding
value of R2 is considered. So that value of the output
speed could be predicted. One of such a set is shown
in Figure 5. If value of R1 is 10.1mm, then the
corresponding value of R2 to be considered for
prediction of output speed is 37.8mm.
Fig. 7: Geometry of Traction Ball for speed
prediction methodology
Sample Calculations:
Let,
V1 = Input cone speed (m/s)
V2 = Output cone speed (m/s)
N1 = Input cone speed (RPM)
N2 = Output cone speed (RPM)
R1 = Segment of Radius at Input cone
(mm)
R2 = Segment of Radius at Input cone
(mm)
= Angular Velocity at input (Rad/s)
= Angular Velocity at output
(Rad/s)
V1 =
V2 =
Speed Ratio =
=
=
N1R1 = N2R2
For Motor speed 1500 RPM and Knob position 1,
R1 = 10.1mm and
R2 = 37.8mm
N1 = 454.4RPM and
N2 = ?
=
Therefore, theoretical value of output speed for
specified conditions is,
= 121.5RPM
Now, actual value of output speed measured by
using Tachometer at output cone shaft is,
= 121.1RPM
5. Kunal S. Marathe Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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Hence, we can conclude that methodology
established for prediction of speed is valid. For
various set of Motor RPM and for different positions
of knob, methodology is validated. Table 2 shows the
observations of validation of Methodology for
prediction of speed. Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 show
comparison of % Slip with various Knob positions
and Input Speeds. It also shows comparison of Actual
and Theoretical Speed Ratios with Input Speed
(RPM). Comparison was done by using statistical
software Minitab 16.
Table 2: Validation of Speed Prediction methodology
at 1500 RPM
Fig. 8: %Slip Vs Input Speed at no load and 1500
RPM and % Slip Vs Positions of Knob at no load and
1500 RPM
Fig. 9: Speed Ratios Vs Input Speed at no load and
1500 RPM for Validation of Methodology
Similar validation of methodology has been done
for 2000, 2500, 3000 and 3500 RPM. Graphs of %
Slip versus Speed indicate that maximum value of
%Slip does not exceed beyond 5.89%. Exact
prediction of %Slip against changing input speed is
difficult but variation of %Slip occurs within the
specified range i.e. from 0.18% to 5.89%. Similar
conclusion about the %Slip against Knob Position
could be drawn. Graphs of Speed Ratios versus Input
Speed imply that the predicted values of Speed ratios
resemblance with actual measured values. Minor
variation in the speed ratios causes due to small
amount of slip.
V. EXPERIMENTATION
For performance analysis and Experimentation
below mentioned procedure has been used:
1. Before starting the experimental procedure
make ensure that Knob is at position 1, no
weights in pan and Motor speed regulator is
OFF.
2. Turn on the AC power supply of 230V, 50Hz.
3. Set the Motor speed at specific value say
1500RPM by using Motor Speed Regulator.
4. Set the Knob at position 1.
5. Put specific weight in pan say 0.15Kg.
6. Measure input speed by using tachometer at
Input cone Shaft.
7. Measure output speed at output cone shaft
pulley.
8. Repeat the same procedure for range of values
of RPM (1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500),
Weights in Kg. (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35) and
Knob positions (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
5.1 Process Parameters and Levels
The process parameters are Knob positions,
Motor speed, Pan Weight, with four levels is shown
in Table 3. For experimentation, three parameters-
Motor speeds, Pan Weight and Knob Positions-were
selected with five levels.
Table 3: Process Parameters and Levels
For experimentation, three parameters-Motor
speeds, Pan Weight and Knob Positions-were
selected with five levels. The design of experiments
was done by Taguchi‟s Method on Minitab 16. With
respect to the process parameters and levels
Taguchi‟s available designs were checked and
required design was selected. Refer Fig. 10 and Fig.
11.
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Fig. 10: Selection of design for Experimentation from
Taguchi‟s Available Design
From selected process parameters and levels, we
have achieved 25 runs of experimentation. For
convenience, third parameter i.e. Pan Weight has
been shuffled little to obtain proper nature of
graphical results. Table 4 shows the details of
experimentation to be conducted.
Fig. 11: Appeared number of Runs and Array
Table 4: Details of Experimentation
5.2 Sample Calculation for Performance Analysis
Theoretical Output Speed,
=
Theoretical Speed Ratios,
=
Input Torque,
= Motor Torque (N-m)
Output Torque,
= w × r
= m.g × r (N-m)
Power Output,
= (N-m)
Power Input,
= (N-m)
Efficiency,
=
Where,
w = Weight (N)
m = Mass (Kg)
g = Gravitational
Acceleration (m/s2
)
r = Radius of Output Cone
Shaft Pulley (mm)
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 5 shows Observation table for all runs of
experimentation. From these observations graph
indicating performance analysis of the Single Ball
Traction Drive have been plotted.
Table 5: Details of Experimentation
Performance of the drive from Torque, Power
and Efficiency point of view has been discussed with
help of graphs.
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Fig. 12: Torque (N-m) Vs Input Speed (RPM) (For
all positions of Knob)
It is understood from the graph of Torque (N-m)
versus Speed (RPM) that with increment in speed
output torque decreases. While understanding the
nature of curve it is also necessary to take into
account the various positions of the knob for which
the plot is obtained. Due to this curve might get
converted into sinusoidal form with continuous
decrement. Fig. 13 shows the graph of Output Power
in N-m versus Input Speed in RPM.
Fig. 13: Output Power (N-m) Vs Input Speed (RPM)
(For all positions of Knob)
The plot of Output Power (N-m) Vs Input Speed
in (RPM) implies that Output power increases with
increase in speed and then decreases again. Power
reaches maximum extent with maximum value of
speed. Fig. 14 shows Efficiency of the drive in %
versus Input Speed in RPM.
Fig. 14: Efficiency (%) Vs Input Speed (RPM) (For
all positions of Knob)
From Fig. 14 it is understood that within the
range of 200 RPM to 400 RPM efficiency achieves
maximum value which is within 60% to 70%.
Efficiency decreases later on for rest of the Input
speeds. Fig. 15 shows the graph of % Slip versus
Torque in N-m.
Fig. 15: Slip (%) Vs Torque (N-m) (For all positions
of Knob)
From Fig. 15, it is understood %Slip increases
with increase in value of torque. This may cause due
slippage of traction ball during increasing values of
Torque. Fig. 16 shows Efficiency against Torque.
Efficiency goes on increasing with the increment in
Torque.
Fig. 16: Efficiency (%) Vs Torque (N-m) (For all
positions of Knob)
VII. CONCLUSION
The drive is a constant horse power device, but
can be used as a constant torque at maximum output
speeds over the entire speed range. From
methodology used for speed ratio prediction it is
observed that Speed ratios up to 4:1 have been
achieved. Efficiency of the drive was found 64.98%
at the highest value of Input speed i.e. 3500RPM.
% Slip of the drive increases only at higher values of
torque. Within the moderate values of torque Slip
does not exceed beyond 12% which is within
acceptable range. It is observed during validation of
Methodology for speed prediction that the lowest
value of accuracy of the drive is 94% at the input
speed of 119 RPM. It is also seen that during number
of runs of experimentation that speed adjustment at
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rest or while running does not affect the overall
performance of the drive. The input and output shafts
are offset but parallel to each other.
Smooth and balanced transmission of torque and
power within the Motor Speed range of 1500 RPM to
3500 RPM is achieved. Knob i.e. Single control
element for speed variation plays vital role in
achieving continuously variable speeds.
For the development of drive simple
manufacturing methods have been used. Drive could
be made more precise and accurate by using modern
methods of manufacturing. Precise and accurate drive
might reduce the slip so as to have output speeds as
intended. Drive could be converted for transmission
of higher values of torques with more efficient prime
mover at the Input.
Instead of Knob, a spur gear can be used to
transmit the power and motion to another system.
E.g. For modern machines like CNC Lathe,
interconnection of motion between lead screw and
chuck can be done with the help of single ball
traction drive.
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Sincerely thank the all anonymous researchers
for providing us such helpful opinion, findings,
conclusions and recommendations.
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