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Evolution of language - Linguistic Changes and Adaptations Over Time
- 1. LANGUISTIC CHANGES AND ADAPTATIONS OVER TIME Preparedby: Aljon Lariosa Añasco
- 2. The evolution ofmodern English has been marked by a series of linguistic changes and adaptations, reflecting the dynamic nature of language and its responsiveness to external influences. These changes have occurred across various aspects of language, including pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and syntax.
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- 5. • The GreatVowel Shift • Loss of final unstressed vowels • Merging of vowel sounds PHONOLOGICAL CHANGES
- 6. THE GREAT VOWELSHIFT The pronunciation of long vowels underwent a significant shift between the 14th and 17th centuries. 1. The Old English vowel "ā" (pronounced as "ah") shifted to the Modern English vowel "o". For instance: - Old English "hām" (home) became Modern English "home". 2. The Old English vowel “ū” (pronounced as “oo”) shifted to the Modern English vowel “ow” or “ou”. For instance: - Old English “sūnne” (sun) became Modern English “sowne” (later changed to “sun”).
- 7. MERGING OF VOWELSOUNDS Consolidation of distinct vowel sounds into a single sound. In Old English, there were distinct vowel sounds for the words “stān” (stone) and “stānas” (stones). However, over time, the vowel sounds in these words merged, resulting in the word “stone” being used for both the singular and plural forms.
- 8. LOSS OF FINALUNSTRESSED VOWELS Gradual disappearance of unstressed vowels at the end of words. Over time, unstressed vowels at the end of words were gradually dropped. In Old English, the word “lufu” (love) had a final unstressed “e” sound, while the word “lufode” (loved) had a final unstressed “e” and a final unstressed “d” sound. Today, the final vowels in these words have been lost, resulting in the modern pronunciations “luv” and “luvd.”
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- 10. 01 SIMPLIFICATION OF VERB CONJUGATIONS LOSSOF NOUN CASE ENDINGS 02 DEVELOPMENT OF PERIPHRASTIC CONSTRUCTIONS 03
- 11. SIMPLIFICATION OF VERBCONJUGATIONS Reduction in the number of verb forms, particularly in the present and past tenses. The old english verb system was highly complex, featuring a variety of endings depending on tense, person, and number. Over time, these conjugations were simplified, leading to the more streamlined verb system of modern english. For example, the old english verb “lufian” (to love) had numerous conjugations, including “ic lufige” (I love), “þū lufast” (you love), “he lufaþ” (he loves), “wē lufige” (we love), “gē lufige” (you love, plural), and “hie lufige” (they love). In modern english, the verb “to love” has a much simpler conjugation system: “I love,” “you love,” “he loves,” “we love,” “you love” (plural), and “they love.”
- 12. LOSS OF NOUNCASE ENDINGS Elimination of grammatical markers that indicate the function of nouns in sentences. Old English nouns had distinct endings that indicated their function in a sentence, such as nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), and dative (indirect object). These case endings gradually disappeared in Middle English and are almost entirely absent in Modern English. For instance, the noun “dēor” (animal) had different forms depending on its role in the sentence: “dēor” (nominative, subject), “dēor” (accusative, direct object), and “dēore” (dative, indirect object).
- 13. DEVELOPMENT OF PERIPHRASTICCONSTRUCTIONS Use of auxiliary verbs and phrases to express grammatical concepts previously conveyed by inflections. To express grammatical concepts that were previously conveyed through inflections, Modern English has developed periphrastic constructions, which involve combining auxiliary verbs and phrases. For example, the verb "lufian" (to love) in the future tense would be "ic lufige" (I will love). In Modern English, the future tense is typically expressed using the auxiliary verb "will." So, instead of adding a suffix to the verb, we use the auxiliary verb "will" before the base form of the verb. We would say "I will love" to express the future tense.
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- 15. Adoption of vocabularyfrom languages like Latin, French, Greek, and more recent encounters. The English language has drawn from a rich tapestry of languages, incorporating words from Latin, French, Greek, Arabic, and many other sources. This borrowing reflects the historical interactions and cultural influences that have shaped English. For instance, words like “education,” “government,” and “geography” stem from Latin, while words like “rendezvous,” “cuisine,” and “entrepreneur” derive from French. BORROWING OF WORDS FROM OTHER LANGUAGES
- 16. Creation of newwords through processes like compounding, affixation, and blending. English is a dynamic language, constantly expanding its vocabulary through the creation of new words. This process often involves compounding (e.g., "brainwash," "keyword"), affixation (e.g., "unfriend," "repetition"), and blending (e.g., "brunch," "smog"). These new words reflect the evolving concepts, technologies, and cultural trends that shape modern society. COINAGE OF NEW WORDS
- 17. Changes in themeaning of existing words, often reflecting cultural shifts or new contexts. The meanings of words can evolve over time, adapting to changing contexts and cultural norms. For example, the word “nice” originally meant “foolish” or “ignorant,” but it has gradually acquired a more positive meaning, signifying “pleasant” or “agreeable.” This semantic shift reflects the changing values and perceptions of society. SEMANTIC SHIFTS
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- 19. Fixed word order Lossof grammatical agreement Rise of new sentence structures 1 2 3
- 20. Development of amore rigid word order, particularly in subject-verb- object constructions. Modern English has developed a relatively fixed word order, with the subject typically preceding the verb and the object typically following the verb. This word order pattern was less rigid in Old English, allowing for more flexibility in sentence structure. FIXED WORD ORDER
- 21. Reduction in therequirement for agreement between subjects and verbs or nouns and modifiers. In Old English, nouns were categorized into three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. This gender assignment influenced the form of adjectives and articles that modified the noun. For instance, the word “se mann” (the man) was masculine, and its modifiers would also be masculine, such as “se gode mann” (the good man). Similarly, the word “sēo wif” (the woman) was feminine, and its modifiers would also be feminine, such as “sēo gōde wif” (the good woman). LOSS OF GRAMMATICAL AGREEMENT
- 22. Emergence of newsyntactic patterns, such as cleft sentences and existential constructions. Modern English has witnessed the emergence of new syntactic patterns that were not prevalent in Old English. For instance, cleft sentences have become common, allowing for emphasis on a particular element in the sentence. For example, instead of saying “John broke the vase,” one might say “It was John who broke the vase.” Additionally, existential constructions have gained prominence, providing a means to introduce or identify entities. For instance, instead of saying “There is a book on the table,” one might say “There exists a book on the table.” RISE OF NEW SENTENCE STRUCTURES
- 23. These linguistic changesand adaptations have been driven by various factors, including: • Contact with other languages - Interaction with speakers of different languages has led to the borrowing of words and grammatical features. • Cultural shifts - Changes in societal norms and beliefs have influenced the vocabulary and usage of English. • Technological advancements - New technologies have introduced new concepts and terminology, expanding the English lexicon. • Literary influences - Prominent writers and literary works have shaped the style and usage of English. • Geographical dispersion - The spread of English to different regions has resulted in regional variations and dialects.
- 24. CREDITS: This presentationtemplate was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik. THANKS! Do you have any questions? aljonanasco@gmail.com +63 928 951 695 Aljon Lariosa Añasco
- 25. Mercury is theclosest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit larger than the Moon. The planet’s name has nothing to do with the liquid metal INTRODUCTION
- 26. WELLCOME ANNA Venus has abeautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot—even hotter than Mercury—and its atmosphere is extremely poisonous
- 27. OUR TEACHING METHOD Mercuryis a small planet MERCURY VENUS MARS Venus has a beautiful name Mars is actually a cold place Saturn is the ringed planet SATURN
- 28. OUR CENTERS CENTERS ○ Mercury ○Venus ○ Earth ○ Mars ○ Jupiter ○ Saturn ○ Uranus ○ Neptune ○ Pluto ○ Ceres ○ Eris ○ Haumea ○ Phobos ○ Deimos ○ Orcus ○ Varda ○ Callisto ○ Elara
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- 30. Distance between Earthand the Moon 384,400 km
- 31. OUR EXAMS LOCATIONS 1. Saturn 2.Mars 3. Moon 4. Earth 5. Jupiter 6. Venus 7. Neptune 8. Uranus 9. Pluto 3 5 4 6 8 7 2 1
- 32. OUR TEACHING METHOD EARTH JUPITERNEPTUNE VENUS
- 33. “This is aquote, words full of wisdom that someone important said and can make the reader get inspired.” —Someone Famous
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- 35. —Someone Famous “This isa quote, words full of wisdom that someone important said and can make the reader get inspired.”
- 36. THE SCHOOL Despite beingred, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust, which gives the planet its reddish cast Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s a bit larger than the Moon MARS MERCURY
- 37. THE CLASSROOM Mercury isthe closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System MERCURY Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a gas giant, composed mostly of hydrogen and helium SATURN
- 38. THE LESSONS MARS Despite beingred, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust atmosphere MERCURY Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System
- 39. OUR SCHOOL Mercury isthe closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit larger than the Moon. The planet’s name has nothing to do with the liquid metal
- 40. THE CURRICULUM Venus MercuryMars Jupiter Venus is the second planet from the Sun Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Despite being red, Mars is a cold place It’s the biggest planet of them all 100 200 300 400 Saturn Neptune Earth Ceres
- 41. WHAT SETS USAPART Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System MERCURY Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot VENUS Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a gas giant, composed mostly of hydrogen and helium SATURN
- 42. WHAT SETS USAPART Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System MERCURY SATURN Saturn is the ringed planet, composed mostly of hydrogen and helium MARS Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust
- 43. OUR FACILITIES It’s theclosest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System. It’s only a bit larger than the Moon MERCURY
- 44. OUR FACILITIES MARS Despite beingred, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust, which gives the planet its reddish cast
- 45. OUR FACILITIES It’s theclosest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System. It’s only a bit larger than the Moon MERCURY
- 46. OUR ACADEMIC AREAS Jupiteris a gas giant and the biggest planet in the entire Solar System JUPITER Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust MARS Saturn is the ringed planet, composed mostly of hydrogen and helium SATURN Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun VENUS Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun and the fourth- largest NEPTUNE Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System and the closest to the Sun MERCURY
- 47. OTHERS ACADEMIC AREAS Despitebeing red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust MARS MERCURY Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System and the closest to the Sun SATURN Saturn is the ringed planet, composed mostly of hydrogen and helium NEPTUNE Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun and the fourth- largest VENUS Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun JUPITER Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the entire Solar System
- 48. OUR MISSION ANDVISION Mission Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust, which gives the planet its beautiful reddish cast Vision Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit larger than the Moon
- 49. OUR MISSION ANDVISION VISION Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a gas giant, composed mostly of hydrogen and helium MISION Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System
- 50. OUR VALUES Despite beingred, Mars is actually a cold place Saturn is the ringed planet and a gas giant Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Venus is the second planet from the Sun
- 51. OUR VALUES Despite beingred, Mars is actually a cold place Saturn is the ringed planet and a gas giant Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Venus is the second planet from the Sun
- 52. OUR SERVICES MERCURY Mercury isthe smallest planet VENUS Venus is a terribly hot place MARS Despite being red, Mars is cold SATURN Saturn is a gas giant and has rings NEPTUNE It’s the farthest one from the Sun EARTH This planet is where we live on
- 53. 95% Venus has abeautiful name 9/10 Mercury is the smallest of them all 2,500 Saturn is the ringed planet OUR SUCCESS
- 54. Awesome words Because key wordsare great for catching your audience’s attention
- 55. 03 THIS IS ASECTION TITLE
- 56. MERCURY SATURN Despite beingred, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust OUR SUCCESS Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System Saturn is the ringed planet, composed mostly of hydrogen and helium MARS
- 57. A PICTURE ISWORTH A THOUSAND WORDS
- 58. STATISTICS To modify thisgraph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the new graph here, replacing this one LANGUAGE CENTER
- 59. OTHER STATISTICS MARS JUPITER SATURN VENUS To modifythis graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the new graph here
- 60. IN DEPTH 15 pt 33pt 56 pt 82 pt Mercury Mars 7 pt
- 61. MORE STATISTICS LANGUAGE CENTER Tomodify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the new graph here
- 62. TABLE ISSUE 1 ISSUE2 ISSUE 3 ISSUE 4 VENUS 12 32 23 45 MARS 67 23 48 46 MERCURY 67 49 94 17 JUPITER 42 58 25 20
- 63. GOALS VENUS Venus is thesecond planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot MARS Despite being red, Mars is actually a very cold place SATURN Saturn is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium MERCURY Mercury is the smallest planet in the entire Solar System
- 64. OUR TEACHERS You canreplace the image on the screen with your own JENNA DOE You can replace the image on the screen with your own LISA JAMES You can replace the image on the screen with your own JANE PATTERSON
- 65. OUR TEACHERS You canreplace the image on the screen with your own MARGA You can replace the image on the screen with your own JOHN You can replace the image on the screen with your own MERY
- 66. OUR GOALS Despite beingred, Mars is actually a cold place full of iron oxide dust Saturn is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium. It has several rings! Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all 1. 2. 3.
- 67. STUDENT PROGRESS Mercury isthe smallest planet 2nd TERM 1st TERM 3rd TERM Venus has a beautiful name Mars is actually a cold place Earth is where we live on 4th TERM
- 68. STUDENT PROGRESS 5th TERM Venusis the second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot! 6th TERM Despite being red, Mars is actually a very cold place 7th TERM Saturn is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium 8th TERM Mercury is the smallest planet in the entire Solar System
- 69. ENROLLMENT PROCESS Mercury isthe smallest planet in the Solar System MERCURY NEPTUNE MARS Neptune is the fourth- largest planet Mars is a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust
- 70. TIMELINE PROCESS 2018 SATURN Saturn iscomposed of hydrogen and helium 2019 NEPTUNE Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun 2017 MARS Despite being red, Mars is a cold place 2016 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun MERCURY
- 71. SPECIAL REMINDERS Mercury isthe closest planet to the Sun and the smallest in the Solar System MERCURY VENUS MARS Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place full of iron oxide dust Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun
- 72. OTHER REMINDERS Mercury isthe closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System MERCURY SATURN Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a gas giant, composed mostly of hydrogen and helium MARS Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust
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- 74. ALTERNATIVE RESOURCES PHOTOS: ○ Universityentrance ○ Backpack full of school supplies ○ Desks and chairs in empty classroom ○ Smiling teenager on desk ○ Group of students with books looking at camera ○ Teacher helping students with tablet ○ Speech bubbles and notebook ○ Language learning phone application ○ Group of students at the library ○ People talking in a meeting ○ Girl with headphones reading some notes ○ Group of people holding books and talking ○ Couple of friends looking at the phone
- 75. ALTERNATIVE RESOURCES PHOTOS: ○ Collegeteen boy with books ○ Young teacher paying attention to her students ○ Female teacher at home holding an online ○ Cheerful teen girl student with classmates ○ Portrait of young student happy to be back at university ○ Hands of writing student
- 76. PHOTOS: ○ Flags ofdifferent countries ○ Content black man posing ○ Senior professor with arms crossed ○ Charming brunette studying alone ○ Happy classmates at table in library ○ Young tutor at home teaching online ○ Festive graduation composition on yellow ○ App for learning a new language ○ Written paper speech bubbles ○ Woman with medical mask ○ Medium shot girl studying ○ Medium shot smiley student studying ○ Teenage student sitting at table with notebook RESOURCES
- 77. PHOTOS: ○ Portrait ofadult woman holding books ○ Girl sitting at table with notebooks writing ○ Back to school concept with woman studying in library ○ Portrait male student with books ○ Young woman attending online class RESOURCES
- 78. PHOTOS: ○ Blue emptychairs in classroom ○ Group of students happy ○ Pretty girl on porch ○ Portrait of a happy young woman holding diary ○ Smart young student smiles ○ Smiley teacher standing in classroom ○ Relaxed teenager reading book ○ Set of books and ladders ○ Close-up of hand holding small globe ○ Close-up handsome student reading notes ○ University colleagues talking in the library ○ Portrait of young student in class ○ Group of teenagers discussing university ○ Male and female student holding books in hand walking RESOURCES
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- 95. Premium infographics... Add thetitle here Text 1 Text 2 Text 3 Text 4 Text 5 Text 6 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 “Despite being red, Mars is actually a very cold place” “Mercury is closest planet to the Sun and the smallest” “Neptune is the farthest-known planet from the Sun” “Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings” “Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet”
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