This paper (Part II) reports a comparative study for BS8110 and EC2 of practice and those expressions by Batayneh and Neilsen on tests from literature. These have been treated under straight bar anchorages with transverse pressure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability of the existing equations for bond strength of straight bars by applying to the available tests in the literature .The most important parameters were examined in these tests are concrete strength, anchorage length, concrete covers, bar diameter and transverse pressure. 264 tests from the literature have been chosen, which are all for straight bars with transverse pressure. The specimens are pull-out specimens with small concrete covers, beams ends and slabs. For both comparative studies in Part I and Part II, the conclusions and recommendations are presented here together.
Comparative Study on Anchorage in Reinforced Concrete Using Codes of Practice...IJERA Editor
The evaluations of anchorage strength of bars in reinforced concrete are varied in codes of practice and
equations by researchers on the base of their approaches and philosophies.
This paper (Part I) aims to have a comparative study between the predictions by codes of practice of BS8110
and EC2 and those equations by Darwin et al, Morita and Fuji, Batayneh and Nielsen and results of 164 tests
from literature.
In this part the case of straight anchorage bars without transverse pressure is considered. Some major parameters
including compressive strength, and in terms of ratio of concrete cover to bar diameter and ratio of anchorage
length to bar diameter , are addressed in detail.
Although various parameters are involved in anchorage design equations, it is observed that every code has
merit over the other codes in some aspect. The presented discussion highlights the major areas of differences
which need attentions in the future for more investigations.
The main conclusion has been presented in part II to include the study of straight anchorages with transverse
pressure. The conclusions should cover the both cases to obtain the fair assessments for bond strength by those
expressions used in this study.
Effect of V Notch Shape on Fatigue Life in Steel Beam Made of High Carbon St...IJMER
The present work includes study effect of V notch shape with various angle orientation and
depths on fatigue life behavior in steel beam made of High Carbon Steel alloy AISI 1078 which has a wide
application in industry. Fatigue life of notched specimens is calculated using the fatigue life obtained from
the experiments for smooth specimens (reference) and by use Numerical method (FEA).The fatigue
experiments were carried out at room temperature, applying a fully reversed cyclic load with the
frequency of 50 Hz and mean stress equal to zero (R= -1), on a cantilever rotating-bending fatigue testing
machine. The stress ratio was kept constant throughout the experiment. Different instruments have been
used in this investigation like Chemical composition analyzer , Tensile universal testing machine
,Hardness tester , Fatigue testing machine and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The results show
that there is acceptable error between experimental and numerical works
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Two different schemes called “ties and longitudinal stiffeners” were proposed for improving the performance of stainless steel square thin walled tubes. An analytical study using finite element models loaded axially has been conducted. Both geometric and material nonlinearities were considered. Those models were verified against the results obtained from previous researches. The analytical study compared between unstiffened, ties stiffened and longitudinally stiffened stainless steel square thin walled tubes. The studied parameters were square thin walled tube width-to-thickness ratio (W/t) and the axial spacing of stiffening along the length. It was observed that the axial load strength can be enhanced by proposed ties stiffening schemes.
Studies on factors influencing the behavior of bolted flanged jointseSAT Journals
Abstract This article aims to study the parameters influencing the overall behavior of bolted flanged joints. Three dimensional finite ele-ment analysis has been extensively used to study the performance of bolted joints for eccentric tensile loading. Pretension in the bolt is modeled using ANSYS pretension element (PRETS179) which can be used on solid or line element types. Surface-to-surface contact elements are used to account for the contact pressure at various flange interfaces. The parameters considered for the study are bolt load, contact pressure between flanges and washers, flange opening and strains in the bolt. The effect of prel-oad on various parameters is studied. This paper illustrates the behavior of bolted flanged joints in entirety and brings out the effect of prying action on the bolted flanged joint. Index Terms— Bolt Load , Bolted joint, Contact Elements, Contact Pressure, External load, Pretension, Strains
Analysis of failure behavior of shear connection in push-out specimen by thre...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- This study analyzes the failure mechanism of shear connection by three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) of push-out specimens that was practically unaffordable experimentally or by twodimensional FEA. For the analysis of the failure behavior of the compression strut formed in the loaded concrete member, the three-dimensional principal stress space is transformed into two-dimensional space by means of the relation between the hydrostatic stress and the deviatoric stress. The analysis of the stress state in the compression strut revealed that the deviatoric stress increases with larger load particularly in the concrete surrounding the lower part of the shear stud. Accordingly, bearing failure of concrete occurred locally within a limited region in the slab. The steep increase of the deviatoric stress accompanying the increase of the load resulted in the failure of concrete around the lower part of the shear stud, which in turn provoked the deformation and the development of bending moment of the shear stud. Finally, plastic hinge formed in the shear stud leading it to reach its limit state. The proposed finite element model can also be used to model the shear connection of the composite beam and, the proposed stress analysis method can be applied to analyze its composite action behavior.
Comparative Study on Anchorage in Reinforced Concrete Using Codes of Practice...IJERA Editor
The evaluations of anchorage strength of bars in reinforced concrete are varied in codes of practice and
equations by researchers on the base of their approaches and philosophies.
This paper (Part I) aims to have a comparative study between the predictions by codes of practice of BS8110
and EC2 and those equations by Darwin et al, Morita and Fuji, Batayneh and Nielsen and results of 164 tests
from literature.
In this part the case of straight anchorage bars without transverse pressure is considered. Some major parameters
including compressive strength, and in terms of ratio of concrete cover to bar diameter and ratio of anchorage
length to bar diameter , are addressed in detail.
Although various parameters are involved in anchorage design equations, it is observed that every code has
merit over the other codes in some aspect. The presented discussion highlights the major areas of differences
which need attentions in the future for more investigations.
The main conclusion has been presented in part II to include the study of straight anchorages with transverse
pressure. The conclusions should cover the both cases to obtain the fair assessments for bond strength by those
expressions used in this study.
Effect of V Notch Shape on Fatigue Life in Steel Beam Made of High Carbon St...IJMER
The present work includes study effect of V notch shape with various angle orientation and
depths on fatigue life behavior in steel beam made of High Carbon Steel alloy AISI 1078 which has a wide
application in industry. Fatigue life of notched specimens is calculated using the fatigue life obtained from
the experiments for smooth specimens (reference) and by use Numerical method (FEA).The fatigue
experiments were carried out at room temperature, applying a fully reversed cyclic load with the
frequency of 50 Hz and mean stress equal to zero (R= -1), on a cantilever rotating-bending fatigue testing
machine. The stress ratio was kept constant throughout the experiment. Different instruments have been
used in this investigation like Chemical composition analyzer , Tensile universal testing machine
,Hardness tester , Fatigue testing machine and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The results show
that there is acceptable error between experimental and numerical works
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Two different schemes called “ties and longitudinal stiffeners” were proposed for improving the performance of stainless steel square thin walled tubes. An analytical study using finite element models loaded axially has been conducted. Both geometric and material nonlinearities were considered. Those models were verified against the results obtained from previous researches. The analytical study compared between unstiffened, ties stiffened and longitudinally stiffened stainless steel square thin walled tubes. The studied parameters were square thin walled tube width-to-thickness ratio (W/t) and the axial spacing of stiffening along the length. It was observed that the axial load strength can be enhanced by proposed ties stiffening schemes.
Studies on factors influencing the behavior of bolted flanged jointseSAT Journals
Abstract This article aims to study the parameters influencing the overall behavior of bolted flanged joints. Three dimensional finite ele-ment analysis has been extensively used to study the performance of bolted joints for eccentric tensile loading. Pretension in the bolt is modeled using ANSYS pretension element (PRETS179) which can be used on solid or line element types. Surface-to-surface contact elements are used to account for the contact pressure at various flange interfaces. The parameters considered for the study are bolt load, contact pressure between flanges and washers, flange opening and strains in the bolt. The effect of prel-oad on various parameters is studied. This paper illustrates the behavior of bolted flanged joints in entirety and brings out the effect of prying action on the bolted flanged joint. Index Terms— Bolt Load , Bolted joint, Contact Elements, Contact Pressure, External load, Pretension, Strains
Analysis of failure behavior of shear connection in push-out specimen by thre...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- This study analyzes the failure mechanism of shear connection by three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) of push-out specimens that was practically unaffordable experimentally or by twodimensional FEA. For the analysis of the failure behavior of the compression strut formed in the loaded concrete member, the three-dimensional principal stress space is transformed into two-dimensional space by means of the relation between the hydrostatic stress and the deviatoric stress. The analysis of the stress state in the compression strut revealed that the deviatoric stress increases with larger load particularly in the concrete surrounding the lower part of the shear stud. Accordingly, bearing failure of concrete occurred locally within a limited region in the slab. The steep increase of the deviatoric stress accompanying the increase of the load resulted in the failure of concrete around the lower part of the shear stud, which in turn provoked the deformation and the development of bending moment of the shear stud. Finally, plastic hinge formed in the shear stud leading it to reach its limit state. The proposed finite element model can also be used to model the shear connection of the composite beam and, the proposed stress analysis method can be applied to analyze its composite action behavior.
Forming Limit Prediction of High Tensile Strength Steel using FEA SimulationIJERD Editor
Forming limit prediction of High Tensile Strength Steel (HTSS) sheet was carried out by using finite element analysis. JSTAMP/NV was used in the finite element analysis. Thickness of HTSS specimen was 1.0mm, and the length was 120mm.And the width was varied from 20mm to 80mm. Stretching test was operated by Erichsen test. In this study, the forming limit prediction method for predicting the localized necking before the fracture was proposed.FLD of HTSS was compared between experimental results and analytical results. Forming limit diagrams (FLD) obtained by FEAagreed well with the FLD obtained by experiment.
Prediction Models for Sliding Wear of AA3003/Al2O3 CompositesIJERA Editor
In the present work, the AA3003/Al2O3 metal matrix composites were manufactured at 10% and 30% volume
fractions of Al2O3. The composites were wear tested at different levels of normal load, sliding speed and sliding
distances. The microstructure of worn surfaces pertaining to AA3003/ Al2O3 composite reveals the fracture of
AA3033 alloy matrix as well as the detachment of Al2O3 particles from the matrix.
Stress is a concept fundamental to Rock Mechanics principles and applications. There is a pre-existing state in the rock mass and we need to understand it, both directly, and as a stress state applies to analysis and design.
CROSS-CORRELATION OF STRESSES IN THE TRAN REINFORCEMENT UNDER SHEAR LOAD AND ...IAEME Publication
The main aim of the present study is to give an answer to the question whether the transverse reinforcement, which is required for the shear resistance of columns, must be added to the one required for the cross section confinement, or it is possible for one to substitute the other. The superposition of these reinforcements is defended by the fact that the shear reinforcement results from the shear action, while the transverse reinforcement, required by the confinement, results from the axial compression of the section. The present study is experimental and uses strain gauges, in order to check the stresses of the transverse reinforcement. Useful conclusions are drawn.
Effect of the post weld heat treatments on the fatigue crack growth behavior ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of the post weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior in the welded zone of AA6063-T5 fabricated by the friction stir process was investigated. The FCG specimens are machined in which the loading axis is put perpendicular to the welding line and the initial notches are introduced in the welded zone. The experimental results showed the FCG rates are sensitive to the PWHT solutions. The FCG resistance in the welded zone could be fully restored to that of base metal by using PWHT. While the PWHT solution solely restores the precipitates dissolved and/or coarsened during welding process has a minor effect on the FCG rates, the PWHT solution remarkably recrystallizes the grain microstructure has a significant effect here.
Keywords: Aluminum alloy, Failure assessment, Fatigue crack propagation, Friction stir welding
Abstract:In a typical keyed shaft connection where shock or reversing loads are to be transmitted, the clearance between key and keyway required for fitting is a serious disadvantage. The impact loads, generate a continuous pounding between key and keyway. This pounding frequently leads to shaft failures. The present project work presents a Keyless coupling. The device provides an ultimate solution by incorporating all the advantages of interference fits, while eliminating mounting and removal problems. Analysis is carried using ANSYS. The obtained results are compared with standard values. The standard values are taken for RINGFEDER catalog. The keyless data is taken from RINGFEDER. Here it has made an attempt in analyzing keyless coupling. From the results it can be concluded that keyless coupling is most suitable.
Keywords:coefficient of thermal expansion, interference fit, virtual shrink, Contact surface, wedge principle.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
“Finite Element Stress Analysis and Stress Intensity Factor of TJoint Pipe In...IOSR Journals
Abstract- This paper reports stress analysis of two pipes intersection using finite element method. The equal
combinations of dimensions of run pipe and the branch pipe are used to investigate the stresses in pipe at the
intersection. The stress intensity factors are determined for various angular locations at intersection.
PARAMETRIC STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF FOUR TYPES OF FASTENER MODELING IN CHANNE...ijmech
In this paper, some parametric studies on four types of Channel type tension fitting’s fasteners’ stiffness
modeling is presented. Tension fittings are commonly classified into five types. They are Bathtub fitting,
Channel fitting, Angle fitting, ‘PI’ fitting and Double angle fitting. Tension fittings are conservatively sized
as their weight is usually small relative to their importance. In the previous studies, the channel fitting was
considered to be fixed at all the fastener locations. Thus, the results obtained were conservative because
the load was getting reacted at the first line of fasteners only. In order to study the effect of fastener’s
flexibility and hence the load flow inside the tension fitting two methods (Tate & Swift) of fastener modeling
were employed in the previous study. It observed that, the flexible boundary condition allow for a better
load flow into the channel fitting as compared to the fixed boundary condition. In this study, fastener
flexibility with two more methods (Grumann and Huth) is performed on the distribution of internal stresses
in the channel fitting as compared to the fixed boundary conditions. Also comparison of previous results
(Tate and Swift) is made with Grumann and Huth methods of modeling of fastener. Aluminum alloy 7050-
T7452 is selected for the study.
Techniques for measuring insitu stressesZeeshan Afzal
There are some methods that tells about insitu stresses and these are very important methods in Geology as well as well coring and also digging of well as well as in mining these methods are very helpful. So, main idea about is to information about these methods.
Investigating the Performance of NoC Using Hierarchical Routing ApproachIJERA Editor
The Network-on-Chip (NoC) model has appeared as a revolutionary methodology for incorporatingmany number of intellectual property (IP) blocks in a die. As said by the International Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), it is must to scale down the device size. In order to reduce the device long interconnection should be avoided. For that, new interconnect patterns are need. Three-dimensional ICs are proficient of achieving superior performance, resistance against noise and lower interconnect power consumption compared to traditional planar ICs. In this paper, network data routed by Hierarchical methodology. We are analyzing total number of logic gates and registers, power consumption and delay when different bits of data transmitted using Quartus II software.
Crosscutting Specification Interference Detection at Aspect Oriented UML-Base...IJERA Editor
In aspect oriented development, obliviousness is one of its pillars as it helps developers to implement crosscutting concerns via aspects, which increases the overall software modularity. Despite of its merits, obliviousness brings the problem of interferences among aspects as several aspects pointcuts may address the same joinpoint for the same advice. Existing approaches deals with conflicts at design level use graphs structures, which increase in size as project size increases. In this work, a relational database model is used to map aspect oriented design models and then conflicts are extracted by an algorithm runs over this database. This approach is simpler than other approaches and enables large project sizes while the other approaches get complicated due to increment in graph size. The proposed approach can be extended to the distributed team development, dependent on the database engine used.
Forming Limit Prediction of High Tensile Strength Steel using FEA SimulationIJERD Editor
Forming limit prediction of High Tensile Strength Steel (HTSS) sheet was carried out by using finite element analysis. JSTAMP/NV was used in the finite element analysis. Thickness of HTSS specimen was 1.0mm, and the length was 120mm.And the width was varied from 20mm to 80mm. Stretching test was operated by Erichsen test. In this study, the forming limit prediction method for predicting the localized necking before the fracture was proposed.FLD of HTSS was compared between experimental results and analytical results. Forming limit diagrams (FLD) obtained by FEAagreed well with the FLD obtained by experiment.
Prediction Models for Sliding Wear of AA3003/Al2O3 CompositesIJERA Editor
In the present work, the AA3003/Al2O3 metal matrix composites were manufactured at 10% and 30% volume
fractions of Al2O3. The composites were wear tested at different levels of normal load, sliding speed and sliding
distances. The microstructure of worn surfaces pertaining to AA3003/ Al2O3 composite reveals the fracture of
AA3033 alloy matrix as well as the detachment of Al2O3 particles from the matrix.
Stress is a concept fundamental to Rock Mechanics principles and applications. There is a pre-existing state in the rock mass and we need to understand it, both directly, and as a stress state applies to analysis and design.
CROSS-CORRELATION OF STRESSES IN THE TRAN REINFORCEMENT UNDER SHEAR LOAD AND ...IAEME Publication
The main aim of the present study is to give an answer to the question whether the transverse reinforcement, which is required for the shear resistance of columns, must be added to the one required for the cross section confinement, or it is possible for one to substitute the other. The superposition of these reinforcements is defended by the fact that the shear reinforcement results from the shear action, while the transverse reinforcement, required by the confinement, results from the axial compression of the section. The present study is experimental and uses strain gauges, in order to check the stresses of the transverse reinforcement. Useful conclusions are drawn.
Effect of the post weld heat treatments on the fatigue crack growth behavior ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of the post weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior in the welded zone of AA6063-T5 fabricated by the friction stir process was investigated. The FCG specimens are machined in which the loading axis is put perpendicular to the welding line and the initial notches are introduced in the welded zone. The experimental results showed the FCG rates are sensitive to the PWHT solutions. The FCG resistance in the welded zone could be fully restored to that of base metal by using PWHT. While the PWHT solution solely restores the precipitates dissolved and/or coarsened during welding process has a minor effect on the FCG rates, the PWHT solution remarkably recrystallizes the grain microstructure has a significant effect here.
Keywords: Aluminum alloy, Failure assessment, Fatigue crack propagation, Friction stir welding
Abstract:In a typical keyed shaft connection where shock or reversing loads are to be transmitted, the clearance between key and keyway required for fitting is a serious disadvantage. The impact loads, generate a continuous pounding between key and keyway. This pounding frequently leads to shaft failures. The present project work presents a Keyless coupling. The device provides an ultimate solution by incorporating all the advantages of interference fits, while eliminating mounting and removal problems. Analysis is carried using ANSYS. The obtained results are compared with standard values. The standard values are taken for RINGFEDER catalog. The keyless data is taken from RINGFEDER. Here it has made an attempt in analyzing keyless coupling. From the results it can be concluded that keyless coupling is most suitable.
Keywords:coefficient of thermal expansion, interference fit, virtual shrink, Contact surface, wedge principle.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
“Finite Element Stress Analysis and Stress Intensity Factor of TJoint Pipe In...IOSR Journals
Abstract- This paper reports stress analysis of two pipes intersection using finite element method. The equal
combinations of dimensions of run pipe and the branch pipe are used to investigate the stresses in pipe at the
intersection. The stress intensity factors are determined for various angular locations at intersection.
PARAMETRIC STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF FOUR TYPES OF FASTENER MODELING IN CHANNE...ijmech
In this paper, some parametric studies on four types of Channel type tension fitting’s fasteners’ stiffness
modeling is presented. Tension fittings are commonly classified into five types. They are Bathtub fitting,
Channel fitting, Angle fitting, ‘PI’ fitting and Double angle fitting. Tension fittings are conservatively sized
as their weight is usually small relative to their importance. In the previous studies, the channel fitting was
considered to be fixed at all the fastener locations. Thus, the results obtained were conservative because
the load was getting reacted at the first line of fasteners only. In order to study the effect of fastener’s
flexibility and hence the load flow inside the tension fitting two methods (Tate & Swift) of fastener modeling
were employed in the previous study. It observed that, the flexible boundary condition allow for a better
load flow into the channel fitting as compared to the fixed boundary condition. In this study, fastener
flexibility with two more methods (Grumann and Huth) is performed on the distribution of internal stresses
in the channel fitting as compared to the fixed boundary conditions. Also comparison of previous results
(Tate and Swift) is made with Grumann and Huth methods of modeling of fastener. Aluminum alloy 7050-
T7452 is selected for the study.
Techniques for measuring insitu stressesZeeshan Afzal
There are some methods that tells about insitu stresses and these are very important methods in Geology as well as well coring and also digging of well as well as in mining these methods are very helpful. So, main idea about is to information about these methods.
Investigating the Performance of NoC Using Hierarchical Routing ApproachIJERA Editor
The Network-on-Chip (NoC) model has appeared as a revolutionary methodology for incorporatingmany number of intellectual property (IP) blocks in a die. As said by the International Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), it is must to scale down the device size. In order to reduce the device long interconnection should be avoided. For that, new interconnect patterns are need. Three-dimensional ICs are proficient of achieving superior performance, resistance against noise and lower interconnect power consumption compared to traditional planar ICs. In this paper, network data routed by Hierarchical methodology. We are analyzing total number of logic gates and registers, power consumption and delay when different bits of data transmitted using Quartus II software.
Crosscutting Specification Interference Detection at Aspect Oriented UML-Base...IJERA Editor
In aspect oriented development, obliviousness is one of its pillars as it helps developers to implement crosscutting concerns via aspects, which increases the overall software modularity. Despite of its merits, obliviousness brings the problem of interferences among aspects as several aspects pointcuts may address the same joinpoint for the same advice. Existing approaches deals with conflicts at design level use graphs structures, which increase in size as project size increases. In this work, a relational database model is used to map aspect oriented design models and then conflicts are extracted by an algorithm runs over this database. This approach is simpler than other approaches and enables large project sizes while the other approaches get complicated due to increment in graph size. The proposed approach can be extended to the distributed team development, dependent on the database engine used.
Performance Analysis of Wireless Networks With MDQOSIJERA Editor
In Wireless/Mobile networks various kinds of encoding schemes were used for transmission of data over a bandwidth. The desired quality and generated traffic varies with the requirement with this bandwidth. A generic video telephony may require more than 40 kbps whereas a low motion video telephony may require about 25 kbps for data transmission. From the designing point of view these requirements demands for an alternative resource planning, especially for bandwidth allocation in wireless networks. In wireless network where bandwidth is a scare resource, the system may need to block incoming user if all of the bandwidth has been used to provide highest quality of service to existing users. However this bandwidth resource planning may be unacceptable for larger application. A degradable approach to multiple users can be made on bandwidth allocation to reduce the blocking probability without degrading the quality of service to existing users.
This work aims towards a realization of a wireless/mobile network using W-CDMA multi access technique supporting multilevel quality of services. The bandwidth allocation to multiple users is adjusted dynamically according to the required network condition so as to increase bandwidth utilization. The work analyze the performance deriving the degradation period ratio, mean degradation time and degradation state for the implemented wireless network.The proposed work is aim to implement on Matlab tool for its functional verification considering various mobility patterns
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Novel Key Generation Technique Used In Tablets and Smart PhonesIJERA Editor
Mobile devices like smart phones and tablets are whirling into an automobile for prolific and gainful loom to
way in, come across and contribute to information or data. However, lack of the well-organized and apposite
safekeeping procedures has cemented manner for the cyber-attackers to get this information and mishandling it
for their own intention. Data seepage ensuing from device trouncing or thievery is foremost sanctuary risk allied
with the smart phones and other mobile devices. One way to shield the data is to employ encryption/decryption
performance. Though there is many encryption/decryption technique vacant but the largest part of them are
predisposed to diverse attacks. Another problem is there is no apposite encryption/decryption process for end
point to end point asylum (between two or additional phones).We proposed novel key generation techniques to
be worn in encryption/decryption course of action. The same procedure can also be used for end point to end
point sheltered communication. These techniques have been veteran against diverse attacks on real android
devices and it has been bring into being that it withstands all types of attacks. The time of key descent for
various smart phones has been pragmatic and it shows that it doesn’t slow down the devices.
Effect of Milling Time on Al-Fe-Cr-20 Wt. % Al2O3composite Prepared Through B...IJERA Editor
One of the main challenges towards achieving a homogeneous distribution of the ceramic phase in the metal matrix composites is agglomeration of the reinforcement particles. Mechanical alloying is among the most important processing techniques used for manufacturing of metal matrix composites (MMCs).An attempt was made to synthesize Al-Fe-Cr-Al2O3composites synthesized through mechanical alloying. Al2O3 is used as reinforcement. Ethanol (5 wt. %) has been used as a process control agent (PCA). Mechanical alloying is carried out in a conventional ball mill using stainless steel grinding media at 115 rpm in the argon environment for 5h, 10h and 15h. The ball to powder weight ratio was maintained at 20:1. The characterization of the ball milled powder was followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Showed the formation of a homogeneous phase for all compositions after milling for 15 h. XRD patterns were recorded for the milled powders, and analyzed using Williamson–Hall method and Scherrer’s equation to determine the lattice strain and grain size.EDX is performed to check the contamination of composites during the mechanical alloying.XRD is used to study structural evolution of synthesized aluminium composite. Effect of milling time is investigated on synthesized Al-Fe-Cr-20 wt. % Al2O3 composites.
Pesticides Occurrence in an Alfisol of Sudano-Sahelian Agricultural Watershed...IJERA Editor
Soil contamination by pesticides (organochlorine, organophosphates and pyrethroids) has been studied in the agricultural watershed (60.6 km2) of Korokoro in Mali. Farmers of this watershed produce cotton and cereals (sorghum, maize, millet). Soil samples (0-20 cm) of an alfisol used for cotton cropping were collected at the end of the cropping seasons 2010 and 2011. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometer for quantifying the main pesticides (profenofos, acetamiprid, atrazine and cypermethrin) frequently used in the watershed and others organochlorine pesticides (DDT, endosulfan and HCH) that could be still detected. The results showed that soils were contaminated by DDT and its metabolites (0.1 to 3.5 μg.kg-1) due to past agricultural uses for African migratory locust control while those of endosulfan sulfate (detection limit to 4.2 μg.kg-1) and cypermethrin (2.5 to 6.2 μg.kg-1) were due to their actual application on cotton. According to mass balances calculation cypermethrin residues are stocked in the soil compartment of the watershed after its application on cotton. This accumulation was evaluated at 13 ± 0.4% of applied quantities.
On-chip Optical Communication Using GrapheneIJERA Editor
Advancement in technology is increasing day by day. Accordance to Moore‟s Law, the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year. In this way, Graphene research so far has focused on electronics and photonic applications, in spite of its impressive optical properties, graphene can be used as optical communication devices which are more efficient than any other materials. It has as unique photonic and electronic extraordinary properties. This leads to remarkable high bandwidth, zero source-drain bias, better modulation of light, and good internal quantum efficiency.
Performance of a Wind System: Case Study of Sidi Daoud SiteIJERA Editor
This paper describes recent developments of systems for the conversion of wind energy. It presents a modeling and simulation of wind energy conversion system at the site of Sidi Daoud using the experimental results obtained by the services of the company STEG and Madee. We determined the performance of machines based on site properties and dimensional characteristics of the device.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Data Security with Colors using RSA technique that integrates the RGB Color model with the well-known public key cryptographic algorithm RSA (Rivest, Shamir and Adleman). This model provides both confidentiality and authentication to the data sent across the network. RSA algorithm uses public key and private key to encrypt and decrypt the data and thus provides confidentiality. But the public key is known to everyone and so anyone can encrypt the data and send the message. Hence authentication of users is needed. In this technique we use RGB color model to provide authentication. Every user will have a unique color assigned to him. A sender must know the receiver’s color to send a message. The color value is encrypted using a key which is used as a password while decrypting the message. To decrypt the message, the receiver must provide his color values. If the decrypted color values and his color values are equal then the sender and receiver are send to be authentic. The data encryption and decryption follows RSA procedure. Thus both authentication and confidentiality are provided for the data.
Optimization of EDM Process of (Cu-W) EDM Electrodes on Different ProgressionIJERA Editor
The purpose of this research work is to determine the optimal cutting condition of EDM process of different
work piece materials using different compositions of Cu-W tool Electrodes. The key cutting factors such as
Discharge Current, Voltage, Pulse- On – Time, Duty Cycle, Spark Gap and flushing pressure will be optimized.
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type Mobile Telephony Base ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude 80ο.16’and Latitude 13ο.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom sector in near future.
Empirical Determination of Locations of Unstable and Blank Gsm Signal Network...IJERA Editor
In a GSM network coverage area there exist locations where network signal reception is always either unsteady or blank. These problems are the cause of intermittent call receptions or no network reception at some locations in cell sites. This paper discusses a practical work carried out in a cell site located in a remote area in Eastern Nigeria to determine such locations. To do that, received signal field strength measurements were initially conducted at 3m interval starting from 100m away from the base Station to determine the suspected locations of unsteady and blank network receptions in the field. Further extensive measurements were then taken at each of the suspect locations. Analyses of the data obtained shows that a lot of such phenomenon may exist in cell sites.
A Model For Integrating Environmental Considerations Into The Valuation Of In...IJERA Editor
In Nigeria, the Estate Surveyor and Valuer has been bestowed with the responsibility of interpreting value of properties for various purposes. In carrying out this responsibility, the Valuer depends on models which were developed decades ago. These models in themselves have implied environmental considerations by way of neighbourhood analysis. The models do not consider serious environmental problems such as air, water, soil, noise pollutions and industrial health and safety. This work developed a model for integrating these variables into the valuation of industries using Enugu as a study area. The model developed is referred to as The Environmental Factor Adjusted Cost Approach to Valuation (or in short from “The E-factor Model”). The model was found to conform with the provisions of the Nigerian Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations of 1991. The model is therefore recommended for use by the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers in the Valuation of Industries and other facilities generating waste in Nigeria.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Cryptographic Schemes for Secret ImagesIJERA Editor
Visual cryptography is one of the techniques used to encrypt the images by dividing the original image into transparencies [1]. The transparencies can be sent to the intended person, and at the other end the transparencies received person can decrypt the transparencies using our tool, thus gets the original image. Our proposed Visual cryptography provides the demonstration to the users to show how encryption and decryption can be done to the images. In this technology, the end user identifies an image, which is not the correct image. That is, while transmitting the image the sender will encrypt the image using our application here sender gets the two or more transparencies of the same image. Our application provides an option to the end user of encryption. The end user can divide the original image into number of different images. Using our application we can send encrypted images that are in the format of GIF and PNG. The encrypted transparencies can be saved in the machine and can be sent to the intended person by other means [source].
Theoretical study for r.c. columns strengthened with gfrp with different main...Ahmed Ebid
DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3631.9041
It becomes a common practice to strength and repair reinforced concrete columns by wrapping them with GFRP sheets. The aim of this research is to develop a formula to describe the relation between the gain of strength of reinforced concrete square columns, their longitudinal reinforcement and number of warped layers of GFRP sheets. The research is based on simulating loading tests of a set of 12 reinforced concrete columns with different reinforcement ratios and different number of warped layers of GFRP sheets using ANSYS software. The outputs of the ANSYS models are verified using experimental tests results carried out by the author in earlier research. The results of the study are used to develop a proposed formula to correlate the axial capacity of the warped square RC column with its reinforcement ratio and the confining stress caused by the sheets. Values from both proposed formula design and formula of Egyptian Code of Practice (ECP) are compared with ANSYS outputs and experimental results. The final conclusion is that gained strength due to confining equals to (confining stress / Fcu)
Determination of Elastic Behavior of RCC Section by Experimentation and Valid...IJERA Editor
Experimental and Analytical study is conducted to check the elastic behavior of RCC and Fiber reinforced RCC
section. Standard size and shapes of specimen s are casted with combination of RCC with and without steel
fibers. Percentage of FRC is varied from 0.5% to 1.5% in RCC specimen. Elastic behavior of the specimen
tested and studied for different loading conditions (Axial and Flexural). Observed results are plotted in different
formats and validated using FEA.
Numerical modeling on behaviour of reinforced concrete exterior beam column j...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
System shear connector jakarta digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
Experimental and numerical analysis of elasto-plastic behaviour of notched sp...IJERA Editor
The objective of the work was to estimate the elasto-plastic stress and strain behaviour at the root of the notch of
an Al 6061 plate undergoing tensile and compressive cyclic loading by both experimental and numerical
methods. This attempt to measured initial elasto-plastic stresses experimentally then verified by numerically.
The various Kt values such as 2, 4 and 6 specimens were subjected to tensile test using a computerised universal
testing machine. Numerical approach associated with body discretization and developed finite element model
with sufficient degree of freedom to analyses elasto-plastic analysis of notched specimen. Experimental results
show that analysis of three Kt notched specimens had similar behaviour of elasto-plastic behaviour but different
magnitude. The experimental results compare well with the numerical results which are obtained during finite
element analysis of notched specimens.
Overall gusset plate due to its advantages in the
design, manufacture, installation, widely used in large span steel
bridge, but for the whole gusset plate of local stress mechanism
few scholars study. With the development of computer
technology, often in practical projects through the finite element
software to simulate, domestic scholars about the boundary
conditions of the simulation is roughly divided into three kinds,
that is, one end of the consolidation, center consolidation and
simply supported at both ends, the principle of selecting the
three boundaries often do not mention, for later users bring
distress, In this paper, through theoretical analysis and finite
element software simulation, illustrates the principle of three
kinds of boundary selection, And according to the viewpoint of
stress nephogram real simulation presents a recommended
boundary conditions which formed at both ends simply
supported constraints.
Page 6 of 8Engineering Materials ScienceMetals LabLEEDS .docxbunyansaturnina
Page 6 of 8Engineering Materials Science
Metals Lab
LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT & ENGINEERING
Course: BSc (Hons) Civil Engineering BEng (Hons) Civil Engineering
HND Civil Engineering
Laboratory Experiment:
Stress-Strain Behaviour of Mild Steel and High Yield Steel bars.
Associated Module(s)
Level 4 Engineering Materials Science
Object of Experiment
To investigate the stress-strain behaviour of the above materials.
Theory/Analysis
A knowledge of the behaviour of structural steel under load is essential to ensure structural collapse does not occur and that serviceability requirements are achieved. In these respects the following mechanical properties of a material are required:-
1. The yield stress, σy (or 0.2% proof stress)
2. The Elastic (or Young’s) Modulus, E
3. The maximum tensile strength, σmax
4. The stress at failure, ie the fracture stress, σf
5. The % elongation at failure
Apparatus
1. 500kN Denison Testing Machine
2. Extensometer and Denison extension gauge (measures cross head movement)
3. Grade 250 plain round mild steel bar, 20mm diameter
Characteristic strength = 250 N/mm²
Conforms to BS 4449.
4. Grade 460 deformed high yield steel.
Reinforcing bar, T16, 16mm diameter.
Characteristic strength = 460 N/mm²
Conforms to BS 4449.
Method
Each of the bars in turn is placed in the jaws of the testing machine.
The 50mm extensometer is attached to the bar and zeroed.
Load is applied and recorded in increments up to failure. For each load increment, extension readings from the extensometer and the Denison extension gauge are noted.
At the yield point, the extensometer is removed to prevent damage to it and readings continue on the Denison extension gauge.
The load at failure and the manner of failure are noted.
See the Figure below showing the Test Setup.
(
L
G
values; L
G
= 100 mm for the plain
round
bar, and L
G
= 80 mm for the deformed
high yield
bar
) (
L
G
,
gauge length of the samples
) (
P = the tensile force applied to bars from Dennison testing machine
) (
P
) (
Extension of the sample bars is measured by:
the
Dennison (on-board) extension gauge which monitors cross-head
movement
. This effectively gives sample extension readings from the start of the test (P = 0) through to failure.
An extensometer gauge. This is accurate only over the initial linear-elastic phase of the test.
) (
P
)
Each student should prepare and submit a laboratory report, the results and discussion sections are outlined below:a) Results and Calculations
Readings of load (P), against extension (e), have been recorded for each specimen tested and provided to you (appended at the end of this laboratory briefing document).
Knowing the original bar diameters (d), load data can converted to stress (σ) by dividing each load reading by the appropriate cross sectional area.
Strain values are determined by dividing the extension (e) data by the appropriate gauge length for each bar (LG); the g.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Stress Analysis of FRP Composite Cylinder with Closed EndsIOSR Journals
Composite cylinders made of a polymer matrix such as epoxy reinforced with glass or carbon fibers possess extremely high strength. Proper modeling of FRP composite cylinder is very essential for many applications. FRP composite cylinders are commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, marine and construction industries. The present work is to study the variation of stressesat the top end, middle and bottom end portions of a composite cylinder by varying the diameter to thickness ratio(S) and fiber angle (θ).The four layered angle ply (θ0/-θ0/-θ0/θ0) composite cylinder is considered forthe present work and behavior of each portion (Top end, middle and Bottom end) is studied.For the present work composite cylinder is modeled in ANSYS and analysis was carried out using numerical software. It isfound thatthe increment of stress takes place linearly with respect to D/t ratio due to reduction in thickness of the layer.The critical fiber angle is 45⁰ to 60⁰ as it offers high resistance against axial and circumferential deformation in middle and end portions.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Comparative Study on Anchorage in Reinforced Concrete Using Codes of Practice and Expressions by Researchers
1. Rizgar Amin Agha Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 3), August 2014, pp.82-93
www.ijera.com 82 | P a g e
Comparative Study on Anchorage in Reinforced Concrete Using Codes of Practice and Expressions by Researchers Part II: Straight anchorages with transverse pressure Rizgar Amin Agha (BSc,MSc,PhD) Senior lecturer -Faculty of Engineering University of Sulaimani - Kurdistan region of Iraq Abstract This paper (Part II) reports a comparative study for BS8110 and EC2 of practice and those expressions by Batayneh and Neilsen on tests from literature. These have been treated under straight bar anchorages with transverse pressure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reliability of the existing equations for bond strength of straight bars by applying to the available tests in the literature .The most important parameters were examined in these tests are concrete strength, anchorage length, concrete covers, bar diameter and transverse pressure. 264 tests from the literature have been chosen, which are all for straight bars with transverse pressure. The specimens are pull-out specimens with small concrete covers, beams ends and slabs. For both comparative studies in Part I and Part II, the conclusions and recommendations are presented here together.
I. Introduction
The bond of contemporary ribbed bars relies on the bearing of the ribs on the surrounding concrete. This bearing produces outward radial forces and, for normal ratios of cover to bar size, bond failure involves splitting of the concrete cover. It has often been found that at failure small wedges of concrete remain locked in position ahead of the ribs. As the thickness of cover increases the failure surface around the bar changes and becomes a continuous cylinder with a diameter equal to that of the ribs. Splitting failure remains possible as the actions on this failure surface are shear and radial compression with the latter requiring tension in the cover. Eventually, for very large covers, bars may be extracted, without splitting the cover. It is clear from the above that bond resistance should be expected to be influenced by the thickness of the concrete cover to a bar. It is also reasonable to expect influences from transverse reinforcement crossing the surface at which failure occurs and from transverse pressure acting at a support.
In most structural members the maximum tension in the main bars is reduced at a rate controlled by the shear on the member and the shear reinforcement provided, leaving only a part of the tension to be absorbed by the end anchorages of the bars. Within the end anchorages the rate of the reduction of bar forces is not externally controlled but depends upon the relationship between bond stress and slip (movement of the bar relative to the surrounding concrete). Slip is greatest at the end where the bar forces are greatest. At least initially the bond stresses are therefore greatest at the same end and decrease toward the free ends of the bars. Splitting can be initiated at the loaded ends and may well produce a progressive failure, throughout which the average bond stress is always below the maximum bond strength per unit length. It can be appreciated from the above that the bond strength of a particular bar is likely to be influenced by many factors which include: - the strength of the concrete. - the ratios of covers and bar spacings to the bar diameter. - the local properties of the concrete adjacent to the bar, which are affected by the position and orientation of the bar relative to the direction of concreting. - the ratio of the bond length to the bar diameter in end anchorage or pull- out situations. - the details of the transverse reinforcement crossing potential failure surfaces - transverse pressure from reactions - the details of the bar ribs - the size of the bar , given that scale effects often arise where concrete is subjected to non-uniform tension.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Rizgar Amin Agha Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 3), August 2014, pp.82-93
www.ijera.com 83 | P a g e
2. Basic equations and data:
Four of the expressions for evaluating anchorage with transverse pressure, have been chosen to make
comparisons with 264 tests from the literature, which are all for straight bars without transverse reinforcement,
but with transverse pressure. The sources of the data are shown in Table (1)
Table (1) Data of specimens without transverse reinforcement
Authors
and test arrangements
No. and Type of tests c f
2 N /mm
/ b l
Batayneh(3)
77eccentric pull-out and
5 beam-ends
14.8-36.6 10.0-15.0
Jensen(5) 92 beam-ends 15.5-45 8.0-16.0
Rathkjen(6) 53 beam-ends 14.1-33.1 8.6-12.0
Untrauer and Henry(7)
28 pull-out 24.9-47.7 5.3-8.0
Ghaghei(8) 5 beam-ends 32.8-35.7 4.0-8.0
Regan(9) 4 slabs 35.2-41.7 7.5
Fig.(1) shows histograms of the some of variables in these specimens:
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
8
10
12
14
16
19
20
25
28.5
mm
No. of
results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
<14.99
15-19.99
20-224.99
25-29.99
30-34.99
35-39.99
40-44.99
45-49.99
No. of
results
2 f N /mm c
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.00-0.49
0.50-0.99
1.00-1.49
1.50-1.99
2.00-2.49
2.50-2.99
3.00-3.49
No. of
results
u c p / f
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.50-0.99
1.00-1.49
1.50-1.99
2.00-2.49
2.50-2.99
3.00-3.49
3.50-3.99
No. of
results
/ d c
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
4.0-5.3
7.5-8.6
10
12
15-16
No. of
results
/ b l
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 2 3
No. of
results
No. of bars
Fig.(1) Histograms of numbers of results and some main variables
for specimens with transverse pressure and without transverse reinforcement
3. Rizgar Amin Agha Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 3), August 2014, pp.82-93
www.ijera.com 84 | P a g e
The equations considered are those of BS8110(1), EC2(2), Batayneh(3) and Nielsen(4). The last three make
allowance for the effect of transverse pressure. BS8110 does not and is included only to show the results
obtained with such a very simple expression.
These equations are as follow:
1-BS 8110(1) : bk ck f 0.78 f ...….……………(1)
2-EC2(2) :
2 / 3
2 5
0.4725
bk ck f f
………..….……(2)
1 0.15 / 2 d c for straight bars and is limited to 0.7 and 1.0
c min c ,c , s / 2 d b s , 1 0.04 p 5 and is limited to 0.7 and 1.0 . The product of 2 and 5
is limited to 0.7 and 1.0 , p = transverse pressure 2 N /mm , 2 is not in the eqn.3.10 because the tests
reviewed do not involve any bars with, 32mm .
3-Batayneh(3) :
2 3
2 / 3 0.215 1 0.6 1 0.97
c
bu c
f
c p
f f
2 3 0.86 c f …….. ……..(3)
where c min c ,c , s / 2 d b s
4-Nielsen(4):
For local mechanisms of type 1a
c c
bu
f
p
C
b
B
f
f
0.12 0.45 ………….(4)
For local mechanisms of type 2
c c
bu
f
p
C
b
B
f
f
0.28 0.24 .…..…….(5)
Local mechanisms of type 2 generally dominate if p is significant.
In equations (4) and (5)
For rotation about an axis on the side face
2
cos
/
sin
/
/
sin
2
x y
x
B …..…………(6)
sin 1 tan
x
y
C ….…………(7)
For rotation about an axis on the bottom face
2
cos
/
sin
/
/
cos
2
x y
y
B …..…………(8)
cos tan
y
x
C …..…………(9)
For low transverse pressures
With rotation about an axis on the side face
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1/ 3
2 2.8 /
/
tan
y x
x y
……………(10)
With rotation about an axis on the bottom face
1/ 3
/
2 2.8 /
tan
y x
x y
...…………(11)
For high transverse pressures
c b p f
x
. /
sin
……………(12)
where :
v is an empirical effectiveness factor = 1.8/ 1.0 c f , = 0.5 0.61/ / c b f l
b is the width of a rectangular section, x and y are side and bottom concrete covers respectively measured to
bar centres, is an angle between a yield line and a beam face and p is a transverse pressure.
Nielsen‟s equations have been applied only to beam-end specimens , for which they were derived .
BS8110‟s predictions of characteristic bond strength are greatly on the conservative side, with a mean
, , 8110 / bu test bk BS f f =2.56 and a c.o.v. of 0.22. This is the result of the code‟s ignoring the influences of c /
and / b l as well as the transverse pressure, against which , , 8110 / bu test bk BS f f is plotted in Fig.(2).
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5
, , 8110 / bu Test bk BS f f
u c p / f
Fig.(2) Relationships between , , 8110 / bu test bk BS f f and u c p / f
For EC2, Fig.(3) shows the relationship between , , 2 / bu test bk EC f f and u c p / f ,from which it can be seen that
the code generally underestimates bond strength. The mean of , , 2 / bu test bk EC f f is 1.89 and the coefficient of
variation is 0.18.
As EC2 does not allow for any influence from / b l , it could be thought that a cause of the rather large scatter
of strength ratios is the neglect of / b l . However Fig.8 (in part I) differentiates between results for different
bond lengths and this does not appear to be a major factor, the values of , , 2 / bu test bk EC f f are generally lowest
for / 15 16 b l
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0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4
. . 2 / bu test bk EC f f
u c p / f
/ 15 16
/ 12
/ 10
/ 7.5 8.6
/ 4 5.3
b
b
b
b
b
l
l
l
l
l
Fig(3) Relationships between , , 2 / bu test bk EC f f and u c p / f
Since there is no significant trend as a function of u c p / f alone, EC2‟s conservatism could be the result of
the lower limit of 0.7 on the product 2 5 . The solution could perhaps be the removal of the lower limits on
2 5 , or 2 5 .From Fig.(4), both the removal of all the limits and the removal of 5 alone produce
situations where , , 2 / bu test bk EC f f decreases u c p / f as increases. The most promising variant looks to
be 0.7 2 and 0.7 5 but no limit on their product. No limit of 2 does not seem to produce a
particular trend to error as a function of u c p / f but the scatter looks increased. 0.7 2 5 does not have
much effect. Ec2‟s prediction for all and beam-end tests are similar with applying the limits, while for the case
of removing the lower limits on 2 5 , or 2 5 the predictions for beam-end specimens are much better than
those for all data and slightly better than EC2 „s prediction when applying the lower limits. Summary of
statistical analyses considering with and without limits on 2 5 , and 2 5 is shown in Table.3.3.
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0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4
. . 2 / bu test bk EC f f
u c p / f
/ 15 16
/ 12
/ 10
/ 7.5 8.6
/ 4 5.3
b
b
b
b
b
l
l
l
l
l
a) No limit on 2 5 , but 0.7 2 5
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4
. . 2 / bu test bk EC f f
u c p / f
/ 15 16
/ 12
/ 10
/ 7.5 8.6
/ 4 5.3
b
b
b
b
b
l
l
l
l
l
b) No limit on 2 5 , and 2 5
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4
. . 2 / bu test bk EC f f
u c p / f
/ 15 16
/ 12
/ 10
/ 7.5 8.6
/ 4 5.3
b
b
b
b
b
l
l
l
l
l
c ) 0.7 2 and 0.7 5 No limit on 2 5
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4
. . 2 / bu test bk EC f f
u c p / f
/ 15 16
/ 12
/ 10
/ 7.5 8.6
/ 4 5.3
b
b
b
b
b
l
l
l
l
l
d) No limit on 5
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4 2 . . / bu test bk EC f f
u c p / f
/ 15 16
/ 12
/ 10
/ 7.5 8.6
/ 4 5.3
b
b
b
b
b
l
l
l
l
l
e) No limit on 2
Fig(4) Relationships between , , 2 / bu test bk EC f f and u c p / f
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Table(2) Summary of statistical analyses of
bu test f ,
/ bu calc f , for EC2,
considering with and without limits on 2 5 , and 2 5
Statistical Values
.
No
limit
on
2
No
limit
on
5
No limit
on 2 5
0.7 2
and
0.7 5
No limit
on 2 5
and
2 5 ,
Limit on
0.7 2 5
and
2 5 ,
(EC2)
All data
Average 1.76 1.65 1.77 1.65 1.89
STD 0.35 0.41 0.34 0.42 0.33
C.O.V 0.20 0.25 0.19 0.25 0.18
Beam-end
specimens
Average 1.90 1.86 1.91 1.86 1.93
STD 0.32 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.33
C.O.V 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17
Fig.(5) shows the relationships between bu test bu Bat f f , , / and u c p / f for Batayneh‟s equation (3). Neither of
these equations allows for any influence of / b l and, as for EC2, the results for / b l =15 to 16 plot lower
than those for shorter bond lengths.
The predictions by both equations are on the safe side throughout and the scatter of bu test bu calc f f , , / is less than
for the data including the pull-out tests by Batayneh and Untrauer and Henry.
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4
u c p / f
/ 15 16
/ 12
/ 10
/ 7.5 8.6
/ 4 5.3
b
b
b
b
b
l
l
l
l
l
, , 3.10 / bu test bu Bat f f
Fig(5) Relationships between , , 3.10 / bu test bu Bat f f and u c p / f
“for all results” for Batayneh's eq.3
Fig.(6) shows the relationships between bu test bu Bat f f , , / and u c p / f for beam-end specimens for Batayneh's
equation (3). The predictions by this equation are on the safe side throughout and the scatter of bu test bu Bat f f , , /
is less than for the data including the pull-out tests by Batayneh and Untrauer and Henry.
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0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4
u c p / f
/ 15 16
/ 12
/ 10
/ 7.5 8.6
/ 4 5.3
b
b
b
b
b
l
l
l
l
l
, , 3.10 / bu test bu Bat f f
Fig.(6) Relationships between , , 3.10 / bu test bu Bat f f and u c p / f
“for beam- ends” for Batayneh's eq.4
Nielsen‟s predictions have been compared with the results for the beam end tests alone. Fig.(7) shows the
relationships between bu test bu N f f , , / and u c p / f . For tests with / b l =4.0 the predictions by this approach
are very good. The results below unity are predominantly for 7.5 / 8.6 b l , with all but one of the really
low results coming from Jensen‟s tests with / 8 b l . This suggests that the effect of / b l in short
anchorages may be overestimated by Nielsen.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0 1 2 3 4
u c p / f
bu test bu N f f ., , /
/ 15 16
/ 12
/ 7.5 8.6
/ 4
b
b
b
b
l
l
l
l
Fig(7) Relationships between bu test bu N f f ., , / and u c p / f
for all beam-end specimens
Fig.(8) shows Rathkjen‟s specimens only. For specimens with three bars in the section, it was considered likely
that corner failures governed, and all three bars have been assumed to develop the resistances calculated for
corner failures.
For Rathkjen‟s tests, the correlation obtained is better for specimens with 2 or 3 bars than for those with single
bars. Nielsen explained this as being due to the equations having been developed for corner bars and not for
single bars in the centre of beams.
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0 1 2 3 4
u c p / f
bu test bu N f f ., , /
3 , / 12
2 , / 12
2 , / 8.6
1 , / 8.6
b
b
b
b
bars l
bars l
bars l
bar l
Fig(8) Relationships between bu test bu N f f ., , / and
u c p / f for beam-end specimens by Rathkjen
A comparison of the averages, standard deviations and coefficients of variation of
bu test f ,
/ bu calc f , for the
different methods is given in table (3). BS8110‟s equation is very much on conservative side. The predictions by
EC2 after the removal of the limit 0.7 2 5 are similar to those with the limit. For beam-end results
.Batayneh‟s equations are on safer side and best compared to others. The approach by Nielsen gives good
predictions but higher c.o.v. than EC2 and Batayneh‟s.
Table(3) Summary of statistical analyses of
bu test f ,
/ bu calc f ,
for BS8110, EC2, Batayneh and Nielsen
Source Eq.No.
All tests Beam-end specimens
Mean STD C.O.V Mean STD C.O.V
BS8110 3.1 2.56 0.56 0.22 2.47 0.51 0.21
EC2
3.2 1.89 0.33 0.18 1.93 0.33 0.17
(1) 3.2 1.65 0.42 0.25 1.86 0.31 0.16
(2) 3.2 1.76 0.35 0.20 1.90 0.32 0.17
(3) 3.2 1.65 0.41 0.34 1.86 0.30 0.16
(4) 3.2 1.77 0.25 0.19 1.91 0.31 0.16
Batayneh 3.3 1.39 0.28 0.20 1.53 0.20 0.15
Nielsen 3.11 or 3.12 - - - 1.00 0.19 0.19
(1) 3.2 Eqn.3.2 is after relaxation from a limit on 2 5 , and 2 5
(2) 3.2 Eqn.3.2 is after relaxation from a limit on 2
(3) 3.2 Eqn.3.2 is after relaxation from a limit on 5
(4) 3.2 Eqn.3.2 is after relaxation from a limit on 2 5
3. Conclusions and recommendations
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The main conclusions for both Part I and II are withdrawn together as the influences from the relative
parameters can be addressed clearly.
For tests without transverse pressure as in Fig.(App. In Part I), the ultimate bond strengths have been compared
with predictions calculated by BS8110, EC2 and four equations by Darwin et al, Morita and Fujii, Batayneh and
Nielsen as shown in Figs. 2-9 (in Part I) .Tests with transverse pressure have been studied for the influence of
the above parameters by applying BS8110, EC2, Batayneh, and Nielsen on them as shown in Figs.2-8( in Part
II).
The main conclusions drawn from Part I and Part II are as follow:
1- BS 8110 takes account of only the concrete strength and in consequence the ratios of , , 8110 / bu test bk BS f f very
greatly and can in some cases be too high for characteristic strengths.
The predictions by BS8110 overestimate characteristic resistances up to / 2 m c . For case with p 0 , the
neglect of the effects of / m c and / b l causes most of the problems as shown in Figs.2 and 4 (in Part I).
bu test bk calc f f , , / goes up from 1.44 (Table 1 Part I) when p 0 to 2.47 or 2.57 when p 0 (Table 3 Part II).
The difference is mostly due to the neglect of p as an influential parameter and to the results for p 0 not
including beams with ( / b l ) as large as those in Ferguson and Thompson‟s tests with p 0 .
2-EC2 takes account of the concrete strength, minimum concrete cover d b c min c c , s / 2 s , bar size
and transverse pressure , but ignores the influence of / b l .
EC2 gives unsafe prediction for case with p 0 as shown in Table (1 Part I) except when ( / b l ) 16 to 20,
this is because of: i) the neglect of the influence of / b l and ii) the underestimation of the influence of / m c .
The shift rule did not show any benefit in increasing the bond resistance when is applied to Ferguson and
Thompson‟s tests except in the case of large bar diameter.
EC2 seems to be so much safer for the beams with transverse pressure. The mean goes up from 1.15 when
p 0 to 1.86 or 1.93 when p 0 and Fig.2 (Part II) shows very little variation bu test bk calc f f , , / with
u c p / f .The attempts to relax individual limits on 2 5 , and 2 5 did not produce significant improvement
in terms of reducing the ratio bu test bk calc f f , , / and the problem of low predictions when p 0 and high bond
strength when p 0 is in the tests with p 0 , / b l was never as high as in many of the tests with
p 0
According to the conclusions, there are some recommendations needed by the designer using EC2 in practical
design:
a) It‟s safe for both p 0 and p 0 provided that / b l is less than about 16 or 20 except in cases like
Chamberlin‟s.
b) In cases like Chamberlin‟s a reduction of the calculated bk f is needed and should probably also apply
to bars with low spacings. It could be provided by a multiplying factor which would be a function
of s 2c , c s / 2 s or s .
c) For / b l 16 or 20 the average bond stress developable probably depends on whether the „ external‟
conditions produce a uniform bond stress distribution, as in
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a uniform shear stress from a web cracked in shear and having shear reinforcements, or whether the bond
stresses concentrate toward the loaded end as in pull-out situations. In the latter case the design bond stress
should decrease as / b l increases.
3- Morita and Fujii take into account the influence from concrete strength, concrete cover based on the line of
crack pattern but ignore the influence of / b l . Their predictions are very scattered.
4-Darwin et al. considers most of the parameters mentioned above except the influence of transverse pressure.
They consider the influence of concrete cover in a more rational treatment, taking into account the influence of
other covers in addition to d c . Their predictions are the best for the case with p 0 .
Darwin‟s equation shows generally gives predictions better than those of BS8110, EC2 and Morita and Fujii as
it takes account of most of the potentially significant parameters. However for very large concrete thickness,
they are slightly unsafe and a limit on / m c may be required.
5-Batayneh considers the main parameters mentioned above except the influence of / b l . Two of his proposed
equations are considered as they showed better predictions than the other two.
Batayneh‟s eqn.(5) ( in Part I) for p 0 gives a mean bu test bu calc f f , , / of 0.99 and a coefficient of variation of
0.20. With the effect of transverse pressure added in equation (3) (in Part II), for beam-end tests the mean is
1.53 with a coefficient of variation of 0.13, while for all the tests the mean is 1.39 and the coefficient of
variation is 0.20. The results for situations with p 0 and p 0 are closer to one another than are those from
BS8110 and EC2.
From Fig.(2) in ( Part I) Batayneh may overestimate the influence of / m c and from Fig.(4) ( in Part I) his
neglect of the influence of ( / b l ) has an effect with
bu test bu calc f f , , / reducing as / b l increases.
6- Nielsen takes into account all parameters including the influence of transverse pressure. He proposed two sets
of equations for cases with and without transverse pressure.
Nielsen‟s predictions are very much on the safe side when p 0 , but not so for p 0 . - For case with p 0
the coefficient of variation of 0.19 is lower than EC2‟s. This is probably because the equation takes account
of / b l . When p 0 the coefficient of variation is greater than that for EC2.
The difference between the two sets of results when p 0 and p 0 is almost as great as those for the codes.
Despite giving a high mean for bu test bu N f f , , / it has the second lowest c.o.v after Darwin‟s equation because the
data includes large ratios / b l .
7-It was found that the second cover /bar spacing dimension has an influence on the bond strength when
Darwin‟s equation is applied to the tests with similar minimum covers.
8-In terms of overall performance, Batayneh gives the best results, while, if only p 0 conditions are
considered, Darwin is better.
9- The use of c f provides more consistent results than using other powers for c f as shown in Fig.(9)
(in Part I)
10-The influence of bar size is less clear but merits some further consideration.
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References:
[1.] BS8110 Structural use of concrete, Part 1, Code of practice for design and construction, British Standards Institution, London 2005.
[2.] EuroCode 2: Design of Concrete Structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. BS EN 1992-1-1: 2004, British Standards Institution London, Dec.2004
[3.] Batayneh.M.K., The effects of lateral compression on bond between deformed reinforcing bars and concrete. Ph.D thesis. Oxford Brookes University. 1993.
[4.] Nielsen M.P., Limit analysis and concrete plasticity.2nd edition, CRC Press LLC.USA. 1999.
[5.] Jensen J.H, Forkammede armeringsstaengers forankring , specielt ved vederlag, Reports R155 and 156, Dept. of Structural Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 1982.
[6.] Rathkjen A., Forankringsstyrker af armeringsjern ved bjaelkeunderstotninger , Civil Engineering Academy of Denmark, Renog Anvendt Mekanik, Aalborg, Report 7203, 1972.
[7.] Untrauer R.E. and Henry R. L., Influence of normal pressure on bond strength. Journal of American Concrete Institute. Proceedings, Vol.62, No.5. May 1965, pp 577-586.
[8.] Ghaghei P., Influence of transverse pressure on bond strength in reinforced concrete. B Eng. dissertation, Polytechnic of Central London, 1990.
[9.] Regan P.E., Tests of slabs with fully or partly exposed main reinforcement, report to W.S. Atkins/The Highways Agency, School of Architecture and Engineering,University of Westminster, July (unpublished).1997.