This document provides an introduction to linguistics and summarizes several key concepts and theories. It covers the main branches of linguistics like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Some key topics discussed include morphemes, language acquisition theories, Chomsky's work on universal grammar, and the history and development of the English language. The document also defines several important linguistic terms and outlines different approaches to teaching English as a second language.

1. INTRODUCTION
TO
LINGUISTICS

2. BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS
• Phonetics
• Phonology
• Morphology
• Syntax
• Semantics
• Pragmatics
• Lexicography

3. MORPHOLOGY
• Morpheme
• Neologism
• Etymology
• Barrowing
• Compounding
• Clipping – exam, promo, ad, fan,…
• Backformation – Mixture,

4. • Free
• Bound
• Lexical morphemes (content)
• Functional
• Derivational (changes grammatical)
• Inflectional (singular/plural, comparative, Tense, Possessive)
• S, ‘s, s, ing, ed, en, er, est

5. • Allomorph – /s/, /z/, /-ez/
• Zero morph – sheep
• /id/ /t/ /d/

6. SYNTAX
• TG GRAMMAR
• PHRASE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR
• DEEP AND SURFACE STRUCTURE
• IC ANALYSIS

7. NOAM CHOMSKY
• Innate Hypothesis
• Critical Period Hypothesis
• Competence
• Performance
• “Language and Mind“

8. LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
(NATURE VS NURTURE)

9. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION THEORIES
• Behaviorist Theory
• B. F. Skinner
• Pavlov’s dog
• Stimuli > Response
• Habit
• rejection Behaviorist Theory
• “Language is not a habit structure”
• create new sentence

10. UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR
• Innate biological grammatical categories
• “Nativism or generativism” – innate language
• LAD
• First (Child)Language Acquisition – L1
• Labial consonants sound made by lip
• Second Language Acquisition – L2
• Stephen Krashan – Language vs Acquisition

11. Second language development – 4 stages
• Pre – production (silent period)
• Early production (blabbering) (6 months)
• Speech emergence (not grammatically correct)
• Intermediate and advanced fluency – active vocabulary – they are
trying – they fail – they have doubts – ready to master

12. Second language vs Foreign Language
• First language is acquired and Second Language is Learned
• Native language – easy leaned – coz it’s acquired
• existing knowledge of native language
• Interlanguage (Selinker)
• Language Transfer – Chomsky (1959)

13. THEORIES OF SLA
• UNIVERSALIST THEORY
• BEHAVIOURIST THEORY
• NATIVIST THEORY
• COGNITIVIST THEORY (Jean Pieget)
• SOCIAL INTERACTIONIST THEORY
• ACCULTURATION THEORY (Ego boundaries)
• CONTRASTIVE THEORY - “positive transfer” or “negative transfer” or
“interference”.
• IDENTITY THEORY - language learn second language by same law
• MONITOR THEORY

14. THEORIES OF ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE
• BOW – WOW THEORY
• (Onomatopoeia)
• POOH-POOH THEORY
• YO-HE-YO THEORY
• THE DING-DONG THEORY (Max Muller)
• INNATENESS HYPOTHESIS (Chomsky)
• GESTURE THEORY (Wilhelm Wundt & Richard Paget)
• TA-TA THEORY

15. Indo-European Family of Languages
Two other branches of Indo-European family Hittie and Tocharian are now
extinct. These are not shown in the above diagram.

16. USA
1 9 , 4 5 0 0 0 0
BRASIL
1 9 , 4 5 0 0 0 0
GERMAN
1 9 , 4 5 0 0 0 0
World Map

17. HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE
• From Celts to William the Conqueror
• 3 Major Languages – Latin, English, and French.
• OLD ENGLISH (Anglo Saxon) - from 450 to 1150
• MIDDLE ENGLISH (Anglo Norman) - From 1150 to 1500
• MODERN ENGLISH - since 1500 – (loss of inflection)

18. “We can
distinguish four dialects in Old English times:
Northumbrian, Mercian, West Saxon, and
Kentish.” (Bough 47)
“

19. Characteristics of Old English
• Old English word stān is the same word as Modern English stone,
• but the vowel is different.
• the sound of th: þ and ð
• Old English is almost purely Germanic (before French influence)
• Grammar: “There is no ablative, and generally no locative or
instrumental case, these having been merged with the dative. In the
same way the vocative of direct address is generally identical with the
nominative form. Thus the Old English noun has only four cases.” (50)

20. “Thus in Latin the nominative murus (wall) is distinguished
from the genitive muri (of the wall), dative muro (to the wall),
accusative murum, etc. A single verb form conveys the idea of
person, number, and tense along with the meaning of the root,
a conception that we require three words for in English.”
(Bough 50)
“

21. Grammatical Gender of Old English
• “Stān (stone) is masculine, mōna (moon) is masculine, but sunne (sun)
is feminine, as in German. In French the corresponding words have just the
opposite
genders: pierre (stone) and lune (moon) are feminine while soleil (sun) is
masculine.
Often the gender of Old English nouns is quite illogical. Words like moegden
(girl), wīf
(wife), bearn (child, son), and cild (child), which we should expect to be
feminine or
masculine, are in fact neuter, while wīfmann (woman) is masculine because
the second
element of the compound is masculine.” (51)

22. Old English Verb and Inflection
• Old English distinguished only two simple tenses by inflection, a
present and a past.
• division of the verb into two great classes, the weak and the strong,
often known in Modern English as regular and irregular verbs.
• The strong verbs, like sing, sang, sung
• weak verbs, such as walk, walked, walked
• In the principal parts of Old English strong verbs, therefore, we have
four forms: the infmitive, the preterite singular (first and third
person), the preterite plural, and the past participle.

23. The Norman Conquest and After
• The Origin of Normandy
• Normans had soon absorbed the most important elements of French
civilization
• The Year 1066
• Knowledge of French among the Middle Class

24. Middle English (1150–1500)
• Decay of Inflectional Endings
• Loss of Grammatical Gender
• Middle English Syntax
• French Influence on the Vocabulary
• Prefixes – for, with
• Suffixes –
• Aureate Terms
• Four principal dialects of Middle English: Northern, East
• Midland, West Midland, and Southern
• London Standard Language

25. -en Plural inflection
• Most inflectional syllables in Old
• English ended in an, or am. As a rule
• all such endings have disappeared. Yet the ending -en remains in
• two or three plurals, as oxen, children, breathren, and in a few past
participles like driven, risen.

26. Vocabulary (French)
• Wed – Marry
• Sheep – mutton
• Pig – Pork
• Cow – Beef
• Villein
•

27. Language Change
• The Great Consonant Shift
• The Great Vowel Shift
• i - mutation
• Indo-European voiced aspirated stop sounds, (bh), (dh), (gh), become
shifted in Teutonic to the corresponding voiced stop sounds (b), (d), (g).
• The Indo-European voice stopped sounds (b), (d), (g), are shifted
inTeutonic to the corresponding voiceless stop sounds (p), (t), (k).
• Indo-European voiceless stop sounds (p), (t), (k), (kw) become shifted in
Teutonic to the corresponding voiceless open sounds (f), (o), (h), (hw).

28. LINGUISTIC TERMS

29. PHONETICS
• Articulatory Phonetics
• Acoustic Phonetics
• Auditory Phonetics
• The place of articulation
• the manner of articulation
• Voicing

30. PHONETICS

31. Consonants – Place of articulation
• Bilabial - /m/ /b/ /p/ /w/
• Labio-dental - /f/ /v/
• Dental - /θ/ /ð/
• velar - /k/ /g/ /η/
• Alveolar - /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /ʧ/ /ʤ/ /n/ /l/ /t/
• Nasal - /m/ /n/ /η/
• Glottal - /h/

32. PHONOLOGY
1.

33. SEMANTICS
2.

34. PRAGMATICS
3.

35. LEXICOGRAPHY
4.

36. ESL PEDEGOGY: METHODS
• Classical Method (drills, repetition, and translation)
• Direct Method (Maximilian Berlitz)
• Audiolingual Method
• Total Physical Response (TPR)
• Suggestopedia
• Community Language Learning
• The Silent Way
• The Natural Approach
• The structural approach

37. • The structural approach
• Immersion
• Task-based language learning
• The structural approach
• The Lexical Syllabus
• Communicative Language Teaching/Learning
• The Series Method

38. SEMIOTICS

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