Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis- Principle , procedure and applicationsJaskiranKaur72
IEF separates amphoteric compounds, such as proteins, with increased resolution in a medium possessing a stable pH gradient. The protein becomes “focused” at a point on the gel as it migrates to a zone where the pH of the gel matches the protein's pI. At this point, the charge of the protein becomes zero and its migration ceases.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
This PPT dicusses about the Stirred Tank Bioreactor and its features mainly used in Fermentation process.
Useful for students doing their Bachelor's in Life Science
Introduction
History
Elecrophoresis
Principle
Types of electrophoresis
Application
Conclusion
Reference
When a potential difference is applied between the two electrodes in a colloidal solution, It has been observed that the colloidal particles are carried to either the positive or negative electrode.
In other words , they behave as if they are electrically charged w.r.t. the dispersion medium. This phenomenon is known as electrophoresis.
Many important biological molecules, such as amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides and nucleic acids, possess ionisable groups and, therefore, at any given pH, exist in solution as electrically charged species either as cations or anions.
Under the influence of an electric field these charged particles will migrate either to the cathode or to the anode, depending on the nature of their net charge.
Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis- Principle , procedure and applicationsJaskiranKaur72
IEF separates amphoteric compounds, such as proteins, with increased resolution in a medium possessing a stable pH gradient. The protein becomes “focused” at a point on the gel as it migrates to a zone where the pH of the gel matches the protein's pI. At this point, the charge of the protein becomes zero and its migration ceases.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
This PPT dicusses about the Stirred Tank Bioreactor and its features mainly used in Fermentation process.
Useful for students doing their Bachelor's in Life Science
Introduction
History
Elecrophoresis
Principle
Types of electrophoresis
Application
Conclusion
Reference
When a potential difference is applied between the two electrodes in a colloidal solution, It has been observed that the colloidal particles are carried to either the positive or negative electrode.
In other words , they behave as if they are electrically charged w.r.t. the dispersion medium. This phenomenon is known as electrophoresis.
Many important biological molecules, such as amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides and nucleic acids, possess ionisable groups and, therefore, at any given pH, exist in solution as electrically charged species either as cations or anions.
Under the influence of an electric field these charged particles will migrate either to the cathode or to the anode, depending on the nature of their net charge.
The process of freeze drying with greater emphasis on the uses in the fisheries food processing sector. The presentation shows the process involved and the different steps involved and the effect of the process on the food material.
Lyophilization or freeze drying is a process in which water is removed from a product after it is frozen and placed under a vacuum, allowing the ice to change directly from solid to vapor without passing through a liquid phase. The process consists of three separate, unique, and interdependent processes; freezing, primary drying (sublimation), and secondary drying (desorption).
The advantages of lyophilization include:
Ease of processing a liquid, which simplifies aseptic handling
Enhanced stability of a dry powder
Removal of water without excessive heating of the product
Enhanced product stability in a dry state
Rapid and easy dissolution of reconstituted product
Disadvantages of lyophilization include:
Increased handling and processing time
Need for sterile diluent upon reconstitution
Cost and complexity of equipment
The lyophilization process generally includes the following steps:
Dissolving the drug and excipients in a suitable solvent, generally water for injection (WFI).
Sterilizing the bulk solution by passing it through a 0.22 micron bacteria-retentive filter.
Filling into individual sterile containers and partially stoppering the containers under aseptic conditions.
Transporting the partially stoppered containers to the lyophilizer and loading into the chamber under aseptic conditions.
Freezing the solution by placing the partially stoppered containers on cooled shelves in a freeze-drying chamber or pre-freezing in another chamber.
Applying a vacuum to the chamber and heating the shelves in order to evaporate the water from the frozen state.
Complete stoppering of the vials usually by hydraulic or screw rod stoppering mechanisms installed in the lyophilizers.
There are many new parenteral products, including anti-infectives, biotechnology derived products, and in-vitro diagnostics which are manufactured as lyophilized products. Additionally, inspections have disclosed potency, sterility and stability problems associated with the manufacture and control of lyophilized products. In order to provide guidance and information to investigators, some industry procedures and deficiencies associated with lyophilized products are identified in this Inspection Guide.
It is recognized that there is complex technology associated with the manufacture and control of a lyophilized pharmaceutical dosage form. Some of the important aspects of these operations include: the formulation of solutions; filling of vials and validation of the filling operation; sterilization and engineering aspects of the lyophilizer; scale-up and validation of the lyophilization cycle; and testing of the end product. This discussion will address some of the problems associated with the manufacture and control of a lyophilized dosage form.
Definition and Objectives of Lyophilization, Advantages & Disadvantages, Basic Principles of Lyophilization, Steps of Lyophilization,
Main Components of Lyophilizer,
Qualification of Lyophilizer,
Development of Lyophilization cycle, Defects of Lyophilizer.
Freezing has been successfully employed for the long-term preservation of many foods, providing a significantly extended shelf life.
The process involves lowering the product temperature generally to -18 °C or below.The extreme cold simply retards the growth of microorganisms and slows
down the chemical changes that affect quality or cause food to spoil.
During freezing the cellular solution present in the food matrix is cooled to its initial freezing point, and further cooling causes the water molecule to
separate, forming ice crystal.
The migration of water molecules during crystallization led to an increase in osmotic pressure, further enhancing the water permeability of the cell membranes. This transport of water molecules, if not controlled, can eventually affect the microstructure of the frozen produce.
The freezing process occurs in two successive steps, i.e,
” NUCLEATION” and “CRYSTAL GROWTH”.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. What is a lyophilizer? How does it work?
• Lyophilizer and freeze dryer are synonymous names for the same
equipment.
• A lyophilizer executes a water removal process typically used to
preserve perishable materials, to extend shelf life or make the material
more convenient for transport.
• Lyophilizers work by freezing the material, then reducing the
pressure and adding heat to allow the frozen water in the material to
sublimate.
3. Table of Contents
• 1.Principle
• 2.Construction of Freeze Dryer
• 3.Diagram of Freeze Dryer
• 4.Working of Freeze Dryer
• 5.Freeze Drying Steps
• 6.Advantage of Freeze Dryer
• 7.Disadvantage of Freeze Dryer
• 8.Applications of Freeze Dryer
4. 1.Principle
• The principle involved in freeze-drying is sublimation, where water
passes directly from solid-state (ice) to the vapour state without
passing through the liquid state.
• Sublimation of water can take place at pressures and temperatures
below the triple point of water.
• (The temperature and pressure at which a substance can exist in
equilibrium in the liquid, solid, and gaseous states. The triple point of
pure water is at 0.01°C and 4.58 mm Hg.)
• The material to be dried is first frozen and then subjected under a
high vacuum to heat (by conduction or radiation or by both) so that
frozen liquid sublimes leaving only non-volatile solid, dried
components of the original liquid.
5. 2.Construction of Freeze Dryer
• Generally, there are three types of freeze dryers, for example,
manifold freeze-dryer, rotary freeze dryer and tray-style freeze-dryer.
• These freeze-dryers differ in the method by which the dried
substance is interfaced with a condenser.
• The components common to all of them are a vacuum pump to
reduce the ambient gas pressure and a condenser to remove the
moisture by condensation on a surface cooled to -20 to -80 °C.
• A freeze dryer consists of a vacuum chamber wherein products to be
dried are kept on shelves and capable of cooling and heating
containers and their contents.
• A vacuum pump, a refrigeration unit, and associated controls are
connected to the vacuum chamber.
7. 4.Working of Freeze Dryer
• Traditional freeze-drying is a complex process that requires a careful balancing of sample,
equipment and processing techniques.
• In this process, water is removed from a sample after it is frozen and placed under a vacuum,
allowing the ice to change directly from solid to vapor without passing through a liquid phase.
• It is performed at temperature and pressure conditions below the triple point of the liquid, to
enable sublimation of frozen material.
• The entire process is performed at low temperature and pressure. Steps involved in lyophilization
start from sample preparation followed by freezing, primary drying and secondary drying, to obtain
the final dried product.
• The vapour pressure of water increases with an increase in temperature during the primary
drying.
• Therefore, primary drying temperature should be kept as high as possible, but below the critical
process temperature, to avoid a loss of cake structure.
• There are four important stages in the complete freeze drying process namely pretreatment,
freezing, primary drying, and secondary drying.
8. 5.Freeze Drying Steps
Preparation and pretreatment
↓
Pre freezing for solidifying water
↓
Primary Drying
↓
Secondary Drying
↓
Packing
9. Pretreatment:
• It includes any method of treatment of the product before freezing.
This may include concentrating the product, the revision of the
formulation (ie, the addition of components to increase stability and/or
improve processing), decreasing a high vapor pressure solvent, or
increasing the surface area.
• Pretreatment methods include freezing concentration, solution-
phase concentration, formulation to preserve the appearance of the
product, formulation to stabilize reactive products, formulation to
increase the surface area, and decreasing high vapor pressure solvent.
10. Pre freezing:
• The product should be frozen at a temperature low enough to solidify completely. Since freeze-
drying is a change in the state from the solid phase to the gas phase, the material to be freeze-dried
must first be adequately pre-frozen.
• The pre-freezing method and the final temperature of the frozen product can affect the ability to
successfully freeze the material.
• The rapid cooling results in small ice crystals, useful for preserving structures that will be
examined microscopically, but it produces a product that is more difficult to lyophilize.
• Slower cooling results in large ice crystals and a less restrictive channel in the matrix during the
drying process. The products are frozen in two ways, most of the products that are lyophilized
consist mainly of water. Most of the samples to be lyophilized are eutectic, which are mixtures of
substances that freeze at a lower temperature than the surrounding water.
• It is very important in lyophilization to pre-freeze the product below the eutectic temperature
before beginning the lyophilization process.
• The second type of frozen product is a suspension that is subjected to the formation of glass
during the freezing process.
11. Primary drying:
• After pre-freezing the product, conditions must be established in which the ice
can be removed from the frozen product through sublimation, resulting in a dry,
structurally intact product.
• This requires very careful control of the two parameters: Temperature and
Pressure involved in the lyophilization system.
• The sublimation rate of a frozen product depends on the difference in vapor
pressure of the product compared to the vapor pressure of the ice collector.
• The molecules migrate from the high-pressure à lower pressure area. As the
vapor pressure is related to the temperature, the temperature of the product must
be warmer than the temperature of the cold trap (ice collector).
• The temperature at which a product is lyophilized is balanced between the
temperature that maintains the frozen integrity of the product and the temperature
that maximizes the vapor pressure of the product. This balance is key to optimum
drying.
12. Heat enters the products by one of several
mechanisms:
1.By direct contact between the container base and the shelf or
2.By conduction across the container base and then through the frozen
mass to the drying front or
3.By gaseous convection between the product and residual gas
molecules in the chamber or
4.By radiation.
13. Secondary Drying:
• After primary freeze-drying is complete, and all ice has sublimed,
bound moisture is still present in the product.
• The product appears dry, but the residual moisture content may be as
high as 7-8%. Continued drying is necessary at a warmer temperature
to reduce the residual moisture content to optimum values. This
process is called ‘Isothermal Desorption’.
• Secondary drying is usually carried out for approximately 1/3 or 1/2
of the time required for primary drying.
15. 6.Advantage of Freeze Dryer
• This is suitable for drying heat sensitive products
• Freeze-dried product is porous and easy to be rehydrated and
instantly dissolved.
• Drying takes place at very low temperatures, so that enzyme action
is inhibited and chemical decomposition, particularly hydrolysis,
is minimized.
• Denaturation of protein does not occur.
• Loss of volatile material is less.
• Sterility can be maintained.
16. 7.Disadvantage of Freeze Dryer
• The process is very slow
• Expensive process.
• It is not a general method of drying, but it is limited to certain types
of valuable products that can not be dried by any other means.
• The period of drying is high
• The product is prone to oxidation, due to the high porosity and large
surface area. Therefore, the product must be vacuum packed or with
inert gas or in a container
17. 8.Applications of Freeze Dryer
• Freeze-drying is used to increase the shelf life of thermolabile products, such
as vaccines and other injectable.
• It is used to enhance stability of products during storage, shipping, and
transportation.
• Freeze-drying is used to reduce weight of products.
• It is used to preserve blood products in freeze-dried form.
• It is used in chemical synthesis to make products more stable and easier to
dissolve in water.
• Freeze-drying can effectively be used in bio-separations in purification
procedures.
• It can be used to concentrate low molecular weight substances that are too
small to be removed by a membrane filtration.