Trypanosoma

1. Trypanosomaiasis
BP221506
Thulasinathan J
1st M.Sc.Applied Microbiology
Medical Mycology And Prasitology

2. Trypanosoma
• Cause Tryponomiasis
• Sleeping sickness Caused by Tryponosoma brucei
• Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi
• Intermediate host- Tsetse fly
• African tryphanosomiasis

3. Introduction
• 10 million people infected-mostly in Latin America.
• Chagas disease is curable if treatment is initiated soon
after infection.
• Habitat - in humans-Amastigote(intracellular parasites) and
Trypomastigote (peripheral blood) forms.

4. Morphology
AMASTGOTE
• Oval bodies-2-4 micro meter diameter with nucleus and
kinetoplast.
• No flagellum-multiplication occures in this stage.
• Found in muscles, nerves, reticuloendothelial cells.

5. Morphology
TRYPOMASTIGOTE
• Non-multiplying - flagellated.
• 2 forms in blood - long flagellates(20um) & short stumpy
(15um).
• When stained appear like alphabets-C,U/S.
• These forms taken up by the vector.

6. Morphology

7. Life cycle
• Completes in 2 hosts.
• Definitive host - man,intermediate host-reduviid bug, reservoir
host- armadillo,cat,dog and pids.

8. Life cycle

9. Life cycle
 Inside the host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes.
 are carried to other sites throughout the body, reach other blood fluids (e.g.,
lymph, spinal fluid), and continue the replication by binary fission.
 The entire life cycle of African Trypanosomes is represented by
extracellular stages. The tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream
trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on an infected mammalian host .

10. Life cycle
 In the fly’s midgut, the parasites transform into procyclic
trypomastigotes, multiply by binary fission.
 leave the midgut, and transform into epimastigotes
 The epimastigotes reach the fly’s salivary glands and continue
multiplication by binary fission
 The cycle in the fly takes approximately 3 weeks.

11. Transmission
• Night biting bugs.
• passage from an infected mother to her newborn during pregnancy or
childbirth;
• blood or blood product transfusion from infected donors;
• some organ transplants using organs from infected donors; and
• laboratory accidents.

13. Symptoms
Acute phase
• The acute phase of Tryponomiasis, which lasts for weeks or months, is often symptom-free. When signs and
symptoms do occur, they are usually mild and may include:
• Swelling at the infection site
• Fever
• Itching
• Behavioural changes
• Body aches
• Eyelid swelling
• Swollen lymph nodes, spleen, liver
• Muscle Stiffness
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea, diarrhea or vomiting
• Swollen glands

14. Symptoms
Chronic phase
• Signs and symptoms of the chronic phase of Tryponomiasis may occur 10 to 20 years after initial infection,
or they may never occur. In severe cases, Chagas disease signs and symptoms may include:
• Irregular heartbeat
• Heart failure
• Sudden cardiac arrest
• Difficulty swallowing due to enlarged esophagus
• Stomach pain or constipation due to enlarged colon

16. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Microscopy
• Culture Medium- Novy,Neal and Nicolle medium.
• Animal Inoculation.
• Xenodiagnosis.
• Histopathology
• Serologr Test - ELISA,IHA,CFT,IIF,DAT,RIPA(Chaga’s Radioimmune
Precipitation Assay.
• PCR
• ECG and X-ray
• Endoscopy

17. Treatment
• No effective specific treatment available.
• Benznidazole and Nifurtimox chemotherapy
• Only kill extracellular trypanosomes and not intracellular.
• NIFUTRIMOX-8-10mg/kg-adults and 15 mg/kg-children, 4
doses a day for 90-120 days orally.
• BENZNIDAZOLE-5-10 mg/kg for 60 days orally.

18. PREVENTION
• If you live in areas of transmission, there are several things
you can do to help prevent Tryponomiasis. These include:
Use insecticide spray around houses and other structures.
Clean your home frequently.
Use nets around beds to keep the bug away from your
face.
Be sure your food is thoroughly cleaned and fully
cooked.