This presentation about introduction to linux.

1. LINUX PROGRAMMING AND ADMINISTRATION
PRESENTED BY
HARISH.R

2. OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION
 INTRODUCTION TO UNIX AND LINUX
 FILES AND DIRECTORIES IN LINUX
 INSTALLATION IN LINUX
 BASIC COMMANDS
 USER AND GROUP ADMINISTRATION
 LILO

3. UNIX

4. HISTORY OF UNIX
MULTICS
UNICS
UNIX
Started in 1965 by AT & T, GE MIT
Created by Ken Thompson in 1969
Written in 100% C Language and released in 1973

5. UNIX
 Commercial products
1. SunOS, Solaris
2. HP-UX
3. AIX
4. SCO UNIX

6. What is GNU / UNIX
 A free Unix-type operating system developed under the
GNU General Public License.
 Open source
 Popular
 Support most of the platforms available

7. General Characteristics of UNIX
 Multi-user & Multi-tasking
 Over 30 Years Old.
 Large Number of Applications

8. FLAVOURS OF UNIX
 These can be grouped into two categories: Open Source and Proprietary
 Proprietary: (redistribution and modification prohibited or restricted; not free)
 Solaris
 IRIX
 Mac OS X
 Open Source: (source code is readily available and free to modify)
 RedHat
 Debian
 SuSE
 Slackware

9. History of LINUX
 In Sept 1991, Linus Torvalds, a second year student of Computer
Science at the University of Helsinki, developed the preliminary
kernel of Linux, known as Linux version 0.0.1

10. CHARACTERISTICS OF LINUX
 is a Unix-like computer operating system
 Predominantly known for its use in servers.
 supported by corporations such as Dell, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Novell, Oracle
Corporation, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems

11. USED AS AN OPERATING SYSTEM
 Computer hardware
 desktop computers
 supercomputers
 Video game players
 PlayStation 2
 PlayStation 3
 Several Arcade Games
 Embedded devices
 Mobile Phones
 Routers
 Wristwatches
 Stage lighting systems

12. Where might you find Linux?

13. LINUX DISTRIBUTION
 Red Hat Linux
 Open Linux
 Debian GNU/Linux
 SuSE Linux
 Mandrake Linux
 Slackware

14. LINUX DISTRIBUTION

15. Features of Linux
OPEN SOURCE: Free Software along with source code and Documentation.
MULTITASKING: Capable of running multiple application and process at the
same time.
MULTIPLE-USER: Allow Multiple user to login and use the resources at same time.
PORTABILITY : Can be installed on all hardware architecture.

16. Features of Linux
SCALABILITY : Same Operating Systems can be used on a desktop to a
Super Computer.
RELIABILITY : Large Server have been successfully being running without
a single second of down time.

17. USER INTERFACE
 Linux can be controlled by
 text-based command line interface (CLI)
 graphical user interface (GUI) (usually the default for desktop)
 through controls on the device itself (common on embedded machines)
 On desktop machines, KDE, GNOME and Xfce are the most popular user
interfaces

18. File system hierarchy standard (fhs)
/
bootroot bin
optdevusrsbinhome
mediaetcvar

19. LINUX INSTALLATION

20. A partition is a means of dividing your hard disk into multiple sections,
each of which is treated as a separate disk by your operating system.
This allows you to be able to boot different operating systems from
the same disk, for example, Linux and Windows.
Partitions cannot be moved or resized without destroying the data
on them.

21.  File systems can be considered as being the directory structures
on a disk partition that contains all the files.
 Most Windows users would be familiar with the analogous terms
"folders" and "subfolders", whereas Linux users would be familiar
with the terms "directories" and "sub-directories".

22.  The /boot partition contains the Linux kernel which is the "master
control program", not only for controlling the boot process, but also the
normal functioning of Linux.
 Redhat Linux creates this partition automatically. This reduces the need
to reformat the "root" partition if it becomes corrupted.

23.  Used as a location to place data temporarily if RAM memory becomes full.
 Red Hat automatically creates this partition and usually makes it about twice
the amount of system RAM.
To create swap partition
]#fdisk /dev/partition name
N=new
L=logical

24. Format swap
]#mkswap /dev/partition name and ID
To on the swap
]#swapon /dev/partition name and ID

25. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
PROCESSOR MINIMUM RECOMMENDED
RAM
TEXT 96 MB 256 MB
GUI 128 MB 512 MB
HARD DISK
TEXT 1 GB As per requirement
GUI 3 GB As per requirement

26. RECOMMENDED PARTITIONS
Partitions Size
/boot 100 MB
/ 3000 MB
/usr 6000 MB
/var 2000 MB
/home 2000 MB
swap Twice the RAM ( Minimum 4 GB )

27. Red hat installation

35. DUAL BOOT UBUNTU
INSTALLATION

40. BASIC COMMANDS IN LINUX

41. Print working directory
Print the name of the current working directory
[root@comp~]# pwd

42. List of files and directories
Options:
 -l Long list including attributes
 -a All files and directories including hidden.
 -d For a particular file or directory.
 -R Recursive to see the tree.
To see the list of files and folders
[root@comp~]# ls <options> <arguments>

43. Creation of files
 Files can be created by using any of the three methods given below:
 Cat command
 Touch command
 Vi editor

44. Cat (concatenation command)
To create a file
[root@comp~]# cat > <filename>
To view the contents of the file
[root@comp~]# cat <filename>

45. Touch command
To create a zero byte file
[root@comp~]# touch <filename>
To create a multiple zero byte file
[root@comp~]# touch <first file> <second file> <third file>

46. Vi editor
To create a file
[root@comp~]# vi <filename>

47. Creating a directories
To create multiple directories
[root@comp~]# mkdir <first dir> <second dir> <third dir>
To create a directory
[root@comp~]# mkdir <file name>

48. Copying
Options:
 -r Recursive
 -v Verbose
 -p Copy with permissions
To copying a file or directory
[root@comp~]# cp <options> <source file> <destination file>

49. Moving and renaming
To move a file or directory to a different locations
[root@comp~]# mkdir <source file or directory> <destination>
Rename a file or directory
[root@comp~]# mv <old name> <new name>

50. Deleting
Options
 -r Recursive
 -f forcefully
To remove or delete an empty directory
[root@comp~]# rmdir <dir name>
To remove or delete a file or directory
[root@comp~]# rm <options> <file or dir name>

51. Other commands
To see the date
[root@comp~]# date
To see the calender
[root@comp~]# cal

52. Vi EDITORS

53. Editors
 Editors are used for adding, modifying and / or deleting text.
The different editors used
• Windows :notepad
• LINUX / UNIX zx
1.CLI Based : EX, ED, VI
2.GUI based : Emacs, Gedit, nedit, nano, pico

54. Vi Editors
 Vi editors is a screen oriented text editors written by Bill joy in 1976.
 This is the most commonly used editor for editing files in Linux.

55. Vi editor modes
Vi editors has three modes of operations
Command mode
Insert mode
Ex mode

56. Insert mode
 i - Inserts the text at the current cursor position.
 I - Inserts the text in beginning of line.
 a - Adds the text after the current cursor position.
 A - Adds the text at the end of the line.
 o - Insert the text one line below current cursor point.
 O - Insert the text one line above current cursor point.

57. Command mode
 dd - Deletes a line.
 ndd - Deletes ‘n’ lines.
 yy - Copies a lines.
 nyy - Copies ‘n’ lines.
 p - Put (Paste the deleted or copied text).
 u - Undo (you can undo 1000 times)

58. Ex mode
 :q - Quit without saving.
 :w - Write(save).
 :wq - Save and quit.
 :se nu - Set line numbers.
 :se nonu - Remove line numbers.
 :88 - This cursor goes to line 84.

59. USER ADMINISTRATION

60. Users
 In computing, a user is a person who uses a computer or internet
service.
 A user will have a user account that identifies the user by a user
name.
 To logon a system, a user is required to authenticate himself with a
password for the purposes of accounting, security, logging.

61. Users
 Red hat Linux uses a User private group scheme
 When a user is created a group with the same as the user name is also
created.
 This becomes the primary group.
 A user can have only primary group.

62. Users
 When a user is created in UNIX and LINUX, the following are also created by
default.
 Home directory /home/[username]
 Mail account /var/spool/mail/[username]
 Unique user identifier (UID) and the Group Identifier (GID).

63. Creating a user
Adding a user
[root@comp~]# useradd <username>
Or
[root@comp~]# useradd <options> <arguments> <username>

64. Options for creating user
Options:
-u UID
-c Comment
-g Primary group name
-G Secondary group name
-d Home directory

65. User password
Creating or changing a user password
[root@comp~]# passwd <username>

66. Modifying a user
Options:
 -l Change the login name.
 -L Lock the account.
 -U Unlock the account.
Modifying user properties
[root@comp~]# usermod <options> <arguments> <username>

67. Deleting a user
Options:
-r Recursively
Deleting a user
[root@comp~]# userdel <options> <arguments> <username>

68. GROUP ADMINISTRATION

69. Group
 Group is a collection of user to whom the same permission are to be applied.
 There are two types of groups
1. Primary
2. Secondary

70. Creating a group
Options:
1. -g GID
Creating a group
[root@comp~]# groupadd <group name>
Or
[root@comp~]# groupadd <options> <arguments> <group name>

71. Modifying a group
Options:
-g GID
-n Group Name
Modifying a group
[root@comp~]# groupmod <options> <arguments> <group name>

72. Deleting a group
Deleting a group
[root@comp~]# groupdel <options> <arguments> <username>

73. ACCESS PERMISSIONS

74. Access Permissions
There are three defined categories of users.
The categories are:
owner — The owner of the file or application.
others — All users with access to the system.
group — The group that owns the file or application.

75. Access permissions
There are three permissions for any file, directory or application program.
The following lists the symbols used to denote each, along with a brief
description:
r — Indicates that a given category of user can read a file.
w — Indicates that a given category of user can write to a file.
x — Indicates that a given category of user can execute the file.

76. LILO

77. Introduction to LILO
 LILO or Linux Loader is a boot loader for Linux.
 A boot loader is a small program that exists in the system and loads the operating
system into the system’s memory when the system boots.
 Boot loader also starts the operating system.

78. LILO
 LILO is a flexible boot loader for Linux, which is independent of a file system.
 LILO loads itself into the computer’s memory in two stages
 Stage1 – This stage, also known as primary boot loader is read into
memory by the BIOS from the master boot record
 Stage 2 - This stage, also known as secondary boot loader is read into memory and
it displays the Red Hat Linux initial screen

79. Configuring LILO
 To install LILO, it is necessary to know the location of /boot partition.
 It is also necessary to know the location of other installed operating
systems
 LILO can be installed for the first time using a shell script named QuickInst
 LILO can be uninstalled using the lilo –u command

80. NETWORK FILE SYSTEM (NFS)
 A network file system is any computer file system that support sharing of
files over a computer network..
 It is a centralized file storage system.
 The client cannot differentiate whether the file is stored locally or remotely.

81. NETWORK FILE SYSTEM (NFS)
 The Nfs Environment Contains The Following Components:
 Nfs Server
- A System That Contains The File Resources To Be Shared With
Other System Over The Network.
 Nfs Cilent
- A System That Mounts The File Resources Shared Over The
Network And Presents The File Resources As If They Were Local

82. DISK QUOTAS
 Quotas are used to restrict the amount of hard disk
spaces occupied by a user.

83. BACKUP
 Backup is copy of data on a computer system.
 ,
Backup Levels
1. Level 0
2. Level 1
3. Level 2

84. BACKUP UTILITIES
tar
Cpio

85. Software tools in LINUX
 Office Productivity suites
1. Applix ware
2. Star office
3. Corel office
 Graphical tools
GIMP

86. File Transfer Protocol
 File transfer protocol (FTP) is one of the oldest member of the TCP/IP
protocol stack and is still in common use.
 As the name suggests, it is optimized for transferring files.

87. FTP Server for LINUX
 vsFTP Very Secure FTP Daemon
 WU-FTP Washington University’s (St. Louis)
 Proftpd Professional FTP Daemon

88. FTP Commands
 ls
 cd
 put
 mput
 get
 mget
 bye

89. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LINUX AND MICROSOFT
LINUX
 Cost: Open Source, freely
downloaded from Internet.
 Usage: installed on a wide variety of
computer hardware, ranging from
mobile phones, tablet computers
and video game consoles, to
mainframes and supercomputers.
MICROSOFT
 Cost: Windows can be expensive. Cost
around $50 to $ 450 depending on the
version of Windows.
 Usage: On PC's desktops, laptops,
servers and some phones.

90.  File System: Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, Jfs,
ReiserFS, Xfs, Btrfs, FAT, FAT32, NTFS
 Developer/Company : Linus
Torvalds
 License: GNU/Free
 Security: Linux has had about 60-
100 viruses listed till date. None of
them actively spreading
nowadays.
 Examples: Redhat, Ubuntu,
Fedora, Boss, Debian, Mint
 File System: FAT, FAT32, NTFS, exFAT
 Developer/Company: Microsoft
 License: Proprietary
 Security: There have been more
than 60,000 viruses in Windows.
Anti Virus cost about $20 to $400.
 Examples: Windows XP, Windows
7, Windows 8/8.1,

91. Thank you