Ideas are the building blocks of knowledge that arise from sensory experiences and mental processes like abstraction. An idea has two main properties: comprehension and extension. Comprehension refers to the conceptual elements that make up the idea's meaning, while extension refers to the range of individual objects the idea applies to. Ideas can be classified according to their structure, subject, relation to other ideas, and scope of application. The types of ideas provide a framework for understanding concepts and their logical relationships.

1. On ideas

2. Idea defined
 The intellectual image/representation
of a thing.
 The mental expression of an
essence, a product of simple
apprehension, may be expressed in
meaningful terms.
 Building blocks of knowledge

3. IDEOGENESIS: birth of an
idea
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
SENSES SENSES ABSTRACTION IDEA
• SIGHT (VISUAL) – • COMMON SENSE • PHYSICAL
eye:light/color • MEMORY • MATHEMATICAL
• SMELL • IMAGINATION
(OLFACTORY) – • METAPHYSICAL
• ESTIMATIVE
nose: odor FACULTY
• TASTE
(GUSTATORY) –
tongue: flavor
• HEARING
(AUDITORY) –
ears: sound
• TOUCH (TACTILE) –
skin:
texture, temperatur
e, etc

4. Properties (functions)
 COMPREHENSION
- The sum total of thought
elements/conceptual features that
comprise an idea.
- Also known as CONNOTATION

5. Comprehension
computer
data
electronic device
gathering
Computer – electronic data gathering device

6. Extension
computer
Macbook Acer HP
Pro Aspire Mininote

7. Properties (functions)
 LOGICAL RULE:
- THERE IS A REVERSE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN COMPREHENSION AND
EXTENSION
- Greater Comprehension : Lesser Extension
- Lesser Comprehension : Greater Extension

8. Properties (functions)
COMPREHENSION EXTENSION
Being Spirit, Mineral, Plant, Brute,
Man
Corporeal Being Mineral, Plant, Brute, Man
Vegetative, Corporeal Being Plant, Brute, Man
Sentient, Vegetative, Brute, Man
Corporeal Being
Sentient, Vegetative, Man
Corporeal, Rational Being

9. Types: accdg. to Comprehension
Simple and Compound (STRUCTURE)
SIMPLE – expresses a single conceptual
feature, applicable to all if not most
BEING, EXISTENCE
COMPOUND – expresses several conceptual
elements/features
MAN – rational animal
COMPUTER – electronic processing device.

10. Types: accdg. to Comprehension
One and Multiple (GENERAL VIEW)
ONE – expresses one thing, nature or
formal feature
MAN, HOUSE
MULTIPLE – expresses explicitly a thing as
modified by another thing.
POOR MAN
THREE STOREY HOUSE

11. Types: accdg. to Comprehension
Concrete and Abstract (SUBJECT)
CONCRETE – with a subject
metaphysical– reality (hunger)
physical– physiological (itch)
ABSTRACT – expresses only a nature or a
formal feature without a subject.
justice, religiosity

12. Types: accdg. to Comprehension
Absolute and Relative (BY RELATION
TO ANOTHER COMPREHENSION)
ABSOLUTE – exists in itself and for itself
man, animal, minerals
RELATIVE – necessarily bears a relation
to something else.
substitute teacher,
vice-president

13. Types: accdg. to Extension
SINGULAR - applies to a single
member of a class
The President of the Republic of
the Philippines
Diamond – the hardest mineral

14. Types: accdg. to Extension
UNIVERSAL - applies individually to
all members of a class
Car (all applicable to SUV, Sedan)
Wine (all applicable to
Merlot, Chardonnay, Shiraz)

15. Types: accdg. to Extension
PARTICULAR - applies to some
members of a class
Half a dozen
Quarter of a century
Several ladies
Few devotees

16. Types: accdg. to Extension
COLLECTIVE - applies to a all
members of a class counted as one.
UST Philets Batch 1968
Thomasians
Christendom

17. Types: accdg. to Extension
TRANSCENDENTAL - applies to all
members of all classes
Being
Truth

18. Types: accdg. to Relation
IDENTICAL and EQUIVALENT
(refer to same objects)
Identical – same conceptual features
3 + 2 and 2 + 3
God = Absolute Being
Equivalent – different conceptual
features
5 X 1 and 4 + 1
Salt and NaCl

19. Types: accdg. to Relation
PERTINENT and IMPERTINENT
(refer to different but related objects)
Pertinent – somehow related to each other
Freedom and Responsibility
Food and Drinks
Impertinent – neither related nor opposed
to each other
Toothpaste and Rooster
Love and Clearwater

20. Types: accdg. to Relation
COMPATIBLE and INCOMPATIBLE
Compatible – with features that may exist
in a subject
Beauty and Intelligence
Faith and Reason
Incompatible – with features that may not
coexist in a subject
Square and Circle (in one figure)
Darkness and Light (in one space)

21. Types: accdg. to Relation
TYPES OF INCOMPATIBLE CONCEPTS:
 Contradictory – negation
Black – Non-black
Open – Non-opened
 Contrary – opposition
Black – White (extreme opposites)
Open - Closed
 Privative – absence
Sight – Blindness (absence of sight)
 Correlative – complementariness
Man - Woman

22. Types: accdg. to Relation
Rule for Contradictory ideas:
If one is TRUE, the other is FALSE
and vice-versa.
The shirt is black. (True)
The shirt is non-black. (False)

23. Types: accdg. to Relation
Rule for Contrary ideas:
If one is TRUE, the other is FALSE but
not vice-versa. (If one is FALSE, the
other is DOUBTFUL)
The shirt is black. (True)
The shirt is non-black. (False)
The shirt is black. (False)
The shirt is white. (Doubtful, it could be
red)

24. D
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