Lymphedemasharepoint2
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This document discusses the differences between edema and lymphedema. Edema results from an imbalance in fluid pressures across capillary membranes that causes excess fluid accumulation in tissues, while lymphedema is a persistent swelling caused by impaired lymph transport when the lymphatic system is unable to remove excess tissue fluid and proteins. The key differences are that edema is usually temporary and can be relieved with diuretics, while lymphedema leaves indentations when pressed and is not relieved by diuretics due to the underlying lymphatic impairment.
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Lymphedemasharepoint
This document discusses the differences between edema and lymphedema. Edema results from an imbalance in fluid pressures across capillary membranes that causes excess fluid accumulation in tissues. It is a normal response to injury and the fluid decreases as healing occurs. Lymphedema is a persistent and excessive accumulation of fluid and proteins in tissues caused by impairment of the lymphatic system. It leaves marks when pressed into the skin and is not relieved by diuretics like edema sometimes is. Factors that can contribute to lymphedema include congenital malformations, infections, obstructions, fibrosis, trauma, surgery, radiation therapy, and surgical dissection of lymph nodes.
Hemodynamic disorders - Edema, Hyperemia, Hemorrahge by DR. ROOPAM JAIN
Hemodynamic disorders can cause edema, hyperemia, and hemorrhage. Edema is the accumulation of fluid in tissues or body cavities due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure. Hyperemia is increased blood volume in tissues due to arteriolar dilation, while congestion is passive increased blood volume due to reduced outflow. Hemorrhage can occur from defects in platelets, coagulation factors, or vessel walls, manifesting as petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, or hematomas. The document discusses the etiology, morphology, and clinical features of these hemodynamic disorders.
Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease & Shock-HYPERCOAGULABLE STATES ...
Hypercoagulable states, also known as thrombophilia, are conditions that increase the risk of developing venous thrombosis. There are hereditary and acquired causes of thrombophilia. Microscopically, red thrombi found in veins contain more red blood cells, platelets, and leukocytes trapped in a fibrin meshwork, resembling blood clots. Over time, a thrombus may resolve through fibrinolysis, organize by developing connective tissue, propagate by continued deposition, or embolize to cause blockages elsewhere.
Edema
Edema is excess fluid in the interstitial compartment. It results from an imbalance between hydrostatic pressure pushing fluid into the interstitium, oncotic pressure pulling fluid back into blood vessels, and lymphatic drainage removing interstitial fluid. Common causes of edema include increased hydrostatic pressure from conditions like heart failure, decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin, and impaired lymphatic drainage or sodium retention. Edema can occur systemically or in body cavities and tissues, and causes symptoms depending on its location.
HEMODYNAMIC DISORDER
Edema and shock are hemodynamic disorders involving fluid imbalance. Edema refers to excess fluid in tissues and can be transudative (low protein) or exudative (high protein). Shock is a state of low cardiac output impairing tissue perfusion. There are four main types of shock: hypovolemic from fluid loss; cardiogenic from heart failure; distributive from vasodilation; and obstructive from blood flow obstruction. Treatment focuses on fluid resuscitation and treating the underlying cause.
Mechanism of edema
Oedema is caused by mechanisms that interfere with normal fluid balance between plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph flow. Fluid movement is controlled by opposing effects of vascular hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure, where excess interstitial fluid is normally drained by lymphatics. Oedema can result from increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure due to low albumin, lymphatic obstruction impairing drainage, sodium and water retention in the kidneys, or inflammation causing capillary leakage.
Embolism
This document defines and describes different types of embolism. The most common type is thromboembolism, which occurs when a thrombus or part of a thrombus breaks off and is carried by the bloodstream. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a significant type that occurs when thrombi travel to the lungs and obstruct the pulmonary arteries. Other types include fat, air, gas and paradoxical embolisms. Air embolism can be venous, entering systemic veins during surgery or trauma, or arterial, entering the lungs during procedures like angiography. Decompression sickness is a form of gas embolism that affects divers or those exposed to changes in atmospheric pressure.
Edema
Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues. It can occur locally or systemically. There are several mechanisms that can cause edema, including increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium/water retention. Localized edema can be caused by inflammation, venous obstruction, or decreased plasma proteins. Systemic edema is often seen in conditions like congestive heart failure and nephrotic syndrome. Symptoms of edema include swelling, skin indentation, and weight gain.
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Lymphedemasharepoint
This document discusses the differences between edema and lymphedema. Edema results from an imbalance in fluid pressures across capillary membranes that causes excess fluid accumulation in tissues. It is a normal response to injury and the fluid decreases as healing occurs. Lymphedema is a persistent and excessive accumulation of fluid and proteins in tissues caused by impairment of the lymphatic system. It leaves marks when pressed into the skin and is not relieved by diuretics like edema sometimes is. Factors that can contribute to lymphedema include congenital malformations, infections, obstructions, fibrosis, trauma, surgery, radiation therapy, and surgical dissection of lymph nodes.
Hemodynamic disorders - Edema, Hyperemia, Hemorrahge by DR. ROOPAM JAIN
Hemodynamic disorders can cause edema, hyperemia, and hemorrhage. Edema is the accumulation of fluid in tissues or body cavities due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure. Hyperemia is increased blood volume in tissues due to arteriolar dilation, while congestion is passive increased blood volume due to reduced outflow. Hemorrhage can occur from defects in platelets, coagulation factors, or vessel walls, manifesting as petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, or hematomas. The document discusses the etiology, morphology, and clinical features of these hemodynamic disorders.
Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease & Shock-HYPERCOAGULABLE STATES ...
Hypercoagulable states, also known as thrombophilia, are conditions that increase the risk of developing venous thrombosis. There are hereditary and acquired causes of thrombophilia. Microscopically, red thrombi found in veins contain more red blood cells, platelets, and leukocytes trapped in a fibrin meshwork, resembling blood clots. Over time, a thrombus may resolve through fibrinolysis, organize by developing connective tissue, propagate by continued deposition, or embolize to cause blockages elsewhere.
Edema
Edema is excess fluid in the interstitial compartment. It results from an imbalance between hydrostatic pressure pushing fluid into the interstitium, oncotic pressure pulling fluid back into blood vessels, and lymphatic drainage removing interstitial fluid. Common causes of edema include increased hydrostatic pressure from conditions like heart failure, decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin, and impaired lymphatic drainage or sodium retention. Edema can occur systemically or in body cavities and tissues, and causes symptoms depending on its location.
HEMODYNAMIC DISORDER
Edema and shock are hemodynamic disorders involving fluid imbalance. Edema refers to excess fluid in tissues and can be transudative (low protein) or exudative (high protein). Shock is a state of low cardiac output impairing tissue perfusion. There are four main types of shock: hypovolemic from fluid loss; cardiogenic from heart failure; distributive from vasodilation; and obstructive from blood flow obstruction. Treatment focuses on fluid resuscitation and treating the underlying cause.
Mechanism of edema
Oedema is caused by mechanisms that interfere with normal fluid balance between plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph flow. Fluid movement is controlled by opposing effects of vascular hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure, where excess interstitial fluid is normally drained by lymphatics. Oedema can result from increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure due to low albumin, lymphatic obstruction impairing drainage, sodium and water retention in the kidneys, or inflammation causing capillary leakage.
Embolism
This document defines and describes different types of embolism. The most common type is thromboembolism, which occurs when a thrombus or part of a thrombus breaks off and is carried by the bloodstream. Pulmonary thromboembolism is a significant type that occurs when thrombi travel to the lungs and obstruct the pulmonary arteries. Other types include fat, air, gas and paradoxical embolisms. Air embolism can be venous, entering systemic veins during surgery or trauma, or arterial, entering the lungs during procedures like angiography. Decompression sickness is a form of gas embolism that affects divers or those exposed to changes in atmospheric pressure.
Edema
Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues. It can occur locally or systemically. There are several mechanisms that can cause edema, including increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium/water retention. Localized edema can be caused by inflammation, venous obstruction, or decreased plasma proteins. Systemic edema is often seen in conditions like congestive heart failure and nephrotic syndrome. Symptoms of edema include swelling, skin indentation, and weight gain.
2. thrombosis, embolism, infarction dr. sinhasan- mdzah
Virchow's triad describes the three factors required for thrombosis: endothelial injury, stasis or turbulence of blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Damage to blood vessels exposes collagen which triggers clot formation. Conditions like hypertension, smoking, and genetic mutations can all increase risk by promoting one or more aspects of Virchow's triad. Embolisms occur when a clot or other material breaks off and is carried by the bloodstream, potentially blocking vessels in other organs and causing tissue damage.
Edema and-effusions
This document discusses edema and effusions, which are the accumulation of fluid in tissues or body cavities respectively. Edema is usually caused by disturbances in cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic function that impact the balance of hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure in blood vessels. Effusions occur when excess fluid moves from tissues into adjacent body cavities. Edemas can be inflammatory or non-inflammatory based on their protein content and cause. Factors like increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma osmotic pressure, sodium/water retention, and lymphatic obstruction can all contribute to edema formation. The morphology of different types of edema and effusions is also described.
Hyperemia and congestion edema
1. Hyperemia and congestion refer to localized increases in blood volume within dilated vessels and are associated with edema.
2. Edema occurs when hydrostatic pressure is increased or oncotic pressure is decreased, overwhelming the lymphatic system and causing fluid accumulation in tissues.
3. Common causes of edema include increased venous pressure from heart failure, decreased plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and inflammation.
Edema
Edema is an increase in fluid volume in the tissues caused by several factors including increased capillary permeability, hydrostatic pressure, and decreased oncotic pressure. The main types are disseminated edema affecting multiple areas and local edema affecting a specific site. Disseminated edema can be caused by conditions like cardiac failure, nephritic disorders, liver failure, and malnutrition. Local edema includes traumatic, inflammatory, venous, and lymphatic edema. The pathogenesis involves a balance between hydrostatic forces driving fluid out of capillaries and oncotic forces pulling fluid back in.
Hyperemia and infarction
Hyperemia and congestion both refer to an increase in blood volume within tissues, but have different mechanisms. Hyperemia is an active process of arteriolar dilation that increases blood flow, as seen with inflammation. Congestion is a passive process where impaired venous outflow causes blood to accumulate. Infarction occurs when vascular occlusion causes ischemic necrosis of tissue. It is a major cause of illness and death, with most cardiovascular deaths due to myocardial or cerebral infarction. Arterial thrombosis, embolism, and hypoperfusion underlie most infarctions. The risk depends on vascular anatomy, occlusion rate, and tissue vulnerability to ischemia.
Oedema
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and edema. It defines edema as an excessive accumulation of fluid in tissues or body cavities. Edema can occur when there is an increase in hydrostatic pressure, decrease in plasma osmotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, or sodium and water retention. The document outlines Starling's forces that normally maintain fluid balance and describes how imbalances in these forces can lead to edema. Causes, clinical signs, pathology, and consequences of edema are also summarized.
Edema
Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. It can be localized to an organ or region, or generalized throughout the body. The pathophysiology of edema involves an imbalance in Starling's forces that regulate fluid filtration across capillaries. There are two main types of edema - venous edema caused by increased capillary filtration and lymphedema caused by lymphatic dysfunction. Common causes of venous edema include heart failure, kidney dysfunction, decreased plasma proteins, and increased capillary permeability, while lymphedema is often caused by blockage of lymph return due to infections, cancer, surgery or congenital abnormalities. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause of the edema.
Hemodynamic disorder
Hemodynamic disorders affect the heart and blood vessels and include conditions like edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage and thrombosis. Thrombosis involves blood clot formation within intact vessels and can develop due to endothelial injury, alterations in normal blood flow like stasis and turbulence, and hypercoagulability of the blood, as described by Virchow's triad. Endothelial injury, turbulence and stasis promote activation and dysfunction of endothelial cells, while hypercoagulability refers to genetic or acquired alterations that increase coagulation and the risk of clots.
Hemodynamic disorders med- 2011, final ii
1. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within the circulatory system of a living organism. It is caused by endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability according to Virchow's triad.
2. Thrombi form in arteries and veins, and can cause obstruction, ischemia, infarction, or embolization if parts break off. Common sites are the legs, lungs, heart, and brain.
3. Embolism occurs when a thrombus or other mass travels through the bloodstream and blocks a vessel in another part of the body, potentially causing infarction or sepsis. Pulmonary embolism from deep leg vein
Edema
Edema is the accumulation of excessive body fluid in interstitial spaces or serous cavities due to diseases rather than being a disease itself. It can be classified based on its range (generalized vs local) or cause (renal, hepatic, cardiac, etc.). Edema develops due to an imbalance in fluid exchange between plasma and tissues or due to renal sodium and water retention. Causes include increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma proteins, obstructed lymphatics, increased capillary permeability, and renal issues. Edema fluid characteristics depend on capillary permeability and it can be pitting or recessive with distribution influenced by factors like gravity. Edema generally harms tissues but may help dilute toxins in
Embolism
1. Embolism occurs when a detached mass such as a blood clot, air bubble, or fat globule travels through the blood vessels and blocks circulation.
2. There are several types of embolism including pulmonary (lung), systemic, fat, marrow, air, and amniotic embolism.
3. Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary artery often caused by deep vein thrombosis, and it can lead to conditions like saddle embolism, paradoxical embolism, or cor pulmonale if left untreated.
Lec58[1]
This document summarizes Starling's law of capillary exchange and the factors that influence fluid movement between capillaries and the interstitial space (Pc, Pi, πc, πi). It describes how small differences in these pressures normally result in equilibrium but how imbalances can cause edema. Specific causes of edema like increased hydrostatic pressure (heart failure), decreased oncotic pressure (liver disease), or increased permeability (burns) are explained. The role of the lymphatic system in maintaining fluid balance is also summarized.
Edema ppt
This document discusses edema, including its causes, pathology, classification, and characteristics. It summarizes:
1) Edema can be caused by vascular factors like increased capillary hydrostatic pressure or decreased plasma osmotic pressure, or by tissue factors like acute inflammation or sodium retention.
2) Edema is classified as either generalized, affecting multiple body regions, or localized to a specific site. Generalized edema includes cardiac, renal, and nutritional edema, while localized includes inflammatory, venous obstruction, and lymphatic obstruction edema.
3) The characteristics of edema depend on its cause, such as cardiac edema appearing as pitting edema due to right-sided heart failure, while renal edema is generalized and non
Generalized oedema
This document discusses the clinical approach to a patient presenting with generalized edema. It defines edema and discusses mechanisms that can cause fluid accumulation. The main causes of generalized edema are cardiac (congestive heart failure), renal (nephrotic syndrome), hepatic (liver cirrhosis), nutritional (malnutrition), allergic reactions, and drugs. Investigations and treatment focus on identifying the underlying cause and using diuretics and fluid restriction to increase excretion of sodium and water. Diuretic classes - thiazides, loops, and potassium-sparing - are described along with their mechanisms, indications, side effects and contraindications. Diuretic resistance and its management are also covered.
HEMATOLOGY AND LYMPHOID SYSTEM
This document provides an overview of several topics in hematology, including:
- Anemia, which is a reduction in red blood cells. Common types are discussed such as iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia.
- Leukemia, which are cancers of the white blood cells. The main types - acute and chronic leukemias - are defined. Acute leukemias like ALL and AML are discussed in more detail.
- Other blood disorders like lymphomas and lymphadenopathy are listed as learning objectives but not described further in this document.
edema pathology
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the spaces between cells. There are two main types of edema - generalized edema, where fluid collects in multiple areas of the body, and localized edema, where fluid is confined to a specific body part. Generalized edema can be caused by conditions like congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis of the liver. Localized edema has causes such as trauma, infection, lymphatic obstruction, and venous obstruction.
Edema
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of the body that can occur for various reasons. It is classified as either generalized, affecting multiple body areas, or localized affecting a single area. Edema can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure, increased vessel permeability, obstruction of lymphatic fluid clearance, or changes in tissue water retention. Common symptoms include weight gain, swollen limbs, distended veins, and crackles in the lungs. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, restricting sodium intake, using diuretics, elevating limbs, and preventing complications. Nurses monitor for worsening symptoms, ensure treatment adherence, and provide skin care to prevent issues.
Hemodynamic disturbances
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within blood vessels. It occurs through a complex process involving blood vessel walls, blood components, and the coagulation system. Thrombi form due to endothelial injury, alterations in blood flow, or hypercoagulability. Thrombi can occur in any blood vessel but commonly form at vessel bifurcations. They may propagate and cause embolisms, or dissolve through fibrinolysis. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is characterized by microscopic fibrin thrombi throughout small blood vessels.
Oedema and hyperemia
This document discusses edema, hypermia, and congestion. It defines edema as an abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues and lists several types including renal, cardiac, pulmonary, and cerebral edema. Edema is classified as pitting or non-pitting. Hyperaemia is an active process resulting from arterial dilation while congestion is a passive process from impaired venous drainage. Examples of congestion include central venous congestion of the lung seen in left heart failure and congestion of the liver and spleen seen in right heart failure. Microscopically, congestion shows dilated vessels and hemorrhage.
Hemodynamics 1
This document summarizes hemodynamic disorders and edema. It defines edema as abnormal excessive accumulation of fluid in tissues and serous cavities. Edema can be localized or generalized depending on its cause and distribution. The key mechanisms of edema formation are increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium and water retention. Specific types of edema like pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, hepatic edema, and renal edema are also discussed. The document compares the characteristics of transudate and exudate fluids and provides diagrams to illustrate the pathogenesis of different types of edema.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
The lymphatic system consists of lymph fluid, lymph vessels, and lymphatic organs that include lymph nodes and tonsils. Lymph is formed from interstitial fluid and contains water, proteins, cells, and other components. It flows from lymph capillaries through collecting vessels and trunks into the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct and returns to the bloodstream. The lymphatic system helps remove excess fluid from tissues, transports fat and proteins, and plays a role in immune defense and absorption of nutrients. Disruptions in lymph flow can cause edema or other pathologies like lymphadenopathy or elephantiasis.
Lect-6Serous body fluid.pptx
The document discusses serous body fluids, which lubricate the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. Serous fluid is formed from an ultrafiltrate of plasma and provides lubrication between the parietal and visceral membranes lining each cavity. An accumulation of fluid in these cavities, called an effusion, can result from abnormal fluid production or reabsorption. Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on their protein content and cause. Common causes of effusions include congestive heart failure, infection, inflammation, and malignancy. Analysis of pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluid can provide diagnostic information about underlying conditions.
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2. thrombosis, embolism, infarction dr. sinhasan- mdzah
Virchow's triad describes the three factors required for thrombosis: endothelial injury, stasis or turbulence of blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Damage to blood vessels exposes collagen which triggers clot formation. Conditions like hypertension, smoking, and genetic mutations can all increase risk by promoting one or more aspects of Virchow's triad. Embolisms occur when a clot or other material breaks off and is carried by the bloodstream, potentially blocking vessels in other organs and causing tissue damage.
Edema and-effusions
This document discusses edema and effusions, which are the accumulation of fluid in tissues or body cavities respectively. Edema is usually caused by disturbances in cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic function that impact the balance of hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure in blood vessels. Effusions occur when excess fluid moves from tissues into adjacent body cavities. Edemas can be inflammatory or non-inflammatory based on their protein content and cause. Factors like increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma osmotic pressure, sodium/water retention, and lymphatic obstruction can all contribute to edema formation. The morphology of different types of edema and effusions is also described.
Hyperemia and congestion edema
1. Hyperemia and congestion refer to localized increases in blood volume within dilated vessels and are associated with edema.
2. Edema occurs when hydrostatic pressure is increased or oncotic pressure is decreased, overwhelming the lymphatic system and causing fluid accumulation in tissues.
3. Common causes of edema include increased venous pressure from heart failure, decreased plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and inflammation.
Edema
Edema is an increase in fluid volume in the tissues caused by several factors including increased capillary permeability, hydrostatic pressure, and decreased oncotic pressure. The main types are disseminated edema affecting multiple areas and local edema affecting a specific site. Disseminated edema can be caused by conditions like cardiac failure, nephritic disorders, liver failure, and malnutrition. Local edema includes traumatic, inflammatory, venous, and lymphatic edema. The pathogenesis involves a balance between hydrostatic forces driving fluid out of capillaries and oncotic forces pulling fluid back in.
Hyperemia and infarction
Hyperemia and congestion both refer to an increase in blood volume within tissues, but have different mechanisms. Hyperemia is an active process of arteriolar dilation that increases blood flow, as seen with inflammation. Congestion is a passive process where impaired venous outflow causes blood to accumulate. Infarction occurs when vascular occlusion causes ischemic necrosis of tissue. It is a major cause of illness and death, with most cardiovascular deaths due to myocardial or cerebral infarction. Arterial thrombosis, embolism, and hypoperfusion underlie most infarctions. The risk depends on vascular anatomy, occlusion rate, and tissue vulnerability to ischemia.
Oedema
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders and edema. It defines edema as an excessive accumulation of fluid in tissues or body cavities. Edema can occur when there is an increase in hydrostatic pressure, decrease in plasma osmotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, or sodium and water retention. The document outlines Starling's forces that normally maintain fluid balance and describes how imbalances in these forces can lead to edema. Causes, clinical signs, pathology, and consequences of edema are also summarized.
Edema
Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. It can be localized to an organ or region, or generalized throughout the body. The pathophysiology of edema involves an imbalance in Starling's forces that regulate fluid filtration across capillaries. There are two main types of edema - venous edema caused by increased capillary filtration and lymphedema caused by lymphatic dysfunction. Common causes of venous edema include heart failure, kidney dysfunction, decreased plasma proteins, and increased capillary permeability, while lymphedema is often caused by blockage of lymph return due to infections, cancer, surgery or congenital abnormalities. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause of the edema.
Hemodynamic disorder
Hemodynamic disorders affect the heart and blood vessels and include conditions like edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage and thrombosis. Thrombosis involves blood clot formation within intact vessels and can develop due to endothelial injury, alterations in normal blood flow like stasis and turbulence, and hypercoagulability of the blood, as described by Virchow's triad. Endothelial injury, turbulence and stasis promote activation and dysfunction of endothelial cells, while hypercoagulability refers to genetic or acquired alterations that increase coagulation and the risk of clots.
Hemodynamic disorders med- 2011, final ii
1. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within the circulatory system of a living organism. It is caused by endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability according to Virchow's triad.
2. Thrombi form in arteries and veins, and can cause obstruction, ischemia, infarction, or embolization if parts break off. Common sites are the legs, lungs, heart, and brain.
3. Embolism occurs when a thrombus or other mass travels through the bloodstream and blocks a vessel in another part of the body, potentially causing infarction or sepsis. Pulmonary embolism from deep leg vein
Edema
Edema is the accumulation of excessive body fluid in interstitial spaces or serous cavities due to diseases rather than being a disease itself. It can be classified based on its range (generalized vs local) or cause (renal, hepatic, cardiac, etc.). Edema develops due to an imbalance in fluid exchange between plasma and tissues or due to renal sodium and water retention. Causes include increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma proteins, obstructed lymphatics, increased capillary permeability, and renal issues. Edema fluid characteristics depend on capillary permeability and it can be pitting or recessive with distribution influenced by factors like gravity. Edema generally harms tissues but may help dilute toxins in
Embolism
1. Embolism occurs when a detached mass such as a blood clot, air bubble, or fat globule travels through the blood vessels and blocks circulation.
2. There are several types of embolism including pulmonary (lung), systemic, fat, marrow, air, and amniotic embolism.
3. Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary artery often caused by deep vein thrombosis, and it can lead to conditions like saddle embolism, paradoxical embolism, or cor pulmonale if left untreated.
Lec58[1]
This document summarizes Starling's law of capillary exchange and the factors that influence fluid movement between capillaries and the interstitial space (Pc, Pi, πc, πi). It describes how small differences in these pressures normally result in equilibrium but how imbalances can cause edema. Specific causes of edema like increased hydrostatic pressure (heart failure), decreased oncotic pressure (liver disease), or increased permeability (burns) are explained. The role of the lymphatic system in maintaining fluid balance is also summarized.
Edema ppt
This document discusses edema, including its causes, pathology, classification, and characteristics. It summarizes:
1) Edema can be caused by vascular factors like increased capillary hydrostatic pressure or decreased plasma osmotic pressure, or by tissue factors like acute inflammation or sodium retention.
2) Edema is classified as either generalized, affecting multiple body regions, or localized to a specific site. Generalized edema includes cardiac, renal, and nutritional edema, while localized includes inflammatory, venous obstruction, and lymphatic obstruction edema.
3) The characteristics of edema depend on its cause, such as cardiac edema appearing as pitting edema due to right-sided heart failure, while renal edema is generalized and non
Generalized oedema
This document discusses the clinical approach to a patient presenting with generalized edema. It defines edema and discusses mechanisms that can cause fluid accumulation. The main causes of generalized edema are cardiac (congestive heart failure), renal (nephrotic syndrome), hepatic (liver cirrhosis), nutritional (malnutrition), allergic reactions, and drugs. Investigations and treatment focus on identifying the underlying cause and using diuretics and fluid restriction to increase excretion of sodium and water. Diuretic classes - thiazides, loops, and potassium-sparing - are described along with their mechanisms, indications, side effects and contraindications. Diuretic resistance and its management are also covered.
HEMATOLOGY AND LYMPHOID SYSTEM
This document provides an overview of several topics in hematology, including:
- Anemia, which is a reduction in red blood cells. Common types are discussed such as iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia.
- Leukemia, which are cancers of the white blood cells. The main types - acute and chronic leukemias - are defined. Acute leukemias like ALL and AML are discussed in more detail.
- Other blood disorders like lymphomas and lymphadenopathy are listed as learning objectives but not described further in this document.
edema pathology
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the spaces between cells. There are two main types of edema - generalized edema, where fluid collects in multiple areas of the body, and localized edema, where fluid is confined to a specific body part. Generalized edema can be caused by conditions like congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis of the liver. Localized edema has causes such as trauma, infection, lymphatic obstruction, and venous obstruction.
Edema
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of the body that can occur for various reasons. It is classified as either generalized, affecting multiple body areas, or localized affecting a single area. Edema can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure, increased vessel permeability, obstruction of lymphatic fluid clearance, or changes in tissue water retention. Common symptoms include weight gain, swollen limbs, distended veins, and crackles in the lungs. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, restricting sodium intake, using diuretics, elevating limbs, and preventing complications. Nurses monitor for worsening symptoms, ensure treatment adherence, and provide skin care to prevent issues.
Hemodynamic disturbances
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within blood vessels. It occurs through a complex process involving blood vessel walls, blood components, and the coagulation system. Thrombi form due to endothelial injury, alterations in blood flow, or hypercoagulability. Thrombi can occur in any blood vessel but commonly form at vessel bifurcations. They may propagate and cause embolisms, or dissolve through fibrinolysis. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is characterized by microscopic fibrin thrombi throughout small blood vessels.
Oedema and hyperemia
This document discusses edema, hypermia, and congestion. It defines edema as an abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues and lists several types including renal, cardiac, pulmonary, and cerebral edema. Edema is classified as pitting or non-pitting. Hyperaemia is an active process resulting from arterial dilation while congestion is a passive process from impaired venous drainage. Examples of congestion include central venous congestion of the lung seen in left heart failure and congestion of the liver and spleen seen in right heart failure. Microscopically, congestion shows dilated vessels and hemorrhage.
Hemodynamics 1
This document summarizes hemodynamic disorders and edema. It defines edema as abnormal excessive accumulation of fluid in tissues and serous cavities. Edema can be localized or generalized depending on its cause and distribution. The key mechanisms of edema formation are increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium and water retention. Specific types of edema like pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, hepatic edema, and renal edema are also discussed. The document compares the characteristics of transudate and exudate fluids and provides diagrams to illustrate the pathogenesis of different types of edema.
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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
The lymphatic system consists of lymph fluid, lymph vessels, and lymphatic organs that include lymph nodes and tonsils. Lymph is formed from interstitial fluid and contains water, proteins, cells, and other components. It flows from lymph capillaries through collecting vessels and trunks into the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct and returns to the bloodstream. The lymphatic system helps remove excess fluid from tissues, transports fat and proteins, and plays a role in immune defense and absorption of nutrients. Disruptions in lymph flow can cause edema or other pathologies like lymphadenopathy or elephantiasis.
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The document discusses serous body fluids, which lubricate the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. Serous fluid is formed from an ultrafiltrate of plasma and provides lubrication between the parietal and visceral membranes lining each cavity. An accumulation of fluid in these cavities, called an effusion, can result from abnormal fluid production or reabsorption. Effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on their protein content and cause. Common causes of effusions include congestive heart failure, infection, inflammation, and malignancy. Analysis of pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluid can provide diagnostic information about underlying conditions.
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The document discusses the physiology of edema. It describes how fluid is normally distributed in the body and the factors that determine fluid filtration across capillaries. It then explains what causes edema and the different types. Some of the main causes of increased fluid filtration are increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, and increased capillary permeability. The body has several safety factors that normally prevent fluid accumulation, including low tissue compliance, increased lymph flow, and wash-down of interstitial proteins.
Pathophysiology of edema
This document discusses the pathophysiology of edema. It defines edema as swelling caused by excess fluid in the interstitial spaces between tissues. Edema can be classified as transudate or exudate based on protein content, and as localized or generalized based on location. The key mechanisms that can cause edema are increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium and water retention. The movement of fluid between blood vessels and tissues is normally regulated by the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures according to Starling's forces, but imbalances in these forces can result in excess fluid accumulation in the tissues and cause edema.
Edema
PATHOGENESIS OF EDEMA, TYPES OF EDEMA: Renal edema, Cardiac edema, Pulmonary edema, Cerebral edema, Hepatic edema, Nutritional edema, Myxoedema.
1 edema
The document discusses edema and fluid balance in the body. It describes the normal circulation of fluid between blood and tissues, mediated by hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Edema occurs when there is increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or impaired lymphatic drainage. Specific types of edema discussed include cardiac, hepatic, pulmonary, cerebral, and lymphatic edema. Sites of common edema and clinical significance are also reviewed.
Lymphedema
Lymphedema is caused by a blockage in the lymphatic system which prevents drainage of lymph fluid from tissues, causing swelling. The lymphatic system collects extra fluid from tissues through lymph vessels and filters it through lymph nodes before returning it to the bloodstream. When vessels are blocked, fluid builds up and swelling occurs. The most common causes of lymphedema are breast cancer surgery and filarial infections, which can damage the lymphatic system. Symptoms include heaviness, tightness, and swelling in affected areas. Treatment focuses on compression through bandages, sleeves, and massage to encourage lymph drainage.
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The document discusses idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). ITP is the most common cause of acute thrombocytopenia in otherwise healthy children. It typically presents as a previously healthy 1-4 year old with sudden onset of petechiae and purpura, often following a viral illness. Laboratory findings show severe thrombocytopenia and a normal bone marrow with increased megakaryocytes. The condition is usually self-limiting and resolves within 6 months in 80% of children.
oedema presentation for medical students _CHO.pptx
Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces caused by an imbalance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures across capillary walls. There are two main types - inflammatory edema caused by increased vascular permeability, and non-inflammatory edema caused by factors that decrease plasma oncotic pressure or increase hydrostatic pressure. Edema can be localized to a specific site or generalized. Common causes of edema include congestive heart failure, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, and lymphatic obstruction. Pulmonary and hepatic congestion from impaired outflow of blood can damage tissues over time if not resolved.
pleuraleffusion.pptx
Pleural effusion is an accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It is usually secondary to other conditions that interfere with fluid drainage or secretion in the pleural space. Common causes include infections like pneumonia, congestive heart failure, cancers, and autoimmune diseases. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, ultrasound, and thoracentesis to analyze pleural fluid characteristics. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, relieving symptoms by removing fluid via thoracentesis or chest tube, and preventing further fluid buildup. Surgery may be needed for cases that do not improve with drainage or medication.
PLEURAL EFFUSION lec.pptx
Pleural effusions occur when there is an excess amount of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. Normally this space contains a small amount of fluid that is produced and reabsorbed continuously. Pleural effusions can be either transudative or exudative depending on the fluid characteristics and are usually caused by other underlying conditions that interfere with fluid balance. Common causes include heart failure, liver disease, and pneumonia. Diagnosis involves analyzing the pleural fluid for properties such as pH, glucose level, and cell count to classify it as transudate or exudate and determine the likely cause.
Pleural effusion
This document discusses pleural effusions, which are collections of fluid in the pleural space. Pleural effusions are usually secondary to other diseases rather than primary. There are two main types - transudative effusions which occur without inflammation from conditions like heart failure, and exudative effusions which occur with inflammation from things like infections or cancer. Diagnosis involves chest imaging and analyzing fluid obtained via thoracentesis. Treatment focuses on resolving the underlying cause as well as draining fluid to relieve symptoms. Nursing care centers around maintaining normal breathing patterns and monitoring for complications.
pleuraleffusion-160424141916 (1) (2)-1.pdf
Pleural effusions occur when an abnormal amount of fluid collects in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. They are usually caused by underlying conditions that interfere with fluid drainage from the pleural space. Pleural effusions are classified as transudative or exudative based on the fluid characteristics. Transudative effusions are low in protein and cells and are usually caused by conditions that increase hydrostatic pressure or decrease oncotic pressure like heart failure, liver disease, or kidney disease. Exudative effusions are high in protein and occur due to inflammation from infections, cancers, or other diseases that increase capillary permeability. Diagnostic evaluation involves chest imaging and thoracentesis to analyze pleural fluid. Treatment
Fluid cytology in serous cavity effusions
The intrathoracic and intraperitoneal organs are covered by a single layer of mesothelial cells, which is continuous with the lining of the thoracic and peritoneal cavities. The potential space between the two layers of epithelium contains a small amount of lubricating fluid.
Serous fluid lies between the membranes lining the body cavities(parietal) and those covering the organs within the cavities(visceral).
Production and reabsorption are normally at a constant rate. They are influenced by
Changes in osmotic and hydrostatic pressure in the blood.
Concentration of chemical constituents in the plasma
Permeability of blood vessels and membranes.
An accumulation of fluid, called an effusion, results from an imbalance of fluid production and reabsorption. This fluid accumulation in the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities is known as serous effusion.
Ch 4 hemorragic disorders,thromboembolic diseases, shock
This is a presentation on the topic of hemodynamic disorders, thromboembolic diseases and shock, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
pathology questions for studying and notes
This document summarizes various types of embolisms and thrombosis. It discusses phlebothrombosis (venous thrombosis), gas/air embolism including decompression sickness, fat embolism, amniotic fluid embolism, septic infarction, types of infarcts (red and white), types of shock (cardiogenic, hypovolemic, septic), hemostasis (primary and secondary), the coagulation cascade, factors involved in prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time tests, factor deficiencies, anticoagulant effects of thrombomodulin/protein C and tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
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Lymphedemasharepoint2
- 3. Fluid Balance Fluid moves freely b/t interstitial & intravascular spaces to maintain homeostasis 4 types of pressure control fluid shifts across the capillary membrane Capillary hydrostatic pressure( the internal fluid pressure on the capillary membrane) Interstitial pressure (external fluid pressure on the capillary membrane Osmotic pressure-(fluid attracting pressure from protein concentration within the capillary
- 4. Fluid Balance Interstitial osmotic pressure (the fluid attracting pressure from protein concentration outside the capillary Normally capillary hydrostatic pressure is >than plasma osmotic pressure at the capillary’s arterial end forcing fluid out of the capillary. Capillary end the reverse is true(plasma osmotic pressure is >) Edema results when balance is impeded with increased capillary permeability, lymphatic obstruction, increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma osmotic or interstitial fluid pressure
- 11. Lymphedema Excessive and persistent accumulation of extravascular and extracellular fluid and proteins in tissue spaces Caused by a disturbance of the water and protein balance across the capillary membrane Increased concentration of proteins draws greater amount of water into interstitial spaces Exceeds transport capacity of the lymphatic system, leading to lymphedema
- 12. Contributing factors for Lymphedema Congenital Malformation Infection and Inflammation Obstruction or Fibrosis Trauma, Surgery, Neoplasms Radiation Therapy Surgical Dissection of Lymph Nodes Chronic Venous Insufficiency
- 13. Edema vs Lymphedema Normal response to inury. As healing occurs fluid decreases Excess tissue fluid not yet returned to circulatory syst. Caused by circulatory system problems such as chronic venous insuffiency, Does not leave a mark when press (nonpitting) Can be relieved by diuretics in some cases Lymphatic system is impaired Excess lymph trapped in tissue Body responds with slow healing and at risk for infections Leaves a mark Harmed by diuretics
- 18. Module 3: Treatments for Lymphedema Link: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=lymphedema-chaper-3 Password: Advance Watch the training module (11 minutes) Test Your Knowledge Print Your Certificate Module 4: Compression & Types Link: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=module-4-compression- and-types Password: Advance Watch the training module (6 minutes) Test Your Knowledge Print Your Certificate Module 5: Donning & Doffing Link: http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=module-5_37 Password: Advance Watch the training module (2 minutes) The module includes three additional short videos on doffing and donning. Test Your Knowledge Print Your Certificate
- 19. References Clip art Bing.com, personal file or Mayo clip art • Lymphedema certification Continuing Education (Lerner-Vodder) Training Module