This document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and total lung capacity. It provides definitions of each term and describes how to measure lung volumes using a spirometer. Males generally have higher lung volumes than females. Conditions such as fibrosis reduce lung volumes by making the lungs stiffer, while emphysema reduces vital capacity but not total lung capacity due to increased residual volume. Exercise in water reduces expiratory reserve volume.
The document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minute ventilation. It provides definitions and normal values for these measurements and describes how they are obtained through spirometry. The objectives are listed as obtaining graphical representations of lung capacities and volumes, comparing volumes between males and females, and correlating volumes with clinical conditions.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and total lung capacity. It describes how these volumes are measured and defines each term. The objectives are to obtain a graphical representation of lung capacities and volumes, compare volumes between males and females, and correlate volumes with clinical conditions.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minute ventilation. It provides definitions and normal ranges for these measurements and describes how they are obtained through spirometry. The objectives are to obtain graphical representations of lung volumes, compare volumes between males and females, and correlate volumes with clinical conditions.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and total lung capacity. It provides definitions of each term and an experiment measuring these volumes. Males generally have slightly higher lung capacities than females. Conditions like fibrosis decrease total lung capacity and vital capacity by making lungs stiffer, while emphysema decreases vital capacity but not total lung capacity due to increased residual volume.
The document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minute ventilation. It describes how these volumes are measured and defines each term. An experiment is described where participants measure their own lung volumes and capacities and compare results between males and females, noting generally higher values in males. Clinical conditions that impact lung volumes, such as obstructions, fibrosis, and emphysema, are also discussed.
The document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and total lung capacity. It provides average values for these measurements in males and females. Males generally have larger lung capacities than females. Occupational hazards like dusts and asbestos can cause lung fibrosis, decreasing total lung capacity and vital capacity. Emphysema reduces lung recoil, decreasing vital capacity but not total lung capacity. Expiratory reserve volume increases when treading water due to higher oxygen needs.
The document describes an experiment that measured changes in respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation in response to different physiological challenges: breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. The challenges were found to alter carbon dioxide levels in the blood and stimulate different respiratory responses. Breath holding decreased tidal volume and respiratory rate while rapid breathing and exercise increased these measures. Providing supplemental oxygen to patients with severe lung disease could dangerously decrease their breathing drive since they rely more on oxygen than carbon dioxide levels.
Spirometry is used to analyze lung function by measuring airflow during breathing. A flow-volume loop graph shows airflow on inspiration and expiration. Key measurements include forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and their ratio (FEV1/FVC). Changes in these values can indicate obstructive lung diseases like asthma which reduce FEV1/FVC ratio, or restrictive lung diseases which preserve FEV1/FVC ratio.
The document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minute ventilation. It provides definitions and normal values for these measurements and describes how they are obtained through spirometry. The objectives are listed as obtaining graphical representations of lung capacities and volumes, comparing volumes between males and females, and correlating volumes with clinical conditions.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and total lung capacity. It describes how these volumes are measured and defines each term. The objectives are to obtain a graphical representation of lung capacities and volumes, compare volumes between males and females, and correlate volumes with clinical conditions.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minute ventilation. It provides definitions and normal ranges for these measurements and describes how they are obtained through spirometry. The objectives are to obtain graphical representations of lung volumes, compare volumes between males and females, and correlate volumes with clinical conditions.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and total lung capacity. It provides definitions of each term and an experiment measuring these volumes. Males generally have slightly higher lung capacities than females. Conditions like fibrosis decrease total lung capacity and vital capacity by making lungs stiffer, while emphysema decreases vital capacity but not total lung capacity due to increased residual volume.
The document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minute ventilation. It describes how these volumes are measured and defines each term. An experiment is described where participants measure their own lung volumes and capacities and compare results between males and females, noting generally higher values in males. Clinical conditions that impact lung volumes, such as obstructions, fibrosis, and emphysema, are also discussed.
The document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and total lung capacity. It provides average values for these measurements in males and females. Males generally have larger lung capacities than females. Occupational hazards like dusts and asbestos can cause lung fibrosis, decreasing total lung capacity and vital capacity. Emphysema reduces lung recoil, decreasing vital capacity but not total lung capacity. Expiratory reserve volume increases when treading water due to higher oxygen needs.
The document describes an experiment that measured changes in respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation in response to different physiological challenges: breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. The challenges were found to alter carbon dioxide levels in the blood and stimulate different respiratory responses. Breath holding decreased tidal volume and respiratory rate while rapid breathing and exercise increased these measures. Providing supplemental oxygen to patients with severe lung disease could dangerously decrease their breathing drive since they rely more on oxygen than carbon dioxide levels.
Spirometry is used to analyze lung function by measuring airflow during breathing. A flow-volume loop graph shows airflow on inspiration and expiration. Key measurements include forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and their ratio (FEV1/FVC). Changes in these values can indicate obstructive lung diseases like asthma which reduce FEV1/FVC ratio, or restrictive lung diseases which preserve FEV1/FVC ratio.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minute ventilation. It provides definitions and typical values for these measurements in males and females. An experiment is described to measure lung volumes and correlate them with different clinical scenarios.
The document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minute ventilation. It provides definitions and normal ranges for these measurements and how they are used to understand lung function and disease states. An experiment is described to measure these values and correlate them with clinical conditions like fibrosis and emphysema.
This document describes an experiment that examines how the respiratory system responds to different physiological challenges: breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. The challenges were designed to alter carbon dioxide levels in order to stimulate changes in respiration. Data on tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation were collected before, during, and after each challenge and analyzed in relation to carbon dioxide levels and respiratory drive. The findings showed that breath holding decreased respiration while rapid breathing and exercise increased respiration in response to changes in carbon dioxide.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minute ventilation. It provides definitions and normal ranges for these measurements and describes how they are obtained through spirometry. The objectives are to obtain graphical representations of lung volumes, compare volumes between males and females, and correlate volumes with clinical conditions like fibrosis and emphysema.
Experiment 4 measured lung volumes and capacities in a class. Males had larger inspiratory reserve volumes, expiratory reserve volumes, and vital capacities than females due to differences in thoracic cavity size. Experiment 5 examined changes in respiration during breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. Breath holding lowered tidal volume and ventilation while rapid breathing increased them. Exercise caused the greatest increases in tidal volume, respiratory rate, and ventilation. Breathing into a paper bag can help anxious patients by increasing exhaled carbon dioxide levels. Giving supplemental oxygen to patients with emphysema may help balance their oxygen and carbon dioxide drive if they are oxygen dependent. Pure oxygen does not help the air hunger felt by athletes after a race due to lactic acid
The document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and total lung capacity. It provides definitions and normal ranges for these measurements. Exposure to occupational hazards like coal dust can lead to fibrosis, reducing total lung capacity and vital capacity by making the lungs stiffer. Emphysema also reduces these volumes through destruction of lung tissue and reduced recoil. Expiratory reserve volume is unchanged by the physical activity of treading water.
The document describes an experiment that examines how different physiological challenges affect respiration. It provides instructions on using a spirometer to measure tidal volume and respiratory rate before, during, and after breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. The challenges were used to alter carbon dioxide levels and stimulate respiratory drive. Data from the experiment shows that tidal volume and respiratory rate increased most during exercise, while minute ventilation increased most during rapid breathing. Analysis questions address how changes in carbon dioxide levels impact respiration and the effects of supplemental oxygen on patients with impaired respiratory drive.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minute ventilation. It provides definitions and normal values for these measurements and describes how they are obtained through spirometry. The objectives are to obtain graphical representations of lung volumes, compare volumes between males and females, and correlate volumes with clinical conditions.
This document discusses lung volumes and lung capacities, which refer to the volume of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle. It outlines the four main lung volumes - tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. It then discusses various lung capacities, which are combinations of two or more lung volumes, including inspiratory capacity, expiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. The document provides normal values for males and females for these volumes and capacities.
This document describes an experiment to measure changes in respiratory parameters in response to different physiological challenges: breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. The experiment uses a spirometer interfaced with a computer to collect tidal volume data before, during, and after each challenge. Key respiratory measurements - tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation - are recorded and compared between the different conditions to observe how respiration is altered to maintain homeostasis in response to changes in carbon dioxide levels.
The respiratory cycle is controlled by neurons in the brain and peripheral nerves, as well as central and peripheral receptors that respond to chemicals and pressure. Central respiratory control occurs in the pons and medulla, which respond to chemical influences like carbon dioxide and oxygen levels. This experiment measured tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation during breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise to observe how the body responds to changes in carbon dioxide levels. The greatest changes were seen in minute ventilation during exercise, with respiratory rate also increasing substantially, more so than tidal volume.
This document discusses lung volumes and pulmonary function tests. It defines various lung volumes including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity. It explains that static lung volumes can be measured directly with spirometry but residual volume, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity require indirect measurement techniques like body plethysmography. Disease states can alter lung volumes and ratios like residual volume to total lung capacity.
The respiratory cycle is controlled by neurons in the brain and peripheral nerves, as well as central and peripheral receptors that respond to chemicals and pressure. Central respiratory control occurs in the pons and medulla, which respond directly to chemical influences like carbon dioxide. Three physiologic challenges - breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise - were examined to observe their effects on tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation. Breath holding decreased tidal volume and rate due to increased carbon dioxide levels, while rapid breathing increased rate due to decreased carbon dioxide levels. Exercise increased both tidal volume and rate to maintain gas exchange during physical exertion.
The document defines and provides average values for various lung volumes and capacities, including:
- Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing, averaging 500 ml.
- Inspiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be inhaled beyond normal tidal breathing, averaging 3200 ml.
- Residual volume is the air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation, averaging 1200 ml.
- Total lung capacity is the total amount of air the lungs can hold, averaging 6000 ml.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities as measured through spirometry and bedside pulmonary function tests. It defines key lung volumes like tidal volume and residual volume. Lung capacities such as functional residual capacity and total lung capacity are combinations of volumes. Common bedside tests are described including the Sabrasez breath holding test, single breath count, modified match test, cough test, and Debono whistle test. Forced expiratory time is also discussed. Spirometry directly measures volumes while capacities are indirectly inferred.
The respiratory cycle is controlled by the brain and receptors that respond to chemicals and pressure. Central control occurs in the medulla which responds to CO2 levels. Deviations from the normal CO2 set point trigger respiratory responses to maintain homeostasis. This experiment uses a spirometer to measure tidal volume and respiratory rate before and after breath holding, hyperventilation, and exercise to observe the respiratory response to changes in CO2 levels. Participants hold their breath, breathe rapidly, and exercise while tidal volume and respiratory rate are measured and recorded in tables.
1. Static lung volumes include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity.
2. Dynamic lung volumes include maximum voluntary ventilation and forced expiratory volume, which measure the maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in one minute and the fraction of vital capacity expired in a certain time period respectively.
3. Respiratory dead space refers to the volume of air that does not take part in gas exchange and includes anatomical dead space from the nose to terminal bronchioles and alveolar dead space from non-functional alveoli. Physiological dead space is the sum of
The document discusses how hotels can maximize their presence on TripAdvisor by encouraging reviews, responding to feedback, and utilizing TripAdvisor's tools and resources to showcase their business listings, photos, awards, and deals. It provides tips on how actively engaging with users and promoting positive reviews can impact a hotel's popularity and bottom line.
The presentation was from the Business as Mutual conference held at Anglia Ruskin University on 12th September 2012. To find out more visit www.businessasmutual.co.uk
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minute ventilation. It provides definitions and typical values for these measurements in males and females. An experiment is described to measure lung volumes and correlate them with different clinical scenarios.
The document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minute ventilation. It provides definitions and normal ranges for these measurements and how they are used to understand lung function and disease states. An experiment is described to measure these values and correlate them with clinical conditions like fibrosis and emphysema.
This document describes an experiment that examines how the respiratory system responds to different physiological challenges: breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. The challenges were designed to alter carbon dioxide levels in order to stimulate changes in respiration. Data on tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation were collected before, during, and after each challenge and analyzed in relation to carbon dioxide levels and respiratory drive. The findings showed that breath holding decreased respiration while rapid breathing and exercise increased respiration in response to changes in carbon dioxide.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minute ventilation. It provides definitions and normal ranges for these measurements and describes how they are obtained through spirometry. The objectives are to obtain graphical representations of lung volumes, compare volumes between males and females, and correlate volumes with clinical conditions like fibrosis and emphysema.
Experiment 4 measured lung volumes and capacities in a class. Males had larger inspiratory reserve volumes, expiratory reserve volumes, and vital capacities than females due to differences in thoracic cavity size. Experiment 5 examined changes in respiration during breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. Breath holding lowered tidal volume and ventilation while rapid breathing increased them. Exercise caused the greatest increases in tidal volume, respiratory rate, and ventilation. Breathing into a paper bag can help anxious patients by increasing exhaled carbon dioxide levels. Giving supplemental oxygen to patients with emphysema may help balance their oxygen and carbon dioxide drive if they are oxygen dependent. Pure oxygen does not help the air hunger felt by athletes after a race due to lactic acid
The document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and total lung capacity. It provides definitions and normal ranges for these measurements. Exposure to occupational hazards like coal dust can lead to fibrosis, reducing total lung capacity and vital capacity by making the lungs stiffer. Emphysema also reduces these volumes through destruction of lung tissue and reduced recoil. Expiratory reserve volume is unchanged by the physical activity of treading water.
The document describes an experiment that examines how different physiological challenges affect respiration. It provides instructions on using a spirometer to measure tidal volume and respiratory rate before, during, and after breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. The challenges were used to alter carbon dioxide levels and stimulate respiratory drive. Data from the experiment shows that tidal volume and respiratory rate increased most during exercise, while minute ventilation increased most during rapid breathing. Analysis questions address how changes in carbon dioxide levels impact respiration and the effects of supplemental oxygen on patients with impaired respiratory drive.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, and minute ventilation. It provides definitions and normal values for these measurements and describes how they are obtained through spirometry. The objectives are to obtain graphical representations of lung volumes, compare volumes between males and females, and correlate volumes with clinical conditions.
This document discusses lung volumes and lung capacities, which refer to the volume of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle. It outlines the four main lung volumes - tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. It then discusses various lung capacities, which are combinations of two or more lung volumes, including inspiratory capacity, expiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. The document provides normal values for males and females for these volumes and capacities.
This document describes an experiment to measure changes in respiratory parameters in response to different physiological challenges: breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. The experiment uses a spirometer interfaced with a computer to collect tidal volume data before, during, and after each challenge. Key respiratory measurements - tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation - are recorded and compared between the different conditions to observe how respiration is altered to maintain homeostasis in response to changes in carbon dioxide levels.
The respiratory cycle is controlled by neurons in the brain and peripheral nerves, as well as central and peripheral receptors that respond to chemicals and pressure. Central respiratory control occurs in the pons and medulla, which respond to chemical influences like carbon dioxide and oxygen levels. This experiment measured tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation during breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise to observe how the body responds to changes in carbon dioxide levels. The greatest changes were seen in minute ventilation during exercise, with respiratory rate also increasing substantially, more so than tidal volume.
This document discusses lung volumes and pulmonary function tests. It defines various lung volumes including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity. It explains that static lung volumes can be measured directly with spirometry but residual volume, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity require indirect measurement techniques like body plethysmography. Disease states can alter lung volumes and ratios like residual volume to total lung capacity.
The respiratory cycle is controlled by neurons in the brain and peripheral nerves, as well as central and peripheral receptors that respond to chemicals and pressure. Central respiratory control occurs in the pons and medulla, which respond directly to chemical influences like carbon dioxide. Three physiologic challenges - breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise - were examined to observe their effects on tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation. Breath holding decreased tidal volume and rate due to increased carbon dioxide levels, while rapid breathing increased rate due to decreased carbon dioxide levels. Exercise increased both tidal volume and rate to maintain gas exchange during physical exertion.
The document defines and provides average values for various lung volumes and capacities, including:
- Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing, averaging 500 ml.
- Inspiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be inhaled beyond normal tidal breathing, averaging 3200 ml.
- Residual volume is the air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation, averaging 1200 ml.
- Total lung capacity is the total amount of air the lungs can hold, averaging 6000 ml.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities as measured through spirometry and bedside pulmonary function tests. It defines key lung volumes like tidal volume and residual volume. Lung capacities such as functional residual capacity and total lung capacity are combinations of volumes. Common bedside tests are described including the Sabrasez breath holding test, single breath count, modified match test, cough test, and Debono whistle test. Forced expiratory time is also discussed. Spirometry directly measures volumes while capacities are indirectly inferred.
The respiratory cycle is controlled by the brain and receptors that respond to chemicals and pressure. Central control occurs in the medulla which responds to CO2 levels. Deviations from the normal CO2 set point trigger respiratory responses to maintain homeostasis. This experiment uses a spirometer to measure tidal volume and respiratory rate before and after breath holding, hyperventilation, and exercise to observe the respiratory response to changes in CO2 levels. Participants hold their breath, breathe rapidly, and exercise while tidal volume and respiratory rate are measured and recorded in tables.
1. Static lung volumes include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity.
2. Dynamic lung volumes include maximum voluntary ventilation and forced expiratory volume, which measure the maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in one minute and the fraction of vital capacity expired in a certain time period respectively.
3. Respiratory dead space refers to the volume of air that does not take part in gas exchange and includes anatomical dead space from the nose to terminal bronchioles and alveolar dead space from non-functional alveoli. Physiological dead space is the sum of
The document discusses how hotels can maximize their presence on TripAdvisor by encouraging reviews, responding to feedback, and utilizing TripAdvisor's tools and resources to showcase their business listings, photos, awards, and deals. It provides tips on how actively engaging with users and promoting positive reviews can impact a hotel's popularity and bottom line.
The presentation was from the Business as Mutual conference held at Anglia Ruskin University on 12th September 2012. To find out more visit www.businessasmutual.co.uk
This document discusses taking a holistic strategic approach to providing world-class customer service. It emphasizes that customer service starts with defining an organization's promise and purpose, and ensuring personnel are supported to honor those promises through effective processes and empowered, responsible employees. The document cautions that poor customer service can stem from misaligned standards or personnel not being given proper support or accountability. It concludes by noting that achieving excellent customer service requires an integrated strategy across the organization.
The document announces a conference hosted by Willis to discuss adjusting total rewards strategies to address health care reform. The conference will provide information on optimizing total rewards while incorporating health care reform legislation and include sessions on updating employee value propositions, controlling health care costs, and communication strategies. It provides an agenda with times, session details, speaker bios, sponsor and exhibitor information, and directions.
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1. The document discusses respiratory volumes and abnormalities, specifically how asthma affects lung volumes and capacities.
2. Experiments using a spirometer showed tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and vital capacity were significantly lower in asthma patients compared to normal.
3. Breath holding time was significantly longer after deep inspiration than normal breathing, reflecting how lung volumes impact oxygen levels in the blood.
1. Static lung volumes include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity.
2. Dynamic lung volumes include maximum voluntary ventilation and forced expiratory volume, which measure the maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs over time.
3. Pulmonary ventilation is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing per minute, while alveolar ventilation is the volume of fresh air entering the respiratory zone and participating in gas exchange.
Lung volumes and capacities can be measured using spirometry to assess respiratory system efficiency and diagnose respiratory diseases. Key lung volumes include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume. Lung capacities are combinations of volumes and include inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. Spirometry allows direct measurement of most volumes except residual volume, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity, which require additional tests like helium dilution. Interpretation of spirometry results can distinguish between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.
1. Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing and is around 500ml in adults.
2. Expiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal expiration, around 1000-1200ml.
3. Inspiratory reserve volume is the extra air that can be inspired after a normal inhalation, around 2500-3000ml.
4. Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled and is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume, around 3.8-4.5 liters.
1. Pulmonary ventilation involves 5 stages: ventilation in the lungs, gas exchange in the lungs, transport of gases by blood, gas exchange in tissues, and intracellular breathing.
2. Pulmonary ventilation specifically refers to the process of moving air into and out of the lungs and is accomplished through changes in thoracic volume caused by respiratory muscles and the elasticity of the lungs.
3. The key respiratory muscles involved in inspiration are the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, while expiration is generally passive due to relaxation of inspiratory muscles and elastic recoil of the lungs and chest.
The document discusses spirometry testing which is used to assess lung volumes and function by measuring airflow through a spirometer, listing key lung measurements and volumes, comparing obstructive and restrictive lung diseases, and outlining the experimental setup and goals for collecting spirometry data using BioPac software to analyze airflow and lung volumes.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary function tests and lung volumes and capacities. It begins by explaining general principles of respiratory control and breathing including control centers in the brain and chest, respiratory reflexes, and chemoreceptors. It then defines key terms like minute volume, dead space, compliance, airways resistance, and work of breathing. Pressure-volume curves and the clinical significance of various lung volumes and capacities such as tidal volume, vital capacity, and functional residual capacity are also discussed. Factors that influence vital capacity like age, sex, posture, and pulmonary diseases are outlined.
1. The document describes an experiment using spirometry to measure respiratory airflow and lung volumes. Key measurements include tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes, vital capacity, and minute ventilation.
2. Spirometry involves using a pneumotachometer and software to measure airflow and calculate lung volumes. Integration of the flow signal over time provides volume measurements.
3. The experiment involves recording normal breathing and forced breaths to measure various lung volumes and capacities. Calculations are made to determine volumes like inspiratory capacity, expiratory capacity, and functional residual capacity.
This document describes an experiment to measure changes in respiratory parameters in response to different physiological challenges: breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. The experiment uses a spirometer to measure tidal volume and respiratory rate before, during, and after each challenge. The challenges are used to intentionally alter carbon dioxide levels in order to stimulate changes in breathing. The experiment aims to obtain graphical representations of tidal volume and correlate findings with how respiration responds to real-life situations involving changes in gas exchange and carbon dioxide levels.
The document summarizes the mechanisms of human ventilation and breathing. It describes how inspiration and expiration occurs through contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which increase and decrease the thoracic cavity volume. This causes changes in lung pressure that draw air in and push it out. Other topics covered include lung capacities such as tidal volume and vital capacity, and how spirometry can measure these.
The document describes the mechanics of breathing, including inspiration and expiration. During inspiration, contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases the thoracic volume and makes intrapleural pressure more negative. This causes air to flow into the alveoli. During expiration, relaxation of the inspiratory muscles decreases thoracic volume and makes intrapleural pressure less negative. Elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall causes air to flow out of the alveoli. The document also discusses pressure changes, lung volumes and capacities, compliance, and the role of surfactants.
This document discusses lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity. It defines each term and provides normal values. Spirometry and helium dilution techniques are used to measure the various lung volumes and capacities, which can help diagnose lung diseases.
This document provides information about ventilation and mechanical ventilation. It defines ventilation as the process of moving air in and out of the lungs for gas exchange. Mechanical ventilation is the use of a device to provide artificial breathing when a patient cannot maintain adequate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels on their own. The document discusses the mechanics of normal breathing and ventilation, as well as the components, controls, phases and physiological principles of mechanical ventilation. It provides indications for mechanical ventilation and factors that affect ventilation such as lung compliance, airway resistance, and work of breathing.
The document provides an overview of human respiratory physiology. It discusses the mechanics of breathing including pressure relationships and factors that influence lung movement. It describes the processes of inspiration and expiration, how gas exchange occurs in the lungs and blood, and the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. Key concepts covered include lung volumes and capacities, chemical regulation of breathing, and effects of exercise and altitude on respiration. Disease states like COPD and lung cancer are also summarized.
The document summarizes key aspects of the respiratory system. It describes the lungs and their lobes, as well as the anatomical position of the heart and lungs. It then defines and provides values for several lung volumes, including tidal volume, residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. It also mentions dead space and describes some common obstructive lung diseases like asthma, chronic bronchitis, and COPD.
This document provides information on respiratory physiology including lung anatomy, mechanics of breathing, gas exchange, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, and related concepts. Key points covered include the lobes of the lungs, the layers of mucus in the respiratory epithelium, the muscles involved in breathing, definitions of various lung volumes, the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, factors affecting gas diffusion, and the roles of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and bicarbonate buffering in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
1. Lung Volumes and Capacities
Measurement of lung volumes provides a tool for understanding normal function of the lungs as
well as disease states. The breathing cycle is initiated by expansion of the chest. Contraction of
the diaphragm causes it to flatten downward. If chest muscles are used, the ribs expand outward.
The resulting increase in chest volume creates a negative pressure that draws air in through the
nose and mouth. Normal exhalation is passive, resulting from “recoil” of the chest wall,
diaphragm, and lung tissue.
In normal breathing at rest, approximately one-tenth of the total lung capacity is used. Greater
amounts are used as needed (i.e., with exercise). The following terms are used to describe lung
volumes (see Figure 1):
Tidal Volume (TV): The volume of air breathed in and out without
conscious effort
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with
maximum effort after a normal inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The additional volume of air that can be forcibly
exhaled after normal exhalation
Vital Capacity (VC): The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a
maximum inhalation: VC = TV + IRV + ERV
Residual Volume (RV): The volume of air remaining in the lungs after
maximum exhalation (the lungs can never be
completely emptied)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC): = VC + RV
Minute Ventilation: The volume of air breathed in 1 minute:
(TV)(breaths/minute)
Figure 1
In this experiment, you will measure lung volumes during normal breathing and with maximum
effort. You will correlate lung volumes with a variety of clinical scenarios.
2. OBJECTIVES
In this experiment, you will
Obtain graphical representation of lung capacities and volumes.
Compare lung volumes between males and females.
Correlate lung volumes with clinical conditions.
MATERIALS
computer disposable mouthpiece
Vernier computer interface disposable bacterial filter
Logger Pro nose clip
Vernier Spirometer
PROCEDURE
Important: Do not attempt this experiment if you are currently suffering from a respiratory
ailment such as the cold or flu.
1. Connect the Spirometer to the Vernier computer interface. Open the file “19 Lung Volumes”
from the Human Physiology with Vernierfolder.
2. Attach the larger diameter side of a bacterial filter to the “Inlet” side of the Spirometer.
Attach a gray disposable mouthpiece to the other end of the bacterial filter (see Figure 2).
Figure 2
3. Hold the Spirometer in one or both hands. Brace your arm(s) against a solid surface, such as
a table, and click to zero the sensor. Note: The Spirometer must be held straight up
and down, as in Figure 2, and not moved during data collection.
4. Collect inhalation and exhalation data.
a. Put on the nose plug.
b. Click to begin data collection.
c. Taking normal breaths, begin data collection with an inhalation and continue to breathe in
and out. After 4 cycles of normal inspirations and expirations fill your lungs as deeply as
possible (maximum inspiration) and exhale as fully as possible (maximum expiration). It
is essential that maximum effort be expended when performing tests of lung volumes.
d. Follow this with at least one additional recovery breath.
5. Click to end data collection.
3. 6. Click the Next Page button, , to see the lung volume
data.If the baseline on your graph has drifted, use the
Baseline Adjustment feature to bring the baseline volumes
closer to zero, as in Figure 3.
7. Select a representative peak and valley in the Tidal Volume
portion of your graph. Place the cursor on the peak and
click and drag down to the valley that follows it. Enter the
y value displayed in the lower left corner of the graph to
the nearest 0.1 L as Tidal Volume in Table 1. Figure 3
8. Move the cursor to the peak that represents your maximum inspiration. Click and drag down
the side of the peak until you reach the level of the peaks graphed during normal breathing.
Enter the y value displayed in the lower left corner of the graph to the nearest 0.1 L as
Inspiratory Reserve Volume in Table 1.
9. Move the cursor to the valley that represents your maximum expiration. Click and drag up
the side of the peak until you reach the level of the valleys graphed during normal breathing.
Enter the y value displayed in the lower left corner of the graph to the nearest 0.1 L as
Expiratory Reserve Volume in Table 1.
10. Calculate the Vital Capacity and enter the total to the nearest 0.1 L in Table 1.
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
11. Calculate the Total Lung Capacity and enter the total to the nearest 0.1 L in Table 1. (Use the
value of 1.5 L for the RV.)
TLC = VC + RV
12. Share your data with your classmates and complete the Class Average columns in Table 1.
DATA
Table 1
Class average Class average
Volume measurement
Individual (L) (Male) (Female)
(L)
(L) (L)
Tidal Volume (TV) .2 .2 .1
Inspiratory Reserve (IRV) .2 .5 .1
Expiratory Reserve .3 .4 .2
(ERV)
Vital Capacity (VC) .4 1.1 .4
Residual Volume (RV) ≈1.5 ≈1.5 ≈1.5
4. Total Lung Capacity 2.6 2.6 1.9
(TLC)
DATA ANALYSIS
1. What was your Tidal Volume (TV)? What would you expect your TV to be if you inhaled a
foreign object which completely obstructed your right mainstem bronchus?
If a foreign object was inhaled and it obstructed my right mainstem I would expect my tidal
volume to be half of the original total.
2. Describe the difference between lung volumes for males and females. What might account
for this?
The males IRV an ERV are higher than the females. My reasoning for the cause is because of the
large anatomical differences between males and females. Males have a greater muscle mass
which leads to the need of more oxygen.
3. Calculate your Minute Volume at rest.
(TV breaths/minute) = Minute Volume at rest
If you are taking shallow breaths (TV = 0.20 L) to avoid severe pain from rib fractures, what
respiratory rate will be required to achieve the same minute volume?
0.2x 14= 2.8
If a person were taking shallow breaths their breathing rate would increase to compensate for the
decreased tidal volume.
4. Exposure to occupational hazards such as coal dust, silica dust, and asbestos may lead to
fibrosis, or scarring of lung tissue. With this condition, the lungs become stiff and have more
“recoil.” What would happen to TLC and VC under these conditions?
They would both decrease because the lungs are not able to properly expand, therefore the
breathing rate would need to increase to compensate.
5. In severe emphysema there is destruction of lung tissue and reduced recoil. What would you
expect to happen to TLC and VC?
The VC would decrease, because the person is not able to properly exhale the air in their lungs.
The TLC would remain the same due to an increased residual volume of air that is unable to
be exhaled.
6. What would you expect to happen to your Expiratory Reserve Volume when you are treading
water in a lake?
5. Because you are exercising your body is compensating and trying to get more oxygen throughout
your body. Your ERV is going to lessen because you have less depth to generate expiration
from.