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Lung Volumes and Capacities
Measurement of lung volumes provides a tool for understanding normal function of the lungs as
well as disease states. The breathing cycle is initiated by expansion of the chest. Contraction of
the diaphragm causes it to flatten downward. If chest muscles are used, the ribs expand outward.
The resulting increase in chest volume creates a negative pressure that draws air in through the
nose and mouth. Normal exhalation is passive, resulting from “recoil” of the chest wall,
diaphragm, and lung tissue.

In normal breathing at rest, approximately one-tenth of the total lung capacity is used. Greater
amounts are used as needed (i.e., with exercise). The following terms are used to describe lung
volumes (see Figure 1):

   Tidal Volume (TV):                    The volume of air breathed in and out without
                                         conscious effort
   Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with
                                     maximum effort after a normal inspiration
   Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The additional volume of air that can be forcibly
                                    exhaled after normal exhalation
   Vital Capacity (VC):                  The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a
                                         maximum inhalation: VC = TV + IRV + ERV
   Residual Volume (RV):                 The volume of air remaining in the lungs after
                                         maximum exhalation (the lungs can never be
                                         completely emptied)
   Total Lung Capacity (TLC):            = VC + RV
   Minute Ventilation:                   The volume of air breathed in 1 minute:
                                         (TV)(breaths/minute)




                                            Figure 1
In this experiment, you will measure lung volumes during normal breathing and with maximum
effort. You will correlate lung volumes with a variety of clinical scenarios.
OBJECTIVES
In this experiment, you will
    Obtain graphical representation of lung capacities and volumes.
    Compare lung volumes between males and females.
    Correlate lung volumes with clinical conditions.


MATERIALS
       computer                                          disposable mouthpiece
       Vernier computer interface                        disposable bacterial filter
       Logger Pro                                        nose clip
       Vernier Spirometer


PROCEDURE
Important: Do not attempt this experiment if you are currently suffering from a respiratory
ailment such as the cold or flu.

1. Connect the Spirometer to the Vernier computer interface. Open the file “19 Lung Volumes”
   from the Human Physiology with Vernier folder.

2. Attach the larger diameter side of a bacterial filter to the “Inlet” side of the Spirometer.
   Attach a gray disposable mouthpiece to the other end of the bacterial filter (see Figure 2).




                                             Figure 2
3. Hold the Spirometer in one or both hands. Brace your arm(s) against a solid surface, such as
   a table, and click       to zero the sensor. Note: The Spirometer must be held straight up
   and down, as in Figure 2, and not moved during data collection.
4. Collect inhalation and exhalation data.
   a. Put on the nose plug.
   b. Click          to begin data collection.
   c. Taking normal breaths, begin data collection with an inhalation and continue to breathe in
      and out. After 4 cycles of normal inspirations and expirations fill your lungs as deeply as
      possible (maximum inspiration) and exhale as fully as possible (maximum expiration). It
      is essential that maximum effort be expended when performing tests of lung volumes.
   d. Follow this with at least one additional recovery breath.
5. Click          to end data collection.
6. Click the Next Page button, , to see the lung volume data.
    If the baseline on your graph has drifted, use the Baseline
    Adjustment feature to bring the baseline volumes closer to
    zero, as in Figure 3.

 7. Select a representative peak and valley in the Tidal Volume
    portion of your graph. Place the cursor on the peak and
    click and drag down to the valley that follows it. Enter the
    y value displayed in the lower left corner of the graph to
    the nearest 0.1 L as Tidal Volume in Table 1.                               Figure 3
 8. Move the cursor to the peak that represents your maximum inspiration. Click and drag down
    the side of the peak until you reach the level of the peaks graphed during normal breathing.
    Enter the y value displayed in the lower left corner of the graph to the nearest 0.1 L as
    Inspiratory Reserve Volume in Table 1.

 9. Move the cursor to the valley that represents your maximum expiration. Click and drag up
    the side of the peak until you reach the level of the valleys graphed during normal breathing.
    Enter the y value displayed in the lower left corner of the graph to the nearest 0.1 L as
    Expiratory Reserve Volume in Table 1.

10. Calculate the Vital Capacity and enter the total to the nearest 0.1 L in Table 1.
                                     VC = TV + IRV + ERV
11. Calculate the Total Lung Capacity and enter the total to the nearest 0.1 L in Table 1. (Use the
    value of 1.5 L for the RV.)
                                         TLC = VC + RV
12. Share your data with your classmates and complete the Class Average columns in Table 1.

 DATA
                                                   Table 1

                                                        Class average    Class average
           Volume measurement
                                      Individual (L)        (Male)         (Female)
                   (L)
                                                              (L)             (L)

         Tidal Volume (TV)                 .2

         Inspiratory Reserve (IRV)         .5

         Expiratory Reserve                .4
         (ERV)

         Vital Capacity (VC)               1.1

         Residual Volume (RV)             ≈1.5               ≈1.5             ≈1.5
Total Lung Capacity              2.6
        (TLC)

DATA ANALYSIS
1. What was your Tidal Volume (TV)? What would you expect your TV to be if you inhaled a
   foreign object which completely obstructed your right main stem bronchus?

       Our Tidal volume had been .2L. I’d expect the tidal volume to be .1L due to complete
   obstruction of the right lung which decreases air intake to half; nothing at all of air is passing
   through your right main stem bronchus and only the left lung is able to intake oxygen.



2. Describe the difference between lung volumes for males and females. What might account
   for this?
No averages, thanks custodians.




3. Calculate your Minute Volume at rest.
                       (TV  breaths/minute) = Minute Volume at rest

   If you are taking shallow breaths (TV = 0.20 L) to avoid severe pain from rib fractures, what
   respiratory rate will be required to achieve the same minute volume?

      For someone who broke their ribs, I’d expect them to need to inhale more shallow breaths
   a minute, such as if our number had not been the 3L of minute volume at rest and instead it
   was 1L, they’d have to double their breath intake.


4. Exposure to occupational hazards such as coal dust, silica dust, and asbestos may lead to
   fibrosis, or scarring of lung tissue. With this condition, the lungs become stiff and have more
   “recoil.” What would happen to TLC and VC under these conditions?

      The TLC and VC would decrease under such conditions due to the numerous
   obstructions in the air that have the potential of harming the lungs and not allowing a
   maximal expansion and flexibility for inflating


5. In severe emphysema there is destruction of lung tissue and reduced recoil. What would you
   expect to happen to TLC and VC?

       I would expect the same situation as fibrosis to occur due to the situation that the lungs
   are not able to expand as before, meaning that in order to absorb the same volume of air as
   prior; more breaths would be needed to inhale identical numbers.


6. What would you expect to happen to your Expiratory Reserve Volume when you are treading
   water in a lake?
The Expiratory Reserve Volume would decrease for the reason that oxygen is
needed to be conserved, because as one treads water, they are possibly exposing themselves to
water and breathing underwater is not something anyone wants to do.

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Lungs volumes and capacities

  • 1. Lung Volumes and Capacities Measurement of lung volumes provides a tool for understanding normal function of the lungs as well as disease states. The breathing cycle is initiated by expansion of the chest. Contraction of the diaphragm causes it to flatten downward. If chest muscles are used, the ribs expand outward. The resulting increase in chest volume creates a negative pressure that draws air in through the nose and mouth. Normal exhalation is passive, resulting from “recoil” of the chest wall, diaphragm, and lung tissue. In normal breathing at rest, approximately one-tenth of the total lung capacity is used. Greater amounts are used as needed (i.e., with exercise). The following terms are used to describe lung volumes (see Figure 1): Tidal Volume (TV): The volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after a normal inspiration Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation Vital Capacity (VC): The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation: VC = TV + IRV + ERV Residual Volume (RV): The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (the lungs can never be completely emptied) Total Lung Capacity (TLC): = VC + RV Minute Ventilation: The volume of air breathed in 1 minute: (TV)(breaths/minute) Figure 1 In this experiment, you will measure lung volumes during normal breathing and with maximum effort. You will correlate lung volumes with a variety of clinical scenarios.
  • 2. OBJECTIVES In this experiment, you will  Obtain graphical representation of lung capacities and volumes.  Compare lung volumes between males and females.  Correlate lung volumes with clinical conditions. MATERIALS computer disposable mouthpiece Vernier computer interface disposable bacterial filter Logger Pro nose clip Vernier Spirometer PROCEDURE Important: Do not attempt this experiment if you are currently suffering from a respiratory ailment such as the cold or flu. 1. Connect the Spirometer to the Vernier computer interface. Open the file “19 Lung Volumes” from the Human Physiology with Vernier folder. 2. Attach the larger diameter side of a bacterial filter to the “Inlet” side of the Spirometer. Attach a gray disposable mouthpiece to the other end of the bacterial filter (see Figure 2). Figure 2 3. Hold the Spirometer in one or both hands. Brace your arm(s) against a solid surface, such as a table, and click to zero the sensor. Note: The Spirometer must be held straight up and down, as in Figure 2, and not moved during data collection. 4. Collect inhalation and exhalation data. a. Put on the nose plug. b. Click to begin data collection. c. Taking normal breaths, begin data collection with an inhalation and continue to breathe in and out. After 4 cycles of normal inspirations and expirations fill your lungs as deeply as possible (maximum inspiration) and exhale as fully as possible (maximum expiration). It is essential that maximum effort be expended when performing tests of lung volumes. d. Follow this with at least one additional recovery breath. 5. Click to end data collection.
  • 3. 6. Click the Next Page button, , to see the lung volume data. If the baseline on your graph has drifted, use the Baseline Adjustment feature to bring the baseline volumes closer to zero, as in Figure 3. 7. Select a representative peak and valley in the Tidal Volume portion of your graph. Place the cursor on the peak and click and drag down to the valley that follows it. Enter the y value displayed in the lower left corner of the graph to the nearest 0.1 L as Tidal Volume in Table 1. Figure 3 8. Move the cursor to the peak that represents your maximum inspiration. Click and drag down the side of the peak until you reach the level of the peaks graphed during normal breathing. Enter the y value displayed in the lower left corner of the graph to the nearest 0.1 L as Inspiratory Reserve Volume in Table 1. 9. Move the cursor to the valley that represents your maximum expiration. Click and drag up the side of the peak until you reach the level of the valleys graphed during normal breathing. Enter the y value displayed in the lower left corner of the graph to the nearest 0.1 L as Expiratory Reserve Volume in Table 1. 10. Calculate the Vital Capacity and enter the total to the nearest 0.1 L in Table 1. VC = TV + IRV + ERV 11. Calculate the Total Lung Capacity and enter the total to the nearest 0.1 L in Table 1. (Use the value of 1.5 L for the RV.) TLC = VC + RV 12. Share your data with your classmates and complete the Class Average columns in Table 1. DATA Table 1 Class average Class average Volume measurement Individual (L) (Male) (Female) (L) (L) (L) Tidal Volume (TV) .2 Inspiratory Reserve (IRV) .5 Expiratory Reserve .4 (ERV) Vital Capacity (VC) 1.1 Residual Volume (RV) ≈1.5 ≈1.5 ≈1.5
  • 4. Total Lung Capacity 2.6 (TLC) DATA ANALYSIS 1. What was your Tidal Volume (TV)? What would you expect your TV to be if you inhaled a foreign object which completely obstructed your right main stem bronchus? Our Tidal volume had been .2L. I’d expect the tidal volume to be .1L due to complete obstruction of the right lung which decreases air intake to half; nothing at all of air is passing through your right main stem bronchus and only the left lung is able to intake oxygen. 2. Describe the difference between lung volumes for males and females. What might account for this? No averages, thanks custodians. 3. Calculate your Minute Volume at rest. (TV  breaths/minute) = Minute Volume at rest If you are taking shallow breaths (TV = 0.20 L) to avoid severe pain from rib fractures, what respiratory rate will be required to achieve the same minute volume? For someone who broke their ribs, I’d expect them to need to inhale more shallow breaths a minute, such as if our number had not been the 3L of minute volume at rest and instead it was 1L, they’d have to double their breath intake. 4. Exposure to occupational hazards such as coal dust, silica dust, and asbestos may lead to fibrosis, or scarring of lung tissue. With this condition, the lungs become stiff and have more “recoil.” What would happen to TLC and VC under these conditions? The TLC and VC would decrease under such conditions due to the numerous obstructions in the air that have the potential of harming the lungs and not allowing a maximal expansion and flexibility for inflating 5. In severe emphysema there is destruction of lung tissue and reduced recoil. What would you expect to happen to TLC and VC? I would expect the same situation as fibrosis to occur due to the situation that the lungs are not able to expand as before, meaning that in order to absorb the same volume of air as prior; more breaths would be needed to inhale identical numbers. 6. What would you expect to happen to your Expiratory Reserve Volume when you are treading water in a lake?
  • 5. The Expiratory Reserve Volume would decrease for the reason that oxygen is needed to be conserved, because as one treads water, they are possibly exposing themselves to water and breathing underwater is not something anyone wants to do.