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1. NATURE OF THE IDEA
Ideas are the building blocks of knowledge. They
are the elements that constitute judgments and
judgments express either truth or error.
Ideas must be thoroughly understood because
no building can be solid unless its foundation is
solid.

2. FORMATION OF IDEAS
 All knowledge starts with the senses. Generally
speaking, nothing is in the mind unless it passes thru
the senses. Are there exceptions?
 Examples: sugar as an object of perception to
the various senses. The image of sugar
is retained even after the object itself
is removed because I can recall the
sugar’s image in my senses.
Based on the above example I have an idea of sugar.
This image of the imagination is the first step in the
formation of an idea.
Cite other examples.

3.  Man does not stop at the mere reproduction of the
image. He begins to think. It does this by the
process of abstraction.
 Through sense experience we encounter many
beings whom we designate by the name “man”. But
we found out from sense experience that are great
differences among men.
 Comparing these differences some of them change
while others disappear. The intellect also perceives
that there are characters that remain intact thru all
the changes.

4. 1. Man must have a body.
2. Man must be alive.
3. Man must be sentient.
4. Man must be a substance.
5. Man must be rational.
Man must be a rational, sentient, living, bodily
substance in order to be a man. The absence of
any of these - man ceases to be a man. They are
therefore the essential elements that make a man a
man and not something else. Other characteristics
of man are non-essentials.

5.  The intellect strips the individual of all the non-
essential qualities and retains only the essential
attributes and forms them into one intellectual
image - man is a rational, sentient, living, bodily
substance – and since a sentient, living, bodily
substance is called an animal , man is therefore a
rational animal. This intellectual image of man is
our idea of man.

6. COMPREHENSION AND EXTENSION IDEAS
 Comprehension and Extension are the logical
qualities of an idea.
 Comprehension – is the sum total of all the
attributes that constitute an idea in its
representation of a thing.
 Extension – expresses the application of these
attributes to individuals and groups to which they
are found.

7. Comprehension Extension
1. School
2. Catholic School
3. Catholic schools in Cebu
4. Catholic schools in Cebu run by
women religious.
5. Catholic schools in Cebu run by
women religious and offer
masscom program

8. STAGES OF LIFE
TEENS
You have all the time and energy but no money.
WORKERS
You have the money and energy but no time.
OLDIES
You have all the time and money but no more
energy.

9. Maestra: uy, Jose nganong na late man ka?
Jose: Kuan man gud ma’am … (nangalot sa ulo)
M: unsay kuan? Nganong na late lagi ka?
Jose: Kuan man gud ma’am. Gibunalan man gud ma’am
ni tatay ang akong manghod kay nagpabadlong man
siya.
M: aber, unsa may labot ana sa imong pagka late beh?
Jose: kuan man gud ma’am ang ako mang sapatos and
gigamit ni tatay sa pagbunal sa akong manghod.
Toink!

10. KINDS OF IDEAS
Ideas According to Origin
Intuitive (or immediate) ideas are those which are
formed as the result of the direct perception of
things.
Abstractive (or mediate) ideas are formed by some
means other than their immediate perception.

11. All ideas of persons, events and things which I
acquire not from personal experience but thru
books, newspapers, TV, radio, etc. are of this type.
Ideas arrived at by deduction are of this type.
From the effects of heat, light , power I can
conclude there is electricity. If the electric fan and
the computer suddenly shuts down, you can
conclude that . . . ?
In logic we have induction and deduction as
tools arriving at an inferential judgment.

12. KINDS OF IDEAS
Ideas According to their Relation
Ideas from the standpoint of mutual relation are
either connex or disparate. They are connex
when one idea necessarily either includes or
excludes the other.
Examples: father – child, husband – wife, teacher –
student, man – rational, light – darkness

13. Ideas are disparate when one idea neither
necessarily includes nor necessarily excludes the
other.
Examples: man – black, wise – good, iron –
wheel, wise – good
Ideas are either identical or diverse. They are
identical when their comprehension is the same
such as man – rational animal, water –
H2O, sodium chloride – salt

14. Ideas are diverse when their comprehension is
different such as man – brute, tree – dog, house –
car.
What about the ideas house – home. Are they
identical or diverse? Based upon your intuitive idea
is your house a home? Or is it merely a house and
not a home? Or are both ideas identical?

15. A HOUSE IS NOT A HOME
ORIGINAL VERSION BY DIONNE WARWICK
“A chair is still a chair even when there’s no one
sitting there. But a chair is not a house and a house
is not a home when there’s no on there to hold you
tight, and no one there you can kiss good night”.
“A room is still a room even when there’s nothing
there but gloom. But a room is not a house and a
house is not a home when the two of us are far
apart and one of us has a broken heart”.

16. Diverse ideas are either compatible or
incompatible. They are compatible when the
attributes of the comprehension of both can be
united and give birth into another (third) idea.
Example: man – white, mind – sound
Incompatible when the attributes of the
comprehension of one idea excludes the
comprehension of the other idea.
Example: vice – virtue, wisdom – folly, light –
darkness

17. THE REPUGNANCE OF IDEAS
Forms the basis of their incompatibility. This gives
rise to contradictory, privative, contrary and relative
ideas.
Contradictory ideas are two ideas in which one
expresses the simple denial of the other.
Examples: thing – nothing, good – not good, equal
– unequal
Privative ideas are two ideas of which one signifies
a perfection while the other denies the perfection in
a subject which ought to possess it.

18. Examples: sight – blindness, sanity – insanity, living
– dead
Contrary ideas represent two extremes among
objects belonging to the same class.
Examples: good – bad , kind – cruel, pleasant –
painful
Relative ideas are two incompatible ideas united in
such a way that one cannot be understood with out
the other.
Examples: master – servant , left – right , cause –
effect

19. Lisod mo sultig “sori”.
Lisod mo sultig “gimahal ko ikaw”.
Lisod mo sultig “gikinahanglan ko ikaw.
Pero nahibaloan ko and pinakalisod isulti mao man
“RURAL RULER ROYAL”
10 x i – try bi