This document discusses how the theoretical peak throughput of 300 Mbps for LTE systems is calculated. It provides background information on key aspects of the LTE physical layer that influence throughput calculations, including bandwidth, modulation schemes, coding rates, and duplexing methods. The document then examines the calculations for theoretical throughput for both Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) LTE systems.
RRC protocols in LTE help manage radio resources and signaling between the UE and network. Key aspects include:
1. RRC defines two UE states - RRC_CONNECTED for active data transfer and RRC_IDLE for idle/paging.
2. Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) carry RRC and NAS messages using different logical channels.
3. System information is broadcast on common channels, informing UEs of network configurations and neighbor cells.
4. Handover between cells is supported through the X2 interface for intra-LTE handovers and inter-RAT handovers to other technologies like UMTS or GSM.
The document discusses Inter-Radio Access Technology (IRAT) handover and cell change, which allows the transition of 3G voice and data services between WCDMA and GSM networks to maintain connections and prevent dropped calls. It describes the IRAT handover evaluation process based on UE measurement reports and covers topics like coverage monitoring, event reporting, parameters, handover sequences, cell change procedures, and directed retry to offload traffic between networks.
The document discusses an LTE training course agenda presented by the OAI Project Team. It covers topics including LTE overview, channels in LTE, cell search procedure, system information, and random access procedure. For each topic, it provides outlines, descriptions, and diagrams. The random access procedure section explains its main purpose is to achieve uplink synchronization and assign a unique UE identifier C-RNTI.
This document specifies 5G RRC parameters including message definitions and information elements for timers, counters, constants, and UE variables. It defines RRC messages that may be sent on different logical channels and provides descriptions of message fields. It also specifies bandwidth part configurations, measurement reporting, reconfiguration messages, and beam failure recovery resources.
The document discusses mobility management in LTE networks. It covers connected mode mobility including an overview of mobility triggers and handover thresholds, measurement configuration, intra-frequency handovers, inter-frequency handovers, and inter-RAT handovers. It also discusses idle mode mobility including system information blocks and cell selection procedures for intra-frequency, inter-frequency, and inter-RAT mobility. The presentation provides details on the different mobility management procedures and configuration parameters in LTE networks.
This document provides an overview of the LTE physical channel structure and procedures between the eNB and UE. It describes the LTE architecture and introduces the main physical channels including downlink channels like PBCH, PDCCH, PDSCH and uplink channels like PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH. It explains the channel mapping and provides examples of the initial access procedure and synchronization signal transmission. Key concepts covered are radio interface protocol stacks, channel coding, multiple access, and reference signals.
The document provides information on the fundamentals and evolution of 3G mobile communication standards. It discusses:
- 1st generation standards including AMPS, TACS, NMT, and others operating between 30-200 KHz.
- 2nd generation standards including GSM, IS-136, IS-95, and PDC operating at 200 KHz, utilizing TDMA and early digital technologies.
- UMTS (3G) evolution through 3GPP releases, utilizing WCDMA technology, and achieving speeds up to 2 Mbps through improvements like HSPA and LTE.
RRC protocols in LTE help manage radio resources and signaling between the UE and network. Key aspects include:
1. RRC defines two UE states - RRC_CONNECTED for active data transfer and RRC_IDLE for idle/paging.
2. Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) carry RRC and NAS messages using different logical channels.
3. System information is broadcast on common channels, informing UEs of network configurations and neighbor cells.
4. Handover between cells is supported through the X2 interface for intra-LTE handovers and inter-RAT handovers to other technologies like UMTS or GSM.
The document discusses Inter-Radio Access Technology (IRAT) handover and cell change, which allows the transition of 3G voice and data services between WCDMA and GSM networks to maintain connections and prevent dropped calls. It describes the IRAT handover evaluation process based on UE measurement reports and covers topics like coverage monitoring, event reporting, parameters, handover sequences, cell change procedures, and directed retry to offload traffic between networks.
The document discusses an LTE training course agenda presented by the OAI Project Team. It covers topics including LTE overview, channels in LTE, cell search procedure, system information, and random access procedure. For each topic, it provides outlines, descriptions, and diagrams. The random access procedure section explains its main purpose is to achieve uplink synchronization and assign a unique UE identifier C-RNTI.
This document specifies 5G RRC parameters including message definitions and information elements for timers, counters, constants, and UE variables. It defines RRC messages that may be sent on different logical channels and provides descriptions of message fields. It also specifies bandwidth part configurations, measurement reporting, reconfiguration messages, and beam failure recovery resources.
The document discusses mobility management in LTE networks. It covers connected mode mobility including an overview of mobility triggers and handover thresholds, measurement configuration, intra-frequency handovers, inter-frequency handovers, and inter-RAT handovers. It also discusses idle mode mobility including system information blocks and cell selection procedures for intra-frequency, inter-frequency, and inter-RAT mobility. The presentation provides details on the different mobility management procedures and configuration parameters in LTE networks.
This document provides an overview of the LTE physical channel structure and procedures between the eNB and UE. It describes the LTE architecture and introduces the main physical channels including downlink channels like PBCH, PDCCH, PDSCH and uplink channels like PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH. It explains the channel mapping and provides examples of the initial access procedure and synchronization signal transmission. Key concepts covered are radio interface protocol stacks, channel coding, multiple access, and reference signals.
The document provides information on the fundamentals and evolution of 3G mobile communication standards. It discusses:
- 1st generation standards including AMPS, TACS, NMT, and others operating between 30-200 KHz.
- 2nd generation standards including GSM, IS-136, IS-95, and PDC operating at 200 KHz, utilizing TDMA and early digital technologies.
- UMTS (3G) evolution through 3GPP releases, utilizing WCDMA technology, and achieving speeds up to 2 Mbps through improvements like HSPA and LTE.
The document discusses the random access channel (RACH) procedure in LTE networks. It covers:
1) The RACH procedure is used for initial access and synchronization between the UE and network. The physical random access channel (PRACH) is used to perform the initial access.
2) The RACH procedure is performed in scenarios like initial access, re-establishment, handover, and when uplink synchronization is lost.
3) The document provides details on the different steps of the contention-based and non-contention based RACH procedures.
The document provides an overview of GSM RF interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the three services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM-900 and DCS-1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces (Um, Abis, A), LAPD and LAPDm, WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping types, DTX, DRX, gross data rate, Erlangs and grade of service, coverage differences between GSM900 and DCS1800, time advance, location area and location update
The document discusses LTE system signaling procedures. It begins with objectives of understanding LTE architecture, elementary procedures of interfaces like S1, X2 and Uu, and procedures for service setup, release and handover. It then covers topics like system architecture, bearer service architecture, elementary procedures on Uu including connection establishment and release, and procedures on S1 and X2 interfaces. The document aims to help readers understand LTE signaling flows and procedures.
LTE Basic Parameters, Data Rates, Duplexing & Accessing, Modulation, Coding & MIMO, Explanation of different nodes and Advantage & Disadvantages of different nodes.
WCDMA uses an OSI model with 7 layers. The lower 3 layers - physical, data link, and network layers - are most important for WCDMA. The physical layer uses different physical channels to transmit data over the air interface. Logical channels define how data is transferred, transport channels define how data is transmitted, and physical channels carry payload data and define signal characteristics. There are three types of channels - logical, transport, and physical - that work together to transmit various types of control and traffic data between the UE and base station.
The document discusses LTE uplink power control. It describes that uplink power control uses both open-loop and closed-loop mechanisms. Open-loop power control estimates path loss to set the initial transmission power, while closed-loop allows the network to directly control transmission power through power control commands. Power control helps reduce interference, maximize data rates, and prolong UE battery life by adjusting transmission power on a subframe basis.
The document discusses various LTE measurement parameters and procedures including:
1. The eNB reports a list of detected PRACH preambles and measures timing advance, average RSSI, average SINR, UL CSI, and transport BLER for RRM purposes.
2. UE measurements include CQI, RSRP, and RSRQ while eNB measurements include timing advance, RSSI, SINR, UL CSI, detected preambles, and transport BLER. Inter-RAT measurements are also discussed.
3. Examples of RSRP, RSRQ, and timing advance procedures are provided along with CQI measurement details. PLMN selection, cell selection,
This document provides an overview of RRC procedures in LTE, including:
1. Key differences from 3G include simplified RRC states (connected/idle instead of multiple states), single shared MAC entity, and elimination of common/dedicated channels.
2. RRC functions like system information broadcasting, connection control, configuration of signaling radio bearers, and measurement reporting.
3. Core RRC procedures like paging, connection establishment, reconfiguration, and handover are described at a high-level. Paging is simplified compared to 3G which had multiple paging types.
The document summarizes LTE procedures including cell search, cell selection, cell re-selection, tracking area updates, paging, random access channel procedure, mobility handovers between X2 and S1, and handover events. The cell search procedure detects downlink synchronization using two channels, the primary and secondary synchronization channels, which are always located in the center of the available spectrum. The random access channel procedure involves the UE sending preambles, receiving a response indicating resources to use for signaling and data transmission on an uplink channel.
This document provides an overview of radio network design for rollouts, including configuration of parameter structures, site configuration, mobility configuration, and neighbors configuration. It discusses organizing parameters into managed object classes with a hierarchical structure. Major sections cover defining radio modules and cells, antenna line configuration, frequency configuration, and adding new objects. Configuration of idle and connected mode mobility parameters and system information blocks is also addressed.
The document discusses HSPA MAC-centric technologies including HSDPA and HSUPA. It provides an overview of 3GPP UMTS evolution from Release 5 to Release 8, which introduced HSDPA and HSUPA to improve peak data rates and reduce latency. It describes key aspects of HSPA such as the location of MAC-hs at the Node B to enable fast scheduling and HARQ, as well as transport and physical channels used in HSDPA and HSUPA like HS-DSCH, E-DCH, HS-SCCH, and HS-DPCCH. It also covers flow control between the Node B and RNC and enhancements introduced in Release 6.
This document provides suggestions to help operators reduce call setup time (CST) in benchmark tests. It describes enhancements that can be made to WCDMA RAN, LTE RAN, EPC, IMS, MSS and UDM networks. For each enhancement, it discusses the impacted domains, pros, cons, dependencies and references. The primary focus is on improving CST without compromising network performance. Local teams should evaluate which enhancements fit their specific network conditions and priorities.
This is presentation by Keysight technologies on 5G NR Dynamic Spectrum Sharing. Very well articulated presentation as always by Keysight. Details on the 3GPP support for NR DSS implementation in LTE bands in Rel 15 and Rel 16.
This document describes the design of an LTE network optimization project by a group of students from Taiz University. It includes an introduction to LTE, the network planning process, and LTE system architecture. The network planning section discusses coverage planning including link budget calculations and propagation models, as well as capacity planning considering factors like interference levels and supported modulation schemes. The document also provides an overview of LTE system architecture components including the user equipment, E-UTRAN, EPC, and functions of each. It concludes with a section on LTE radio frequency optimization methods.
The document discusses LTE network architecture including nodes like the eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW, and their functions. It also outlines the basic LTE call flows for initial call setup, detach procedures, idle-to-active transitions, and handovers. Key call flow steps include attach request, authentication, context setup, and establishment of bearers between the UE and PDN gateway.
1. The document provides Huawei's mobility strategy recommendations for Maxis' LTE network, which involves LTE, UMTS, and GSM networks.
2. The strategy addresses cell selection and reselection procedures in both idle and connected modes between the different RATs and frequencies. It aims to optimize coverage and load balancing through configuration of various priority and threshold parameters.
3. Over multiple revisions from 2012 to 2018, the strategy has been updated based on trials and discussions between Maxis and Huawei to refine the parameter settings and push more users to preferred frequencies like L2600.
Ericsson 2 g ran optimization complete trainingsekit123
This document provides an overview of Ericsson 2G RAN optimization training. It outlines the purpose of the training, which is to give an overview of Ericsson hardware capabilities and limitations and provide an in-depth introduction to optimization processes and features. The document summarizes key hardware such as BSCs, RBSs, TRUs, and CDUs as well as concepts like channel allocation profiles and quality measurement. It also lists common Ericsson optimization tools.
CE resources are a type of hardware resource in NodeBs that measure channel demodulation capabilities. The number of CEs supported by a NodeB determines how many users and what types of services it can support. CEs are managed jointly by the RNC and NodeB to ensure resources are used properly. The number of CEs consumed depends on the type of service and can be calculated based on mappings provided in the document.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
Factors affecting lte throughput and calculation methodologyAbhijeet Kumar
This document discusses LTE throughput calculation and application in wireless rollout projects. It provides a history of LTE development and commercialization. It then explains factors that impact LTE throughput calculations including frequency bandwidth, resource blocks, modulation schemes, coding rates, UE categories, and MIMO capabilities. The document demonstrates calculations for theoretical peak throughput in different scenarios and factors that should be considered in LTE network planning and deployment projects.
The document discusses the random access channel (RACH) procedure in LTE networks. It covers:
1) The RACH procedure is used for initial access and synchronization between the UE and network. The physical random access channel (PRACH) is used to perform the initial access.
2) The RACH procedure is performed in scenarios like initial access, re-establishment, handover, and when uplink synchronization is lost.
3) The document provides details on the different steps of the contention-based and non-contention based RACH procedures.
The document provides an overview of GSM RF interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the three services offered by GSM (teleservices, bearer services, and supplementary services), spectrum allocation for GSM-900 and DCS-1800, carrier frequencies and separation, ciphering and authentication algorithms, equalization, interleaving, speech coding, channel coding, frequency reuse, cell splitting, interfaces (Um, Abis, A), LAPD and LAPDm, WPS, MA, MAIO, frequency hopping types, DTX, DRX, gross data rate, Erlangs and grade of service, coverage differences between GSM900 and DCS1800, time advance, location area and location update
The document discusses LTE system signaling procedures. It begins with objectives of understanding LTE architecture, elementary procedures of interfaces like S1, X2 and Uu, and procedures for service setup, release and handover. It then covers topics like system architecture, bearer service architecture, elementary procedures on Uu including connection establishment and release, and procedures on S1 and X2 interfaces. The document aims to help readers understand LTE signaling flows and procedures.
LTE Basic Parameters, Data Rates, Duplexing & Accessing, Modulation, Coding & MIMO, Explanation of different nodes and Advantage & Disadvantages of different nodes.
WCDMA uses an OSI model with 7 layers. The lower 3 layers - physical, data link, and network layers - are most important for WCDMA. The physical layer uses different physical channels to transmit data over the air interface. Logical channels define how data is transferred, transport channels define how data is transmitted, and physical channels carry payload data and define signal characteristics. There are three types of channels - logical, transport, and physical - that work together to transmit various types of control and traffic data between the UE and base station.
The document discusses LTE uplink power control. It describes that uplink power control uses both open-loop and closed-loop mechanisms. Open-loop power control estimates path loss to set the initial transmission power, while closed-loop allows the network to directly control transmission power through power control commands. Power control helps reduce interference, maximize data rates, and prolong UE battery life by adjusting transmission power on a subframe basis.
The document discusses various LTE measurement parameters and procedures including:
1. The eNB reports a list of detected PRACH preambles and measures timing advance, average RSSI, average SINR, UL CSI, and transport BLER for RRM purposes.
2. UE measurements include CQI, RSRP, and RSRQ while eNB measurements include timing advance, RSSI, SINR, UL CSI, detected preambles, and transport BLER. Inter-RAT measurements are also discussed.
3. Examples of RSRP, RSRQ, and timing advance procedures are provided along with CQI measurement details. PLMN selection, cell selection,
This document provides an overview of RRC procedures in LTE, including:
1. Key differences from 3G include simplified RRC states (connected/idle instead of multiple states), single shared MAC entity, and elimination of common/dedicated channels.
2. RRC functions like system information broadcasting, connection control, configuration of signaling radio bearers, and measurement reporting.
3. Core RRC procedures like paging, connection establishment, reconfiguration, and handover are described at a high-level. Paging is simplified compared to 3G which had multiple paging types.
The document summarizes LTE procedures including cell search, cell selection, cell re-selection, tracking area updates, paging, random access channel procedure, mobility handovers between X2 and S1, and handover events. The cell search procedure detects downlink synchronization using two channels, the primary and secondary synchronization channels, which are always located in the center of the available spectrum. The random access channel procedure involves the UE sending preambles, receiving a response indicating resources to use for signaling and data transmission on an uplink channel.
This document provides an overview of radio network design for rollouts, including configuration of parameter structures, site configuration, mobility configuration, and neighbors configuration. It discusses organizing parameters into managed object classes with a hierarchical structure. Major sections cover defining radio modules and cells, antenna line configuration, frequency configuration, and adding new objects. Configuration of idle and connected mode mobility parameters and system information blocks is also addressed.
The document discusses HSPA MAC-centric technologies including HSDPA and HSUPA. It provides an overview of 3GPP UMTS evolution from Release 5 to Release 8, which introduced HSDPA and HSUPA to improve peak data rates and reduce latency. It describes key aspects of HSPA such as the location of MAC-hs at the Node B to enable fast scheduling and HARQ, as well as transport and physical channels used in HSDPA and HSUPA like HS-DSCH, E-DCH, HS-SCCH, and HS-DPCCH. It also covers flow control between the Node B and RNC and enhancements introduced in Release 6.
This document provides suggestions to help operators reduce call setup time (CST) in benchmark tests. It describes enhancements that can be made to WCDMA RAN, LTE RAN, EPC, IMS, MSS and UDM networks. For each enhancement, it discusses the impacted domains, pros, cons, dependencies and references. The primary focus is on improving CST without compromising network performance. Local teams should evaluate which enhancements fit their specific network conditions and priorities.
This is presentation by Keysight technologies on 5G NR Dynamic Spectrum Sharing. Very well articulated presentation as always by Keysight. Details on the 3GPP support for NR DSS implementation in LTE bands in Rel 15 and Rel 16.
This document describes the design of an LTE network optimization project by a group of students from Taiz University. It includes an introduction to LTE, the network planning process, and LTE system architecture. The network planning section discusses coverage planning including link budget calculations and propagation models, as well as capacity planning considering factors like interference levels and supported modulation schemes. The document also provides an overview of LTE system architecture components including the user equipment, E-UTRAN, EPC, and functions of each. It concludes with a section on LTE radio frequency optimization methods.
The document discusses LTE network architecture including nodes like the eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW, and their functions. It also outlines the basic LTE call flows for initial call setup, detach procedures, idle-to-active transitions, and handovers. Key call flow steps include attach request, authentication, context setup, and establishment of bearers between the UE and PDN gateway.
1. The document provides Huawei's mobility strategy recommendations for Maxis' LTE network, which involves LTE, UMTS, and GSM networks.
2. The strategy addresses cell selection and reselection procedures in both idle and connected modes between the different RATs and frequencies. It aims to optimize coverage and load balancing through configuration of various priority and threshold parameters.
3. Over multiple revisions from 2012 to 2018, the strategy has been updated based on trials and discussions between Maxis and Huawei to refine the parameter settings and push more users to preferred frequencies like L2600.
Ericsson 2 g ran optimization complete trainingsekit123
This document provides an overview of Ericsson 2G RAN optimization training. It outlines the purpose of the training, which is to give an overview of Ericsson hardware capabilities and limitations and provide an in-depth introduction to optimization processes and features. The document summarizes key hardware such as BSCs, RBSs, TRUs, and CDUs as well as concepts like channel allocation profiles and quality measurement. It also lists common Ericsson optimization tools.
CE resources are a type of hardware resource in NodeBs that measure channel demodulation capabilities. The number of CEs supported by a NodeB determines how many users and what types of services it can support. CEs are managed jointly by the RNC and NodeB to ensure resources are used properly. The number of CEs consumed depends on the type of service and can be calculated based on mappings provided in the document.
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput 300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate for calculations
Factors affecting lte throughput and calculation methodologyAbhijeet Kumar
This document discusses LTE throughput calculation and application in wireless rollout projects. It provides a history of LTE development and commercialization. It then explains factors that impact LTE throughput calculations including frequency bandwidth, resource blocks, modulation schemes, coding rates, UE categories, and MIMO capabilities. The document demonstrates calculations for theoretical peak throughput in different scenarios and factors that should be considered in LTE network planning and deployment projects.
4G LTE uses technologies like OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO to provide peak download rates of 100 Mbps and upload rates of 50 Mbps, with low latency. It employs an all-IP packet switched network with scalable channel bandwidth between 5-20 MHz. The LTE network architecture consists solely of evolved NodeBs which simplify the design.
This document summarizes a presentation on 4G technology. It begins by outlining earlier wireless technologies like 1G, 2G, and 3G. It then defines 4G as characterized by high-speed data rates up to 100 Mbps for mobile users and 1 Gbps for stationary users. Key technologies that enable 4G are described like MIMO antennas, IPv6, VoIP, OFDM, and software-defined radio. Applications and advantages of 4G include support for multimedia, global access, and improved spectral efficiency. Challenges in fully realizing 4G capabilities are also discussed.
This document outlines an agenda for a presentation on LTE basics and advanced topics. The presentation will cover LTE fundamentals including frame structures, reference signals, physical channels, signal processing architecture, and UE categories. It will then discuss advanced LTE topics such as MIMO modes, precoding techniques, CQI reporting, and LTE-Advanced developments. Diagrams and explanations are provided on key aspects of the LTE physical layer such as OFDMA transmission schemes, frame formats, reference signal patterns, and the transmitter and receiver processing chains.
This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. Key aspects of RF optimization covered include preparing for optimization by collecting data, analyzing problems related to coverage, signal quality and handover success rate, and adjusting parameters like transmit power, antenna tilts and neighboring cell configurations. Common issues addressed are weak coverage, coverage holes, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage between cells. Optimization methods and specific cases are presented to resolve different problems.
Lte training an introduction-to-lte-basicsSaurabh Verma
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. It discusses that LTE was standardized by 3GPP in 2008 to improve the performance and efficiency of wireless networks. Key aspects of LTE include the use of OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, support for flexible bandwidths, and an evolved packet core network architecture. LTE aims to provide higher speeds, lower latency, and more efficient use of spectrum compared to previous 3G technologies.
Duplexing mode, ARB and modulation approaches parameters affection on LTE upl...IJECEIAES
The next generation of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile networks. LTE is the first technology designed explicitly for the Next Generation Network NGN and is set to become the de-facto NGN mobile access network standard. It takes advantage of the NGN's capabilities to provide an always-on mobile data experience comparable to wired networks. In this paper LTE uplink waveforms displayed with various duplexing mode, Allocated Resources Blocks ARB, Modulation types and total information per frame, QPSK and 16 QAM used as modulation techniques and tested under AWGN and Rayleigh channels, similarity and interference of the generated waveforms tested using auto-correlation and cross-correlation respectively.
Some questions and answers on lte radio interfaceThananan numatti
The document contains questions and answers about LTE radio interface concepts. It discusses:
- How the UE is scheduled via the PDCCH containing DCI messages for uplink/downlink scheduling.
- That PDCP is located in the eNodeB and handles encryption, header compression, and reordering at handover.
- That a resource block occupies 12 subcarriers and one time slot of 0.5ms in the frequency and time domains.
Survey on scheduling and radio resources allocation in lteijngnjournal
- The document discusses scheduling and radio resource allocation in LTE networks. It focuses on the radio resource manager (RRM) element in LTE that performs admission control and packet scheduling.
- Several scheduling algorithms are proposed for both uplink and downlink directions, including proportional fair, EXP-PF, round robin, max-min fair, and algorithms that aim to maximize throughput or support quality of service requirements.
- The paper provides an overview of these scheduling algorithms, evaluates their performance, and offers criticism on how to best allocate radio resources in LTE networks.
This document provides an overview of the LTE uplink transmission scheme, specifically the use of Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA). SC-FDMA is used instead of OFDMA in the uplink to reduce the high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of OFDMA. The document describes the SC-FDMA transmission process, including discrete Fourier transforms, subcarrier mapping, and frame structure. It also discusses localized and distributed subcarrier mapping schemes and presents results from a PAPR analysis comparing the schemes. Finally, an adaptive hybrid mapping scheme is proposed to achieve good transmission performance with low PAPR.
This document provides an overview of LTE networks and technology. It discusses key aspects of LTE including peak data rates of 50-100 Mbps, reduced latency under 10ms, OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, support for bandwidths from 1.4-20 MHz, and mobility support up to 350km/h. It also examines the architecture including elements such as the eNodeB, MME, S-GW, P-GW, and interfaces such as S1, X2.
Macro with pico cells (hetnets) system behaviour using well known scheduling ...ijwmn
This paper demonstrates the concept of using Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) to improve Long Term Evolution (LTE) system by introducing the LTE Advance (LTE-A). The type of HetNets that has been chosen for this study is Macro with Pico cells. Comparing the system performance with and without Pico cells has clearly illustrated using three well-known scheduling algorithms (Proportional Fair PF, Maximum Largest Weighted Delay First MLWDF and Exponential/Proportional Fair EXP/PF). The system is judged based on throughput, Packet Loss Ratio PLR, delay and fairness.. A simulation platform called LTE-Sim has been used to collect the data and produce the paper’s outcomes and graphs. The results prove that adding Pico cells enhances the overall system performance. From the simulation outcomes, the overall system performance is as follows: throughput is duplicated or tripled based on the number of users, the PLR is almost quartered, the delay is nearly reduced ten times (PF case) and changed to be a half (MLWDF/EXP cases), and the fairness stays closer to value of 1. It is considered an efficient and cost effective way to increase the throughput, coverage and reduce the latency.
Turbo codes are error-correcting codes with performance that is close to the
Shannon theoretical limit (SHA). The motivation for using turbo codes is
that the codes are an appealing mix of a random appearance on the channel
and a physically realizable decoding structure. The communication systems
have the problem of latency, fast switching, and reliable data transfer. The
objective of the research paper is to design and turbo encoder and decoder
hardware chip and analyze its performance. Two convolutional codes are
concatenated concurrently and detached by an interleaver or permuter in the
turbo encoder. The expected data from the channel is interpreted iteratively
using the two related decoders. The soft (probabilistic) data about an
individual bit of the decoded structure is passed in each cycle from one
elementary decoder to the next, and this information is updated regularly.
The performance of the chip is also verified using the maximum a posteriori
(MAP) method in the decoder chip. The performance of field-programmable
gate array (FPGA) hardware is evaluated using hardware and timing
parameters extracted from Xilinx ISE 14.7. The parallel concatenation offers
a better global rate for the same component code performance, and reduced
delay, low hardware complexity, and higher frequency support.
QOS-B ASED P ERFORMANCE E VALUATION OF C HANNEL -A WARE /QOS-A WARE S CHEDULI...csandit
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is defined by the Third G
eneration Partnership Project (3GPP)
standards as Release 8/9. The LTE supports at max 2
0 MHz channel bandwidth for a carrier.
The number of LTE users and their applications are
increasing, which increases the demand on
the system BW. A new feature of the LTE-Advanced (L
TE-A) which is defined in the 3GPP
standards as Release 10/11 is called Carrier Aggreg
ation (CA), this feature allows the network
to aggregate more carriers in-order to provide a hi
gher bandwidth. Carrier Aggregation has
three main cases: Intra-band contiguous, Intra-band
non-contiguous, Inter-band contiguous.
The main contribution of this paper was in implemen
ting the Intra-band contiguous case by
modifying the LTE-Sim-5, then evaluating the Qualit
y of Service (QoS) performance of the
Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF), the
Exponential Rule (Exp-Rule), and the
Logarithmic Rule (Log-Rule) scheduling algorithms
QOS-B ASED P ERFORMANCE E VALUATION OF C HANNEL -A WARE /QOS-A WARE S CHEDULI...csandit
This document evaluates the quality of service performance of three channel-aware/QoS-aware scheduling algorithms (Modified Largest Weighted Delay First, Exponential Rule, Logarithmic Rule) for video applications over LTE and LTE-Advanced networks. It first provides background on LTE network architecture and operation. It then describes how the simulator was modified to implement carrier aggregation in LTE-Advanced, allowing evaluation of scheduling performance with increased bandwidth. Simulation results show that carrier aggregation improved average throughput, reduced packet loss and delay, and increased fairness compared to LTE without aggregation.
Performance Analysis of MIMO-LTE for MQAM over Fading ChannelsIOSRJECE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) wireless standards which uses the standard OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation, MU-MIMO (Multiuser Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and different multipath fading models. LTE uses the spectrum more efficiently to deliver high speed data. This paper characterizes the downlink performance of LTE. The MIMO technology which provides high data rate applications to the users made a breakthrough in wireless communication and is defined in the LTE standard. The performance is characterized in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate). In this paper the LTE system is modelled and simulated using MATLAB and the BER for 2×2 and 4×4 MIMO-LTE using 16QAM and 64QAM modulation schemes for Rayleigh fading environment are obtained against different SNR values.
This document discusses the performance evaluation of 4G LTE-SCFDMA schemes under different channel models. It provides an overview of LTE fundamentals and specifications, including bandwidths, data rates, frame structure and resource blocks. It also explains SCFDMA, describing its advantages over OFDMA in terms of lower peak-to-average power ratio and improved power efficiency. The document evaluates SCFDMA system performance using two equalization methods (zero forcing and MMSE) and two subcarrier mapping techniques (localized and distributed) under ITU and SUI channel models. The results show better performance with localized mapping and MMSE equalization.
LTE Network is the common mobile technology these days around the world and all service providers seek to how improve the network capacity and deliver the best performance in terms of delivered data rates and coverage area. LTE network consists of many protocols that work together to establish network connectivity, these protocols add variable headers that contains many control information that the network needs to operate. At the same time these headers decrease the effective capacity of the network, so there is a need to optimize the overhead size that used in various channels. The study will illustrate the different overheads that effect on the network capacity and investigate the effect of different values on achieving the best network capacity.
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract: The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference. In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB. Keywords - CC, CP, CR, OFDMA, PHY Layer, WRAN
Performance Improvement of IEEE 802.22 WRAN Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract: The spectrum available for the wireless services is limited, the increased demand of wireless
application has put a lot of limitations on the utilization of available radio spectrum. For the efficient spectrum
utilization for wireless application IEEE 802.22 standard i.e. WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Network) is
developed which is based on cognitive radio technique that senses the free available spectrum. It allows sharing
of geographically unused channels allocated to the TV Broadcast Service, without interference.
In this paper we are evaluating the performance of WRAN over physical layer with QPSK, 16-QAM
and 64-QAM modulation with Convolution coding with code rate of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 and obtaining the BER
curves for rician channel. Simulation is performed in MATLAB.
Keywords - CC, CP, CR, OFDMA, PHY Layer, WRAN
The document provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology. It discusses that LTE is the next generation mobile network standard that uses an all-IP flat network architecture. LTE networks employ OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink. Key performance targets of LTE include peak data rates of over 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink, low latency, and improved spectrum efficiency. The document also outlines the LTE network architecture including components like the eNodeB, MME, SGW, and PGW.
Implementation of High Speed OFDM Transceiver using FPGAMangaiK4
Abstract - Proficient, multi mode and re-configurable architecture of interleaver/de-interleaver for multiple standards, like DVB, OFDM and WLAN is presented. Interleaver plays vital role in 4G technologies to recover symbols from burst errors. The aim of our work is to design a reconfigurable modulation technique called Adaptive modulation scheme uses QAM, QPSK and BPSK modulation that adapt themselves based on channel Signal to Noise ratio. Subcarrier allocation algorithm specifically used to focus on utilizing channels with high gains. Our proposed model can achieves a data rate of min 2.5 Gbps as per 3GPP standard by adaptive modulation technique using QAM, BPSK and QPSK.
Analysis of Women Harassment inVillages Using CETD Matrix ModalMangaiK4
Abstract-It is commonly understood that misbehavior intends to upset .Law says ,the repeated intentional misbehavior towards women is an offensive. The main concept of this paper can find something interesting that will make us reflect on what is done by women’s rights and gender equality. To solve such problem, in this paper we are interested to adopt CETD matrix.
This document analyzes the performance of the LTE physical layer under 3GPP standards parameters. It summarizes an analysis of downlink and uplink throughput for LTE operating in both FDD and TDD modes with different system bandwidths, antenna configurations, modulation schemes, and coding rates. The key results showed that LTE can support downlink throughputs up to 300Mbps with 20MHz bandwidth using MIMO 4x4, and uplink throughputs up to 75Mbps.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Lte throughput
1. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-3, Issue-12, May 2014
73
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Abstract—Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been designed to
support only packet-switched services. It aims to provide
seamless Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity between User
Equipment (UE) and the packet data network (PDN), without
any disruption to the end user’s applications during mobility.
The term LTE “Long Term Evolution” encompasses the
evolution of UMTS which is famous for high data rate because
the use of OFDMA. Many of us might have heard about LTE’s
peak throughput i.e. 300Mbps, but how many of us know how we
calculate that? This paper provides the information, how this
number is calculated? And assumptions behind? In this paper,
authors have explained the calculations of theoretical
throughput for both the LTE FDD and TDD systems.
Index Terms—LTE, Throughput, Frequency Division
Duplexing, Time Division Duplexing.
I. INTRODUCTION
Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been designed to support
only packet-switched services. It aims to provide seamless
Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity between User Equipment
(UE) and the packet data network (PDN), without any
disruption to the end user’s applications during mobility.
The term “Long Term Evolution” encompasses the evolution
of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS) radio access through the Evolved UTRAN
(E-UTRAN)
Figure 1: LTE Architecture and Its Interfaces
Manuscript received on May, 2014.
Mrs. Sonia Rathi M.tech, B.Tech is Electronics and Communication
Engineering from MDU University. Working as Assistant Professor and Head
of the Department in Electronics & Communication Engineering department at
Bhagwan Parshuram College of Engineering and research include next
generation telecommunication technologies.
Nisha Malik B.Tech in Electronics & Communication Engineering from
School of science and Engineering Khanpur Kalan , BPS Mahila University in
2012. She is pursing M.tech degree in Electronics & Communication
Engineering from Bhagwan Parshuram College of Engineering, Deenbandhu
Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology Murthal University in 2014.
Nidhi Chahal B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering from School
of NCIT Israna , Panipat. She is pursing M.tech degree in Computer Science
and Engineering from RP Indraprastha Institute of Technology Karnal,
Haryana, KUK University in 2014.
Sukhvinder Malik B.E. in Electronics and Communication Engineering
from MDU University in 2010 with honors. Having more than 3 years of
experience in LTE development industry in different fields i.e. protocol testing,
Quality Assurance.
It is accompanied by an evolution of the non-radio (Core
Network) aspects under the term “System Architecture
Evolution” (SAE), which includes the Evolved Packet Core
(EPC) network.
At a high level, the network is comprised of the Core
Network (EPC) and the access network E-UTRAN. The Core
Network consists of many logical nodes. The core network in
LTE is called Evolved Packet Core (EPC) which is
responsible for the overall control of the UE and
establishment of the bearers.
The main logical nodes of the EPC are PDN Gateway
(PGW),
Serving Gateway (S-GW), Mobility Management Entity
(MME), Home Subscriber Server (HSS), Policy Control and
Charging Rules Function (PCRF)
The access network is made up of essentially just one node,
the evolved NodeB (eNodeB), through which Connects UE to
the network.
Each of these network elements is interconnected by means
of interfaces that are standardized in order to allow
multi-vendor interoperability. This gives the possibility to
source different network elements from different vendors.
II. OVERVIEW OF LTE PHYSICAL LAYER
LTE Physical layer deals with parameters like frequency,
bandwidth, Modulation, cyclic prefix, coding rate which
plays importance in calculation of the throughput.
LTE system uses OFDMA as access technology in downlink
to increase the spectral efficiency and SC-FDMA in uplink
due to low Peak to Average Power ratio (PAPR) advantage.
LTE supports both TDD and FDD duplexing, flexible
bandwidth i.e.1.4, 3, 5,10,15,20 MHz and modulation
schemes QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM.
Later we will discuss the significance of each parameter.
III. LTE BASIC TERMINOLOGY
There are some basic terminologies of LTE system that
should be known to better understand the throughput
calculation. These are explained below:
Resource Element - The RE is the smallest unit of
transmission resource in LTE, in both uplink and downlink.
An RE consists of 1 subcarrier in the frequency domain for
duration of 1, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) or Single Carrier- FrequencyDivision Multiplexing
(SC-FDM), symbol in the time domain
Subcarrier Spacing- It is the space between the individual
sub-carriers, in LTE it is 15 KHz. There is no frequency
guard band between these subcarrier frequencies, rather a
guard Period called a Cyclic Prefix (CP) is used in the time
domain to help prevent Multipath Inter-Symbol Interference
(ISI) between subcarriers.
Cyclic Prefix - A set of samples which are duplicated from
the end of a transmitted symbol and appended cyclically to
Throughput for TDD and FDD 4 G LTE Systems
Sonia Rathi, Nisha Malik, Nidhi Chahal, Sukhvinder Malik
2. Throughput for TDD and FDD 4 G LTE Systems
74
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd.
the beginning of the symbol. This can form a type of guard
interval to absorb Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI). The cyclic
construction preserves orthogonally of the subcarriers in an
OFDM transmission.
Time slot - 0.5 ms time period of LTE frame corresponding
to 7 OFDM symbols (and 7 CPs) when Normal CP = 5 usec is
used (the standard case). And LTE 6 OFDM symbols (and 6
CPs) when the Extended CP = 17 usec is used.
Combining the above information we can now define a
Resource Block.
Resource Block - A unit of transmission resource consisting
of 12 subcarriers in the frequencydomain and 1 time slot (0.5
ms) in the time domain. So12 subcarriers x 7 symbols = 84
Resource Element (with Normal CP) makes a Resource
Block. IF extended CP is used there are 72 Resource elements
(RE). Since 12 OFDM subcarriers are used in a RB, the
bandwidth of a Resource Block is 180 KHz.
LTE Sub frame or TTI- two slots i.e. 1 ms in time.
LTE Frame - 10 ms or 10 sub frames or 20 slots.
IV. RELATION BETWEEN BANDWIDTH AND
RESOURCE BLOCK
Bandwidth directly affects the throughput. Different BWs
have different number of RBs.
Here is the calculation how to find out the numbers of
subcarriers and Resource Blocks.
10% of total bandwidth is assumed to be used for guard band.
Though 10 % guard band assumption is not valid for 1.4
MHz bandwidth.
Let’s take an example of 20MHz.
10% of 20 MHz is 2 MHz, used as guard band, thus effective
bandwidth will be 18MHz.
Number of subcarriers = 18 MHz/15KHz = 1200
Number of Resource Blocks =18 MHz/180KHz = 10
Same calculations can be done with other bandwidths to
calculate the number of subcarriers and Resource Blocks.
Same is shown below:
V. MULTIPLEXING AND BANDWIDTH
LTE supports both types of multiplexing FDD as well as
TDD.
FDD spectrum is also called paired spectrum, it means when
we say FDD 20 MHz, it has a pair of 20 MHz Bandwidth i.e.
20 MHz for Downlink and 20 MHz for Uplink.
TDD spectrum is called Un-paired it means when we say
TDD 20 MHz, it has only 20 MHz which is used for both
Downlink and Uplink.
This Multiplexing technique directly affects throughput as in
FDD which has symmetric bandwidth so both Uplink and
Downlink have same throughput, but in TDD the bandwidth
is asymmetric and same bandwidth is shared by Uplink and
Downlink on time sharing basis so the total throughput is
also shared accordingly.
Below figure shows the same.
In coming example, we will show how FDD and TDD impact
throughput.
Choice of multiplexing depends on the band defined. The
700 MHz band used in US is FDD and 2300MHz band in
India is TDD.
VI. MODULATION AND CODING RATE
As per Release 8 (R8) LTE supports modulations like QPSK,
16 QAM and 64QAM in Downlink and QPSK, 16 QAM in
Uplink.
Each of Modulation has its bits carrying capacity per symbol.
One QPSK symbol can carry 2bits, one 16QAM symbol can
carry 4bits and 64 QAM symbol can carry 6 bits. This is
shown below with constellation diagram:
Along modulation there is term called coding rate. Coding
rate describes the efficiencyof particular modulation scheme.
For example, if we say 16 QAM with coding rate of 0.5, it
means this modulation has 50% of efficiency i.e. as 16QAM
can carry 4 bits but with coding rate of 0.5, it can carry 2
information bits and rest of the 2bits for redundancy of
information.
LTE uses different coding rate with QPSK, 16 QAM and
64QAM. The combination of Modulation and Coding rate is
called Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS). Below figure
shows MCS index and Modulation Order which describes the
type of modulation (2 for QPSK, 4 for 16QAM and 6 for 64
QAM).
3. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-3, Issue-12, May 2014
75
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd.
LTE supports 0 to 28 MCS in Downlink and 0to 22 MCS in
Uplink as per R8.
VII. UE CATEGORIES IN LTE
The categoryof UE specifies the abilityof the Device in terms
of DL/UL throughputs, Antenna Support in DL/UL, TBS
size supported in DL/UL and Modulation supports.
The below table shows the 8 categories of UE, existing UE
categories 1 -5 are for release 8 and 9 and UE categories 6-8
are for release 10 LTE –Advance.
Commercial UEs that we have todayare mostly of Category 3
(Cat 3) which have 2 receive chains and 1 transmit chain. Cat
3 UE does not support 64 QAM in uplink.
The Max TB size supported in DL is 75376 bits and in
Uplink 51024 bits. This TB size limits the throughput at UE
end while do not have such limitation at eNodeB side.
VIII. MAXIMUM THROUGHPUT WITH MAXIMUM
BANDWIDTH
For any system throughput is calculated as symbols per
second. Further it is converted into bits per second depending
on the how many bits a symbol can carry.
In LTE for 20 MHz, there are 100 Resource Blocks and each
Resource block have 12x7x2=168 Symbols per ms in case of
Normal CP.
So there are 16800 Symbols per ms or 16800000 Symbols per
second or16.8 Msps. If modulation used is 64 QAM (6 bits
per symbol) then throughput will be 16.8x6=100.8Mbps for a
single chain.
For a LTE system with 4x4 MIMO (4T4R) the throughput
will be four times of single chain throughput. i.e. 403.2 Mbps.
Many simulations and studies show that there is 25% of
overhead used for Controlling and signalling. So the
effective throughput will be 300 Mbps.
The 300 Mbps number is for downlink and not valid for
uplink. In uplink we have only one transmit chain at UE end.
So with 20 MHz we can get Maximum of 100.8Mbps as
calculation shown above. After considering 25% of overhead
we get 75Mbps in uplink.
This is the way how we get the number of throughput
300Mbps for Downlink and 75Mbps for Uplink shown
everywhere.
IX. USE OF 3GPP SPECIFICATION 36.213 FOR
THROUGHPUT CALCULATION
In 3GPP specification 36.213 “E-UTRA- Physical Layer”,
table 7.1.7.1-1 shows the mapping between MCS
(Modulation and Coding Scheme) index and TBS (Transport
Block Size) index. The highest MCS index 28 (64 QAM with
the least coding), which is mapped to TBS index 26 as shown
below.
Table 7.1.7.2.1-1 shows the transport block size. This table
indicates the number of bits that can be transmitted in a
subframe/TTI (Transmit Time Interval) w.r.t bandwidth
(number of RBs).The Transport Block size given in this table
is after considering the controlling overhead.
By using these two tables the number of data bits can be
calculated, with the combination of MCS Index and Number
of Resource Blocks.
For example, with 100 RBs and MCS index of 28, the TBS is
75376. Assume 4x4 MIMO, the peak data rate will be 75376
x 4 = 301.5 Mbps.
4. Throughput for TDD and FDD 4 G LTE Systems
76
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd.
X. DL AND UL THROUGHPUT CALCULATION FOR
LTE FDD
The FDD system has a paired spectrum, same bandwidth for
Downlink as well as for Uplink. 20 MHz FDD system have
20 MHz for Downlink and 20 MHz for Uplink.
For throughput calculation, suppose:
Bandwidth – 20MHz
Multiplexing scheme - FDD
UE category- Cat. 3
Modulation supported- as per Cat 3 TBS index 26 for DL
(75376 for 100RBs) and 21 for UL (51024 for 100 RBs)
So the throughput can be calculated by a simple formula:
Throughput = Number of Chains x TB size
So DL throughput = 2 x 75376 =150.752 Mbps
UL throughput = 1 x51024 =51.024 Mbps
As we have 2 receive chains and one transmits chain.
XI. LTE TDD AND ITS FRAME STRUCTURE
Before starting throughput calculation, let’s become familiar
with LTE-TDD.
As stated earlier, TDD is unpaired spectrum. We have to use
same bandwidth for DL and UL on time sharing basis.
Suppose if we have 20 MHz spectrum, we have to use this 20
MHz bandwidth for both DL and UL.
LTE TDD frame structure is shown below. The TD frame
consists of Downlink sub frame, Uplink and Special sub
frame.
There are seven possible configurations for LTE TDD frame
as shown below. Here D- is downlink, S- for Special sub
frame and U- for Uplink. As shown 5 ms periodicity frame
have two “S” sub frame and 10 mili sec frames have only one
“S” sub frame.
Special sub frame has 9 different configurations. A special
sub frame is divided into DwPTS, GP and UpPTS depending
upon the number of symbols.
XII. DL AND UL THROUGHPUT CALCULATIONS FOR
LTE TDD
TDD system throughput calculations are somewhat complex
as compared to FDD system as same spectrum is used by
uplink, downlink and for the guard period (Used for
transition from downlink to uplink).
For throughput calculation, suppose:
Bandwidth – 20MHz
Multiplexing Scheme- TDD
TDD Configuration- 2 (D-6, S-2 and U-2)
Special Sub frame configuration-7 (DwPTS-10, GP-2 and
UpPTS-2)
UE category- Cat. 3
Modulation supported- as per Cat 3 TBS index 26 for DL
(75376 for 100RBs) and 21 for UL (51024 for 100 RBs)
Throughput in TDD can be calculated by following formula
DL Throughput = Number of Chains x TB size x
(Contribution by DL Sub frame + Contribution by DwPTS
in SSF)
UL Throughput = Number of Chains x TB size x
(Contribution by UL Sub frame + Contribution by UpPTS in
SSF)
TB size for DL is 75376 and for UL it is 51024 for category 3
UE.
Let’s calculate throughput for the above assumptions:
DL throughput = 2 x 75376 x [(0.6+0.2x (10/14)]
Here 0.6 or 60% contribution is by 6 DL sub frame and
[0.2(10/14)] factor contribution by Special sub frame comes
twice whose 10 symbols out of 14 are for downlink.
So DL throughput= 2 x 75376 x (0.742857)
= 111.9872 Mbps ~ 112 Mbps.
In same manner UL throughput will be
UL throughput = 1 x51024 x [(0.2+0.2x (2/14)]
Here 0.2 or 20% contribution is by 2 UL sub frame and [0.2 x
(2/14)] factor contribution by Special sub frame comes twice
whose 2 symbols out of 14 are for uplink.
So UL throughput= 1 x51024 x (0.228571)
= 11.66263 ~12 Mbps.
Let’s do one more example
TDD config 1 (D-4 S-2 and U-4)
Special sub frame configuration 7 (DwPTS-10, GP-2 and
UpPTS-2) same UE category 3
DL throughput = 2 x 75376 x [(0.4+0.2x (10/14)]
Here 0.4 or 40% contribution is by 4 DL sub frame and
[0.2(10/14)] factor contribution by Special sub frame comes
twice whose 10 symbols out of 14 are for downlink.
So DL throughput= 2 x 75376 x (0.542857)
= 81.8368 Mbps ~ 82 Mbps.
In same manner UL throughput will be
UL throughput = 1 x51024 x [(0.4+0.2x (2/14)]
Here 0.4 or 40% contribution is by 4 UL sub frame and [0.2 x
(2/14)] factor contribution by Special sub frame comes twice
whose 2 symbols out of 14 are for uplink.
So UL throughput= 1 x51024 x (0.428571)
= 21.8674286~22 Mbps.
XIII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we discussed about LTE system throughput
calculation for both TDD and FDD system.
3GPP LTE technology support both TDD and FDD
multiplexing. The paper describes all the factors which affect
the throughput like Bandwidth, Modulation, UE category
and mulplexing. It also describes how we get throughput
300Mbps in DL and 75Mbps in UL and what are
assumptions taken to calculate the same.
Paper describes the steps and formulae to calculate the
throughput for FDD system for TDD Config 1 and Config 2.
5. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-3, Issue-12, May 2014
77
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd.
The throughput calculations shown in this paper is
theoretical and limited by the assumptions taken to calculate
for calculation.
REFERENCES
[1] Lte - The Umts Long Term Evolution from Theory To Practice 2nd
Edition by Stefania Sesia , Issam Toufik, Matthew Baker
[2] 3GPP TS 36.213 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(E-UTRA) Physical layer procedures”.
[3] 3GPP TS 36.221 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(E-UTRA); Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification”
[4] 3GPP TS 36.300 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(E-UTRA), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN).
[5] 3GPP TS 24.302: “Access to the 3GPP Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via
Non-3GPP Access Networks”.
[6] 3GPP TS 36.331: “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
(E-UTRAN); Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol Specification”
[7] 3GPP TS 36.401: “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (E-UTRAN); Architecture Description”
[8] 3GPP TS 36.413: “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (E-UTRAN); S1 Application Protocol (S1AP).
Mrs. Sonia Rathi M.tech, B.Tech is Electronics and Communication
Engineering from MDU University. Working as Assistant Professor and Head
of the Department in Electronics & Communication Engineering department at
Bhagwan Parshuram College of Engineering and research include next
generation telecommunication technologies.
Nisha Malik B.Tech in Electronics & Communication Engineering from
School of science and Engineering Khanpur Kalan , BPS Mahila University in
2012. She is pursing M.tech degree in Electronics & Communication
Engineering from Bhagwan Parshuram College of Engineering,Deenbandhu
Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology Murthal University in 2014.
Nidhi Chahal B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering from School of
NCIT Israna , Panipat. She is pursing M.tech degree in Computer Science and
Engineering from RP Indraprastha Institute of Technology Karnal, Haryana,
KUK University in 2014.
.
Sukhvinder Singh Malik B.E. in Electronics and Communication
Engineering from MDU University in 2010 with honors. Having more than 3
years of experience in LTE development industry in different fields i.e. protocol
testing,