A 57-year-old man presents with progressively worsening low back pain, numbness in his right buttock and thigh, and weakness in his right lower limb. His temperature is elevated and he has tenderness in his lower back and decreased sensation in his right foot. The doctor suspects a 20% chance of spinal malignancy. ESR has 78% sensitivity and 67% specificity for detection, while MRI has 95% sensitivity and 95% specificity. Using the 2x2 table method and likelihood ratios, the doctor determines that a positive ESR would increase the probability of malignancy from 20% to 37%, while a positive MRI would increase it to 92%.