IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Experimental Investigation to Check the Strength Properties of Concret...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation into using clays and alum as partial replacements for cement in concrete to improve strength properties. Specimens of concrete with different replacement levels of alum, kaolin clay, and bentonite clay were cast and tested at 7 and 28 days for workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The results showed that workability generally increased with higher alum content but decreased with higher clay content. Compressive strength was highest with 5% alum replacement at 7 days and 7% replacement of a kaolin-bentonite clay mix at 28 days. This study aims to develop more sustainable and eco-friendly concrete.
This document discusses polymer modified concrete (PMC). It begins by providing background on the early patents for polymer modification of cement and concrete in the 1920s. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) latex is commonly used to produce PMC and improves its flexural and compressive strength as well as durability. The document examines the tensile and compressive strengths of PMC made with varying proportions of polymers like PVA emulsion. PMC has applications in pavements, tunnel linings, bridges and more due to its high performance, low cost, durability and improved strength properties over ordinary concrete.
Walia International Machines is a multi divisional,vacuum de watering machine,vacuum dewatering machine,vacuum dewatering machines,vacuum de dewatering machines
Address : Walia International Machines Corporation,408 Vishwadeep , District Centre, Janak Puri New Delhi- 110058,India
Website : http://waliainternational.com
Telefax : 011 – 25546044 ,25521275
Emails : info@waliainternational.com
The document discusses redesigning the structure of a main spindle box for a machine tool using polymer concrete instead of cast iron. It summarizes the process undertaken, which included static, dynamic, and thermal analysis of the original cast iron design and redesigned polymer concrete design. The analyses showed the polymer concrete design had higher natural frequencies, better damping performance, and a 50% reduced mass compared to the original cast iron design while still meeting structural requirements. The document concludes the redesign successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using polymer concrete for machine tool structures.
Polymer concrete has several advantages over traditional Portland cement concrete including greater resistance to corrosion, cracking, and chemicals. It uses binders like epoxies, resins, or polymers to bind the concrete components together which provides increased strength and flexibility compared to standard concrete. Polymer concrete can be used for projects both large and small due to its availability in liquid or powder form.
1. The document discusses various types of special concretes including lightweight concrete, foam concrete, self-compacting concrete, vacuum concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, ferrocement, ready mix concrete, slurry infiltrated fibre concrete (SIFCON), and shotcrete.
2. Lightweight concrete uses lightweight aggregates like shale, clay, or slate to reduce density while maintaining strength. Foam concrete is made by injecting air or gas into the mix to create a cellular structure.
3. Self-compacting concrete can be placed without vibration due to its fluidity. Vacuum concrete has water removed using vacuum mats to increase strength.
This document summarizes an experimental study on geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete is an alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete that has lower environmental impact. It uses industrial byproducts like fly ash and blast furnace slag as its binding materials rather than Portland cement. The study explored how geopolymer concrete performs compared to ordinary concrete. It investigated the effects of different mixtures on the properties of geopolymer concrete, such as strength and durability. The results showed that geopolymer concrete has higher resistance to damage than standard concrete and allows waste materials like fly ash to be recycled instead of disposed in landfills.
A presentation on nano modified bitumenShaik Farheen
This document presents a study on experimental tests conducted on bituminous mixes modified with nanoclay. The study had two phases: the first analyzed the rheological properties of modified binders compared to standard binders through tests like penetration, softening point, and dynamic shear rheometer. The second phase compared performance of modified and standard mixes through indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, dynamic creep, and fatigue resistance tests. The results showed nanoclay modification improved rutting resistance but standard mixes performed better in fatigue resistance, especially at low temperatures.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation to Check the Strength Properties of Concret...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation into using clays and alum as partial replacements for cement in concrete to improve strength properties. Specimens of concrete with different replacement levels of alum, kaolin clay, and bentonite clay were cast and tested at 7 and 28 days for workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The results showed that workability generally increased with higher alum content but decreased with higher clay content. Compressive strength was highest with 5% alum replacement at 7 days and 7% replacement of a kaolin-bentonite clay mix at 28 days. This study aims to develop more sustainable and eco-friendly concrete.
This document discusses polymer modified concrete (PMC). It begins by providing background on the early patents for polymer modification of cement and concrete in the 1920s. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) latex is commonly used to produce PMC and improves its flexural and compressive strength as well as durability. The document examines the tensile and compressive strengths of PMC made with varying proportions of polymers like PVA emulsion. PMC has applications in pavements, tunnel linings, bridges and more due to its high performance, low cost, durability and improved strength properties over ordinary concrete.
Walia International Machines is a multi divisional,vacuum de watering machine,vacuum dewatering machine,vacuum dewatering machines,vacuum de dewatering machines
Address : Walia International Machines Corporation,408 Vishwadeep , District Centre, Janak Puri New Delhi- 110058,India
Website : http://waliainternational.com
Telefax : 011 – 25546044 ,25521275
Emails : info@waliainternational.com
The document discusses redesigning the structure of a main spindle box for a machine tool using polymer concrete instead of cast iron. It summarizes the process undertaken, which included static, dynamic, and thermal analysis of the original cast iron design and redesigned polymer concrete design. The analyses showed the polymer concrete design had higher natural frequencies, better damping performance, and a 50% reduced mass compared to the original cast iron design while still meeting structural requirements. The document concludes the redesign successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using polymer concrete for machine tool structures.
Polymer concrete has several advantages over traditional Portland cement concrete including greater resistance to corrosion, cracking, and chemicals. It uses binders like epoxies, resins, or polymers to bind the concrete components together which provides increased strength and flexibility compared to standard concrete. Polymer concrete can be used for projects both large and small due to its availability in liquid or powder form.
1. The document discusses various types of special concretes including lightweight concrete, foam concrete, self-compacting concrete, vacuum concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, ferrocement, ready mix concrete, slurry infiltrated fibre concrete (SIFCON), and shotcrete.
2. Lightweight concrete uses lightweight aggregates like shale, clay, or slate to reduce density while maintaining strength. Foam concrete is made by injecting air or gas into the mix to create a cellular structure.
3. Self-compacting concrete can be placed without vibration due to its fluidity. Vacuum concrete has water removed using vacuum mats to increase strength.
This document summarizes an experimental study on geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete is an alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete that has lower environmental impact. It uses industrial byproducts like fly ash and blast furnace slag as its binding materials rather than Portland cement. The study explored how geopolymer concrete performs compared to ordinary concrete. It investigated the effects of different mixtures on the properties of geopolymer concrete, such as strength and durability. The results showed that geopolymer concrete has higher resistance to damage than standard concrete and allows waste materials like fly ash to be recycled instead of disposed in landfills.
A presentation on nano modified bitumenShaik Farheen
This document presents a study on experimental tests conducted on bituminous mixes modified with nanoclay. The study had two phases: the first analyzed the rheological properties of modified binders compared to standard binders through tests like penetration, softening point, and dynamic shear rheometer. The second phase compared performance of modified and standard mixes through indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, dynamic creep, and fatigue resistance tests. The results showed nanoclay modification improved rutting resistance but standard mixes performed better in fatigue resistance, especially at low temperatures.
Applications of geopolymer technology to waste stabilizationTran Nam
Douglas C. Comrie and colleagues conducted research on using geopolymers to stabilize hazardous wastes. Geopolymers are inorganic binders that solidify wastes into a hard material with high compressive strength. Testing showed geopolymers greatly reduced metal leaching from contaminated soils and wastes, meeting regulatory standards. The research demonstrates geopolymers are effective for both chemically stabilizing wastes and physically encapsulating wastes to isolate them from the environment.
Study Of Mechanical Properties Of High Strength Concrete By Partial Replaceme...dbpublications
Concrete is considered as durable and strong material. Concrete is one of the most popular material used for constructions. The present investigation deals with High strength concrete of M60 by adding fiber material to strengthen the concrete. Partial replacement of OPC with fly ash in percentages of 0%, 5% and10% in various ratios and also add Masterpel777, super plastisizer for workability purpose. Exposure periods of 7, 14 and 28 days on various tests. In this project we have designed M60 grade concrete using Design mix of Department of Environment method of various strengths.
The document discusses various aspects of concrete mix design including:
1. Materials used in concrete like cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures.
2. Types of concrete mixes including nominal and design mixes.
3. Trial mixes are conducted to verify the design mix proportions before use.
4. Mix design is defined as determining relative proportions of ingredients to achieve desired properties economically. Factors like strength, workability, and durability must be considered.
5. Methods for concrete mix design discussed include ACI, BIS, and Road Note No. 4 methods. Proportions are adjusted based on aggregate properties and desired concrete performance.
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement by Flyash and GGBSijsrd.com
This paper presents a laboratory investigation on optimum level of Fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a partial replacement of cement to study the strength characteristics of concrete. Portland cement was partially replaced by 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% of GGBS and Fly ash by 20%, 40%, 60% respectively. The water to cementations materials ratio was maintained at 0.45 for all mixes. The strength characteristics of the concrete were evaluated by conducting Compressive strength test, Splitting Tensile strength test and Flexural strength test. The compression strength test were conducted for 7days and 28days of curing and split tensile strength test and flexural strength test were conducted for 28days of curing on a M25 grade concrete. The mix proportion M25 was found to be 1:1.36:2.71.The test results proved that the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete mixtures containing GGBS and Fly ash increases as the amount of GGBS and Fly ash increase. After an optimum point, at around 9% of GGBS and 40% of Fly ash of the total binder content, the further addition of GGBS and fly ash does not improve the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength.
This document discusses two types of polymer modified concrete: polymer impregnated concrete (PIC) and polymer cement concrete (PCC). PIC is produced by impregnating hardened concrete with liquid monomers that polymerize within the concrete's pores, improving strength and durability. PCC replaces part of the cement binder with polymers like latex, improving properties but at a higher cost than traditional concrete. Both types have applications in infrastructure like sewer pipes and bridge decks due to their enhanced performance.
The Influence of Partial Replacement of Some Selected Pozzolans on the Drying...Scientific Review SR
Concrete is prone to cracking and one of the major causes of cracking is drying shrinkage of the hardened concrete. This research work was carried out to study the influence of partial replacement of some selected pozzolans on the drying shrinkage of concrete. Four pozzolans used in this study, were made to replace cement at various percentages resulting in various concrete mixes. Setting time test was conducted for the various cement mixes using Vicat’s apparatus and drying shrinkage test was done for the concrete test specimens. The results of the setting time indicate that partial replacement of pozzolans with ordinary Portland cement increases both the initial and final setting time of cement as the percentage replacement increases. Similarly, drying shrinkage results show that concrete made with Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) and Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) at 12% replacement will have a stable and better shrinkage resistance than the control at both 56 days and 90 days. Meanwhile, the control concrete gives a better drying shrinkage at 28 days curing. In conclusion, the results show that pozzolanas [Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)] can successfully replace cement up to 12% without necessarily affecting the shrinkage ability of the produced concrete. It also shows that Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) and Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA) are more resistance to drying shrinkage than the control.
Experimental Study On Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial Replacemen...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigates the characteristics of concrete with partial replacements of cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash, as well as additions of glass fibers. Glass fiber reinforced concrete uses glass fibers instead of steel for reinforcement. The study mixes concrete with 10% fly ash replacement and 10-30% GGBS replacement, as well as 0-1% glass fiber additions. Tests are performed to determine the compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths of the concrete mixtures at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results show that partial cement replacement with fly ash and GGBS, as well as the addition of glass fibers, can improve the strength of concrete compared to normal concrete
EFFECT OF POLYCARBOXYLATE ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF PERVIOUS CONCRETEIAEME Publication
This document discusses the effects of adding polycarboxylate to pervious concrete mixes on compressive strength. Pervious concrete is a porous pavement that allows water to drain through it. The study tested pervious concrete mixes with 10mm and 11.2mm aggregates and varying amounts of polycarboxylate additive from 2-6 ml. Compressive strengths were tested at 7 and 28 days. Results showed compressive strength generally increased with polycarboxylate content, with highest strengths at 5 ml for both aggregate sizes and curing periods. The chemical reaction between polycarboxylate and cement was concluded to increase compressive strength. Usage of pervious concrete with polycarboxylate was found to meet strength
An Experimental Study on Durability of Concrete Using Fly Ash & GGBS for M30 ...IJERD Editor
Concrete when subjected to severe environments its durability can significantly decline due to
degradation. Degradation of concrete structures by corrosion is a serious problem and has major economic
implications. In this study, an attempt has been made to study the durability of concrete using the mineral
admixtures like Fly Ash & Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) for M30 grade concrete.Cube
Specimens were casted and are immersed in normal water, sea water, H2SO4 of various concentrations and were
tested after 7 days, 28 days & 60 days.
RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERA...Ijripublishers Ijri
The extensive use of concrete as a structural material for the high rise buildings, storage tanks, nuclear reactors and
pressure vessels increase the risk of concrete being exposed to high temperatures. This has led to a demand to improve
the understanding of the effect of temperature on concrete. The behavior of concrete exposed to high temperature is a
result of many factors including the exposed environment and constituent materials.
Concrete structures are exposed to fire when a fire accident occurs. Damage in concrete structures due to fire depends
to a great extent on the intensity and duration of fire. The distress in the concrete manifests in the form of cracking and
spalling of the concrete surface.
IRJET- Evaluation of Workability Characteristics of Self Compacting ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document evaluates the workability characteristics of self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes containing hypo sludge and polypropylene fibers.
An M30 grade SCC mix was designed according to EFNARC guidelines. Cement was replaced with hypo sludge at levels from 2-8% and polypropylene fibers were added from 0.2-0.4%. Workability tests including slump flow, J-ring, L-box, V-funnel, and U-box were performed.
The results showed that as fiber content increased from 0.2-0.4%, slump flow values decreased from 672mm to 642mm, indicating lower workability. The
Ternary blended concrete using fly ash and silica fume. PPTMd Faiz Ali
The document discusses a study on the strength properties of ternary blended concrete using fly ash and silica fume. Fly ash and silica fume are used to partially replace cement in concrete mixes. Experimental testing was conducted on concrete mixes with various replacement levels of fly ash and silica fume. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of the mixes were tested at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that the mix with 10% fly ash and 10% silica fume replacement achieved the highest strengths, while the mix with 8% fly ash and 12% silica fume replacement achieved the lowest strengths.
This document discusses metakaolin, which is produced by calcining kaolin clay between 650-800°C. It has pozzolanic properties and can partially replace cement in high strength concrete. Metakaolin increases the strength and durability of concrete by reacting with calcium hydroxide to produce additional calcium-silicate-hydrate gel. It improves the physical and chemical properties of concrete, leading to applications in infrastructure like bridges, dams, and buildings where high strength and durability are important.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE USING GGBS AN...AM Publications
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product obtained from the blast furnaces used in the iron manufacturing industry. The disposal of the marble powder obtained from marble industry constitutes one of the environmental problems around the world. One of the possible solutions for the effective use of GGBS and marble powder is to partially replace cement in concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on concrete in which the cement is partially replaced by both GGBS and marble powder. In this study, different percentages of GGBS and marble powder are used for partial replacement of cement by 30%. Tests conducted includes workability of fresh concrete (Slump test), strength of hardened concrete (Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength) and durability properties of concrete (Chloride resistance and Sulphate resistance).
IRJET- An Experimental Investigation of Concrete using Vermiculite as Partial...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates the use of vermiculite as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Vermiculite is chosen because it improves workability, fire resistance, crack resistance, and shrinkage resistance while being chemically inert. Concrete mixes are designed for M30 grade concrete with 10%, 15%, and 20% replacement of fine aggregate by vermiculite. Testing shows the 15% replacement mix achieves the highest compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength compared to the other mixes and normal concrete. The study concludes vermiculite concrete provides improved properties while being more economical and environmentally friendly than traditional concrete.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
An Experimental Investigation on Strength Characteristics of Concrete with P...IJMER
One of the approaches in improving the durability of concrete is to use blended cement
materials such as fly ash, silica fume, slag and more recently, metakaolin.. This study presents the results
of different mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and
flexural concrete by partially replacing cement with metakaolin and silica fume. The replacement of
metakaolin is varied from 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% and silica fume from 6%, 8% and 10%. The property
of concrete in fresh state, that is the workability is also studied during the present investigation.The
optimum doses of silica fume and metakaolin in combination were found to be 6% and 15% (by weight)
respectively, when used as part replacement of ordinary Portland cement.
STUDY ON EFFECT OF HYBRID FRP LAMINATES WRAPPED EXTERNALLY (U-WRAP) ON REINFO...IAEME Publication
Recently fibre reinforced polymer composite material namely glass FRP, carbon FRP, basalt FRP etc, is being used as strengthening material. Each technique has its own merits and limitations. Experimental study have been conducted on Reinforced concrete beams which are externally strengthened with GFRP and CFRP as double layer one above the other and it is referred as Hybrid FRP techniques is attained with epoxy resin as adhesive compound. All the ingredients in the beam specimens were maintained with same consistency. A total six beams were cast for the experimental investigation. Out of that three were kept as control specimens and the remaining three were strengthened with double layer of CFRP and GFRP in the U-Wrap pattern. From the overall experimental investigation it can be observed that there is an appreciable increase in ultimate load carrying capacity of the beams strengthened with hybrid FRP laminates.
STUDY OF STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH PALM OIL FUEL ASH AS CEMENT REPLACEMENTIAEME Publication
Rapid growth of infrastructure has led to the use of concrete almost everywhere, and one of the main products required in manufacturing concrete is cement, with the increase in the amount of cement used, heat of hydration increases which will lead to the formation of cracks in concrete accompanied by shrinkage effect. In order to control this, palm oil fuel ash, an agro waste which contains some amount of silica act as a pozzolanic material is being used as cement replacement and its strength is compared with conventional concrete of grade M25. Palm oil fuel ash which is obtained by burning palm fruit and dry leaves of palm oil tree in palm oil mills is also used to control heat of hydration effect on concrete, after pulverizing and making it into a fine powder. In this study cement is being replaced with palm oil fuel ash by 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5% and the strength tests like compressive strength test, tensile strength test, flexural strength test are performed and are compared with the results of conventional concrete of grade M25 for 3,7 and 28 days. Satisfactory results have been found at a percentage of 12.5%. Increase in strength is found at this percentage.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a non-invasive method for estimating consciousness level using EEG signals. The method uses two electrodes to collect bio-potential signals from the brain, which are then amplified, filtered, and analyzed using fast Fourier transform (FFT) to extract the beta wave frequency range associated with different consciousness levels. Results from drug and alcohol experiments on subjects showed that their brain wave frequencies shifted towards the alpha range when intoxicated, indicating a loss of consciousness. The frequency analysis provides a way to continuously monitor consciousness level.
This document discusses a numerical study of supersonic flow in conical rocket nozzles using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The study uses Gambit software to design nozzle geometries and Fluent software to simulate flows. Specifically, it analyzes the flow in a conical nozzle with a divergence angle of 7 degrees. The results show the variation in parameters like Mach number, pressure, temperature, and velocity across the nozzle. Mach number increases from subsonic to supersonic values, static pressure decreases, and total temperature remains nearly constant before increasing near the nozzle exit.
Applications of geopolymer technology to waste stabilizationTran Nam
Douglas C. Comrie and colleagues conducted research on using geopolymers to stabilize hazardous wastes. Geopolymers are inorganic binders that solidify wastes into a hard material with high compressive strength. Testing showed geopolymers greatly reduced metal leaching from contaminated soils and wastes, meeting regulatory standards. The research demonstrates geopolymers are effective for both chemically stabilizing wastes and physically encapsulating wastes to isolate them from the environment.
Study Of Mechanical Properties Of High Strength Concrete By Partial Replaceme...dbpublications
Concrete is considered as durable and strong material. Concrete is one of the most popular material used for constructions. The present investigation deals with High strength concrete of M60 by adding fiber material to strengthen the concrete. Partial replacement of OPC with fly ash in percentages of 0%, 5% and10% in various ratios and also add Masterpel777, super plastisizer for workability purpose. Exposure periods of 7, 14 and 28 days on various tests. In this project we have designed M60 grade concrete using Design mix of Department of Environment method of various strengths.
The document discusses various aspects of concrete mix design including:
1. Materials used in concrete like cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures.
2. Types of concrete mixes including nominal and design mixes.
3. Trial mixes are conducted to verify the design mix proportions before use.
4. Mix design is defined as determining relative proportions of ingredients to achieve desired properties economically. Factors like strength, workability, and durability must be considered.
5. Methods for concrete mix design discussed include ACI, BIS, and Road Note No. 4 methods. Proportions are adjusted based on aggregate properties and desired concrete performance.
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement by Flyash and GGBSijsrd.com
This paper presents a laboratory investigation on optimum level of Fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a partial replacement of cement to study the strength characteristics of concrete. Portland cement was partially replaced by 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% of GGBS and Fly ash by 20%, 40%, 60% respectively. The water to cementations materials ratio was maintained at 0.45 for all mixes. The strength characteristics of the concrete were evaluated by conducting Compressive strength test, Splitting Tensile strength test and Flexural strength test. The compression strength test were conducted for 7days and 28days of curing and split tensile strength test and flexural strength test were conducted for 28days of curing on a M25 grade concrete. The mix proportion M25 was found to be 1:1.36:2.71.The test results proved that the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete mixtures containing GGBS and Fly ash increases as the amount of GGBS and Fly ash increase. After an optimum point, at around 9% of GGBS and 40% of Fly ash of the total binder content, the further addition of GGBS and fly ash does not improve the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength.
This document discusses two types of polymer modified concrete: polymer impregnated concrete (PIC) and polymer cement concrete (PCC). PIC is produced by impregnating hardened concrete with liquid monomers that polymerize within the concrete's pores, improving strength and durability. PCC replaces part of the cement binder with polymers like latex, improving properties but at a higher cost than traditional concrete. Both types have applications in infrastructure like sewer pipes and bridge decks due to their enhanced performance.
The Influence of Partial Replacement of Some Selected Pozzolans on the Drying...Scientific Review SR
Concrete is prone to cracking and one of the major causes of cracking is drying shrinkage of the hardened concrete. This research work was carried out to study the influence of partial replacement of some selected pozzolans on the drying shrinkage of concrete. Four pozzolans used in this study, were made to replace cement at various percentages resulting in various concrete mixes. Setting time test was conducted for the various cement mixes using Vicat’s apparatus and drying shrinkage test was done for the concrete test specimens. The results of the setting time indicate that partial replacement of pozzolans with ordinary Portland cement increases both the initial and final setting time of cement as the percentage replacement increases. Similarly, drying shrinkage results show that concrete made with Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) and Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) at 12% replacement will have a stable and better shrinkage resistance than the control at both 56 days and 90 days. Meanwhile, the control concrete gives a better drying shrinkage at 28 days curing. In conclusion, the results show that pozzolanas [Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)] can successfully replace cement up to 12% without necessarily affecting the shrinkage ability of the produced concrete. It also shows that Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBA) and Bamboo Leaves Ash (BLA) are more resistance to drying shrinkage than the control.
Experimental Study On Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial Replacemen...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigates the characteristics of concrete with partial replacements of cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash, as well as additions of glass fibers. Glass fiber reinforced concrete uses glass fibers instead of steel for reinforcement. The study mixes concrete with 10% fly ash replacement and 10-30% GGBS replacement, as well as 0-1% glass fiber additions. Tests are performed to determine the compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths of the concrete mixtures at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results show that partial cement replacement with fly ash and GGBS, as well as the addition of glass fibers, can improve the strength of concrete compared to normal concrete
EFFECT OF POLYCARBOXYLATE ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF PERVIOUS CONCRETEIAEME Publication
This document discusses the effects of adding polycarboxylate to pervious concrete mixes on compressive strength. Pervious concrete is a porous pavement that allows water to drain through it. The study tested pervious concrete mixes with 10mm and 11.2mm aggregates and varying amounts of polycarboxylate additive from 2-6 ml. Compressive strengths were tested at 7 and 28 days. Results showed compressive strength generally increased with polycarboxylate content, with highest strengths at 5 ml for both aggregate sizes and curing periods. The chemical reaction between polycarboxylate and cement was concluded to increase compressive strength. Usage of pervious concrete with polycarboxylate was found to meet strength
An Experimental Study on Durability of Concrete Using Fly Ash & GGBS for M30 ...IJERD Editor
Concrete when subjected to severe environments its durability can significantly decline due to
degradation. Degradation of concrete structures by corrosion is a serious problem and has major economic
implications. In this study, an attempt has been made to study the durability of concrete using the mineral
admixtures like Fly Ash & Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) for M30 grade concrete.Cube
Specimens were casted and are immersed in normal water, sea water, H2SO4 of various concentrations and were
tested after 7 days, 28 days & 60 days.
RESIDUAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE AT ELEVATED TEMPERA...Ijripublishers Ijri
The extensive use of concrete as a structural material for the high rise buildings, storage tanks, nuclear reactors and
pressure vessels increase the risk of concrete being exposed to high temperatures. This has led to a demand to improve
the understanding of the effect of temperature on concrete. The behavior of concrete exposed to high temperature is a
result of many factors including the exposed environment and constituent materials.
Concrete structures are exposed to fire when a fire accident occurs. Damage in concrete structures due to fire depends
to a great extent on the intensity and duration of fire. The distress in the concrete manifests in the form of cracking and
spalling of the concrete surface.
IRJET- Evaluation of Workability Characteristics of Self Compacting ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document evaluates the workability characteristics of self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes containing hypo sludge and polypropylene fibers.
An M30 grade SCC mix was designed according to EFNARC guidelines. Cement was replaced with hypo sludge at levels from 2-8% and polypropylene fibers were added from 0.2-0.4%. Workability tests including slump flow, J-ring, L-box, V-funnel, and U-box were performed.
The results showed that as fiber content increased from 0.2-0.4%, slump flow values decreased from 672mm to 642mm, indicating lower workability. The
Ternary blended concrete using fly ash and silica fume. PPTMd Faiz Ali
The document discusses a study on the strength properties of ternary blended concrete using fly ash and silica fume. Fly ash and silica fume are used to partially replace cement in concrete mixes. Experimental testing was conducted on concrete mixes with various replacement levels of fly ash and silica fume. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of the mixes were tested at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that the mix with 10% fly ash and 10% silica fume replacement achieved the highest strengths, while the mix with 8% fly ash and 12% silica fume replacement achieved the lowest strengths.
This document discusses metakaolin, which is produced by calcining kaolin clay between 650-800°C. It has pozzolanic properties and can partially replace cement in high strength concrete. Metakaolin increases the strength and durability of concrete by reacting with calcium hydroxide to produce additional calcium-silicate-hydrate gel. It improves the physical and chemical properties of concrete, leading to applications in infrastructure like bridges, dams, and buildings where high strength and durability are important.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE USING GGBS AN...AM Publications
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by-product obtained from the blast furnaces used in the iron manufacturing industry. The disposal of the marble powder obtained from marble industry constitutes one of the environmental problems around the world. One of the possible solutions for the effective use of GGBS and marble powder is to partially replace cement in concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on concrete in which the cement is partially replaced by both GGBS and marble powder. In this study, different percentages of GGBS and marble powder are used for partial replacement of cement by 30%. Tests conducted includes workability of fresh concrete (Slump test), strength of hardened concrete (Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength) and durability properties of concrete (Chloride resistance and Sulphate resistance).
IRJET- An Experimental Investigation of Concrete using Vermiculite as Partial...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates the use of vermiculite as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Vermiculite is chosen because it improves workability, fire resistance, crack resistance, and shrinkage resistance while being chemically inert. Concrete mixes are designed for M30 grade concrete with 10%, 15%, and 20% replacement of fine aggregate by vermiculite. Testing shows the 15% replacement mix achieves the highest compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength compared to the other mixes and normal concrete. The study concludes vermiculite concrete provides improved properties while being more economical and environmentally friendly than traditional concrete.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
An Experimental Investigation on Strength Characteristics of Concrete with P...IJMER
One of the approaches in improving the durability of concrete is to use blended cement
materials such as fly ash, silica fume, slag and more recently, metakaolin.. This study presents the results
of different mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and
flexural concrete by partially replacing cement with metakaolin and silica fume. The replacement of
metakaolin is varied from 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% and silica fume from 6%, 8% and 10%. The property
of concrete in fresh state, that is the workability is also studied during the present investigation.The
optimum doses of silica fume and metakaolin in combination were found to be 6% and 15% (by weight)
respectively, when used as part replacement of ordinary Portland cement.
STUDY ON EFFECT OF HYBRID FRP LAMINATES WRAPPED EXTERNALLY (U-WRAP) ON REINFO...IAEME Publication
Recently fibre reinforced polymer composite material namely glass FRP, carbon FRP, basalt FRP etc, is being used as strengthening material. Each technique has its own merits and limitations. Experimental study have been conducted on Reinforced concrete beams which are externally strengthened with GFRP and CFRP as double layer one above the other and it is referred as Hybrid FRP techniques is attained with epoxy resin as adhesive compound. All the ingredients in the beam specimens were maintained with same consistency. A total six beams were cast for the experimental investigation. Out of that three were kept as control specimens and the remaining three were strengthened with double layer of CFRP and GFRP in the U-Wrap pattern. From the overall experimental investigation it can be observed that there is an appreciable increase in ultimate load carrying capacity of the beams strengthened with hybrid FRP laminates.
STUDY OF STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH PALM OIL FUEL ASH AS CEMENT REPLACEMENTIAEME Publication
Rapid growth of infrastructure has led to the use of concrete almost everywhere, and one of the main products required in manufacturing concrete is cement, with the increase in the amount of cement used, heat of hydration increases which will lead to the formation of cracks in concrete accompanied by shrinkage effect. In order to control this, palm oil fuel ash, an agro waste which contains some amount of silica act as a pozzolanic material is being used as cement replacement and its strength is compared with conventional concrete of grade M25. Palm oil fuel ash which is obtained by burning palm fruit and dry leaves of palm oil tree in palm oil mills is also used to control heat of hydration effect on concrete, after pulverizing and making it into a fine powder. In this study cement is being replaced with palm oil fuel ash by 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5% and the strength tests like compressive strength test, tensile strength test, flexural strength test are performed and are compared with the results of conventional concrete of grade M25 for 3,7 and 28 days. Satisfactory results have been found at a percentage of 12.5%. Increase in strength is found at this percentage.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a non-invasive method for estimating consciousness level using EEG signals. The method uses two electrodes to collect bio-potential signals from the brain, which are then amplified, filtered, and analyzed using fast Fourier transform (FFT) to extract the beta wave frequency range associated with different consciousness levels. Results from drug and alcohol experiments on subjects showed that their brain wave frequencies shifted towards the alpha range when intoxicated, indicating a loss of consciousness. The frequency analysis provides a way to continuously monitor consciousness level.
This document discusses a numerical study of supersonic flow in conical rocket nozzles using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The study uses Gambit software to design nozzle geometries and Fluent software to simulate flows. Specifically, it analyzes the flow in a conical nozzle with a divergence angle of 7 degrees. The results show the variation in parameters like Mach number, pressure, temperature, and velocity across the nozzle. Mach number increases from subsonic to supersonic values, static pressure decreases, and total temperature remains nearly constant before increasing near the nozzle exit.
This document analyzes water samples from 258 wells in fractured sandstone basins in Mali. Statistical analysis identifies three classes of groundwater: 1) Normal carbonate calcium magnesium water. 2) Contaminated water high in iron and nitrates likely of anthropogenic origin. 3) Saline water high in sodium, chlorides and potassium. Principal component analysis identifies correlations between ions indicating water-rock interactions and some contamination from human activities like agriculture. The study provides baseline data on groundwater quality in the region.
This document describes a method for efficiently streaming video data over a network by splitting the video frames into non-overlapping blocks. It involves dividing each video frame into blocks, extracting features from each block, and transmitting the blocks separately to allow playback before full transmission. The method is implemented using FPGA and MATLAB tools to split frames, interpolate blocks to original size without blurring, and display the enlarged blocks on a screen for streaming video data. This splitting and interpolation approach allows for higher precision video streaming with reduced data requirements.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a soft-switched PWM zero-voltage switching (ZVS) full bridge DC-DC converter. It introduces a circuit with an auxiliary transformer to achieve ZVS over a wide load range with minimal circulating energy. The auxiliary transformer provides a path for current through a primary inductor used to store ZVS energy. This adaptive energy storage allows ZVS even at no load, reducing component sizes and secondary-side duty cycle losses compared to conventional phase-shift full bridge converters. The document examines the circuit design and operation in detail.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element modeling to simulate the hot rolling process and investigate the effects of various process parameters. The study developed a 3D finite element model of the hot rolling process using Abaqus software. It then analyzed how changes in parameters like slab thickness, rolling speed, roll diameter, thickness reduction, and temperature affect outcomes like temperature distribution, stress, strain, and roll force. The model was validated by comparing its predictions to theoretical results from previous studies. The results showed that increasing rolling speed, roll diameter, or thickness reduction increased roll force, while increasing temperature decreased roll force. Higher speeds also decreased minimum slab surface temperature.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document analyzes the runoff process at the outlet of the Kolondieba watershed in Mali. Monitoring of physicochemical parameters like pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids was conducted from 2009-2011 in rainfall, surface water, groundwater, and at the outlet. The deconvolution method EMMA was used to determine the origin of runoff based on electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids diagrams. This analysis showed a bipolar origin of runoff with rapid flows from rainfall (Qr) making up 77% and delayed flows from shallow aquifers (Qd) making up 23% during the high water period of 2010. In 2011, Qr increased to 80% while Qd decreased due
The document summarizes a study that used Taguchi methods and Grey Relational Analysis to optimize machining parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut) for turning AISI H13 steel to maximize material removal rate and minimize surface roughness. Experiments were conducted based on an L18 orthogonal array design. Analysis of variance identified the significant parameters affecting each response. Optimal conditions for combined effects were found to be a cutting speed of 270m/min, feed rate of 0.1mm/rev, and depth of cut of 1.5mm, achieving a surface roughness of 1.0828μm and material removal rate of 554.04mm3/sec.
The document proposes using text distortion and algorithmic clustering based on string compression to analyze the effects of progressively destroying text structure on the information contained in texts. Several experiments are carried out on text and artificially generated datasets. The results show that clustering results worsen as structure is destroyed in strongly structural datasets, and that using a compressor that enables context size choice helps determine a dataset's nature. These results are consistent with those from a method based on multidimensional projections.
novel and efficient approch for detection of duplicate pages in web crawlingVipin Kp
This document presents a novel approach for detecting near duplicate web pages during web crawling. It discusses how near duplicates waste resources and affect search quality. The approach parses documents, applies stemming to keywords, represents keywords with counts, and calculates similarity scores to identify near duplicates. Detecting and removing near duplicates improves search index quality, reduces storage costs, and saves bandwidth.
The document discusses techniques for detecting duplicate and near-duplicate documents. It describes how near duplicates can be identified by computing syntactic similarity using measures like edit distance. Shingling transforms documents into sets of n-grams that can be used for similarity comparisons. Sketches provide a compact representation of a document's shingles using a subset chosen by permutations, allowing efficient estimation of resemblance between documents. MinHash signatures exploit the relationship between resemblance of sets and the probability of matching minhash values to detect near duplicates in one pass over the data.
This document reviews various methods of wireless power transmission. It discusses Nikola Tesla's early experiments with wireless power transmission using large towers. It also describes several modern methods, including microwave power transmission, which transfers power via directed radio waves; electromagnetic transmission using lasers; inductive coupling using magnetic fields generated by coils; and resonant inductive coupling that improves efficiency through magnetic field resonance between coils. The document provides examples and diagrams to explain these different wireless power transmission technologies.
The document proposes a new strategy called Maximum Distance Point Strategy (MDPS) to evaluate spherical form error from points measured by a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). MDPS selects points that are maximally distant from each other to define a candidate sphere, unlike the commonly used Least Squares Method (LSM) which minimizes the sum of squared deviations of all points from the sphere. The results of MDPS are compared to LSM. MDPS is found to provide comparable or better results than LSM, especially when points are not uniformly distributed. The strategy aims to provide a more robust evaluation of spherical form error compared to existing methods.
This document summarizes a study on connecting a wind farm to an AC load through a rectifier-inverter system and using batteries for energy storage. It discusses how batteries can be charged during periods of high wind by storing surplus power generated, and can discharge to supply the AC load during periods of low wind. MATLAB simulation results are presented showing voltage waveforms with and without batteries connected in parallel to the wind farm. The study highlights the importance of energy storage devices like batteries for ensuring continuous power supply to loads, even during low wind conditions, by charging batteries when wind is high and discharging them when wind is low.
Strength Studies on Metakaolin Modified Cement Mortar with Quarry Dust as Fin...IDES Editor
Scarcity of river sand is one of the major problems
in the construction industry. Studies were conducted to find
out the feasibility of using quarry dust to partially replace
sand in concrete. . These studies revealed that, due to increased
fineness, the combination require an increased water cement
ratio which results in strength reduction or the use of a water
reducing admixture. Use of super pozzolanic supplementary
cementing materials such as silica fume, rice husk ash,
metakaolin etc in concrete and mortar improves the strength
even at a higher water binder ratio. Metakaolin, a
manufactured material, calcined kaolinite is available at
moderate cost. This paper presents the results of a study to
use metakaolin in cement mortar as a partial replacement of
cement where quarry dust was used as the fine aggregate.
The effect of water binder ratio and metakaolin replacement
level on the compressive strength of cement quarry dust mortar
was investigated.
Utilization and Experimental Investigation on Metakaolin and Waste foundry Sa...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on utilizing metakaolin and waste foundry sand as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregate in concrete. Concrete cubes, cylinders, and beams containing 0-20% metakaolin replacement of cement and 0-50% waste foundry sand replacement of fine aggregate were tested. The testing evaluated properties like workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength at various curing periods. Results showed compressive strength increased up to 18.3% with 10% cement replaced by metakaolin and 40% fine aggregate replaced by waste foundry sand. Maximum compressive strength of 51.2 MPa was achieved with 10% metakaolin replacement of cement.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses a study on the effect of cement combinations containing Portland cement, fly ash, silica fume, and metakaolin on the plastic density and workability of concrete. The results show that cement additions reduce the plastic density of concrete as the content increases. Fly ash concrete had lower plastic densities than silica fume and metakaolin concrete. At replacement levels below 55%, all cement combination concretes achieved plastic densities between 2350-2450 kg/m3. Fly ash reduced and silica fume and metakaolin increased superplasticiser dosage requirements. Metakaolin concrete required higher dosages than silica fume concrete. Cement additions improved cohesion but caused stickiness at higher pozz
This document discusses replacing cement with metakaolin in concrete. Metakaolin is a pozzolanic material extracted from kaolin clay that can replace 8-20% of cement by weight. The author designed an investigation to study concrete mixtures with metakaolin replacing cement at levels of 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%. The mixtures were tested for physical and chemical properties. Literature showed that metakaolin improves concrete strength, durability, and permeability. The materials used, mix design, and preliminary mixtures are presented.
Polymer Concrete Made With Recycled Glass Aggregates, Flyash and MetakaolinIOSR Journals
A novel polymer concrete (PC) was synthesized by mixing epoxy resins and waste glass as
aggregates. In this study, metakaolin (MK) and fly ash (FA) were used as filler and compositions with 0%, 10%
and 15% by weight of recycled glass sand (<2.36 mm) were prepared to investigate the mechanical and
durability properties of the PC. The results indicated that all compositions assessed in this study display high
strength and modulus of elasticity values. MK and FA have a significant effect on the compressive strength, the
flexural strength and the modulus of elasticity of the PC. Moreover, the PC made with recycled glass aggregate,
MK and FA has good chemical resistance for 20% Na2CO3, 10% NaOH, tap water, and sea water. Besides the acceptable chemical resistance, the prepared waste glass PC shows low apparent porosity and low water
absorption
An Experimental Investigation on Strength Characteristics of Concrete with Pa...ijsrd.com
One of the approaches in improving the durability of concrete is to use blended cement materials such as fly ash, silica fume, slag and more recently, metakaolin. By changing the chemistry and microstructure of concrete, pozzolans reduce the capillary porosity of the cementitious system and make them less permeable to exterior chemical sources as well as reducing the internal chemical incompatilities such as alkali-silica reaction. The concrete industry is known to leave an enormous environmental footprint on Planet Earth. First, there are the sheer volumes of material needed to produce the billions of tons of concrete worldwide each year. Then there are the CO2 emissions caused during the production of Portland cement. Together with the energy requirements, water consumption and generation of construction and demolition waste, these factors contribute to the general appearance that concrete is not particularly environmentally friendly or compatible with the demands of sustainable development. Thus, use of these supplementary cementitious materials can reduce the effects of cement causing severe environmental impact. This study presents the results of different mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural concrete by partially replacing cement with metakaolin and silica fume. The replacement of metakaolin is varied from 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% and silica fume from 6%, 8% and 10%. The property of concrete in fresh state that is the workability is also studied during the present investigation. The optimum doses of silica fume and metakaolin in combination were found to be 6% and 15% (by weight) respectively, when used as part replacement of ordinary Portland cement.
IRJET- Study on the Physical Properties of Concrete Prepared with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the physical properties of concrete prepared with partial replacement of cement by waste materials such as alccofine, GGBS, and meta-kaoline. The study found that replacing cement with:
1) Alccofine up to 10% increased compressive strength but strength started reducing after 10% replacement.
2) GGBS up to 15% increased compressive strength but strength started reducing after 15% replacement.
3) Meta-kaoline up to 10% increased compressive strength but strength started reducing after 10% replacement.
The study concluded that these waste materials can partially replace cement in concrete up to certain thresholds to increase strength, but replacing beyond
This document discusses the use of fly ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. It provides background on fly ash, including its generation from coal combustion and characteristics. Fly ash is classified as either Class F or Class C based on its chemical composition. The document outlines experimental programs conducted to study the effects of varying fly ash replacement levels on the workability and compressive strength of concrete. Test results showed workability decreased with higher fly ash content, while compressive strength increased up to 10% replacement but decreased at 15% replacement or more. The conclusion is that fly ash replacement of up to 10% is effective but may require plasticizers at higher replacement levels.
High volume fly ash concrete is a concrete where a replacement of about 35% or more of cement is made with the usage of fly ash.
Fly ash concrete is an eco-friendly construction material in which fly ash replaces a part of Portland cement.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON METAKAOLIN CEMENT CONCRETE WITH ROCK SANDIRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental study on the use of metakaolin and rock sand in concrete. Metakaolin was used to replace 5-25% of cement by weight, and rock sand partially replaced river sand. Cubes and cylinders were cast and tested for compressive and split tensile strength at 7, 28, and 90 days. The highest compressive strength was achieved with 15% metakaolin replacement at 28 days and 20% replacement at 90 days. The highest split tensile strength was with 20% metakaolin replacement at 28 days. In conclusion, the addition of metakaolin and use of partial rock sand improved the strength properties of the concrete.
An Experimental Investigation on Strengths Characteristics of Concrete with t...IJERA Editor
This document presents an experimental investigation on the strengths characteristics of concrete with partial replacements of cement by marble powder dust and sand by stone dust. Marble powder is used to replace cement by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight, and stone dust is used to replace sand by 10%, 20%, and 30% along with 0%, 10%, and 20% cement replacement by marble powder. Compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths are tested at 7 and 28 days of curing. The results indicate that marble powder replacement up to 10% improves compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths. Stone dust and marble powder replacements up to 20% and 10% respectively also improve compressive
Abstract
The paper presents the studies on properties of blended concretes containing various mineral admixtuers like fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag and metakaolin as partial replacement to cement. By addition of these admixtures reduces the cement content so that it can minimize the enivornment impact from the producion of cement.Various properties of blended concretes are reviewed from different research articles.
Keywords- Blended Concrete, Binary Blended, Triple Blended, Quaternary Blended Concretes, Strength Properties, Durability Properties
This study investigated the effects of fly ash and glass fiber additions on the properties of concrete. Fly ash was used to replace cement at levels of 30%, 35%, and 40% by volume. Standard M30 concrete without fly ash served as the control. The concrete mixtures also included glass fibers added at levels of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%. Testing found that concrete with 35% fly ash replacement and 1% glass fibers exhibited the highest compressive strength at 36.4% above the control and highest splitting tensile strength at 19.7% above the control after 28 days of curing. The study aimed to determine the optimum levels of fly ash and glass fibers for improving concrete properties.
Critical review on Mix Proportioning stipulations for High Volume Fly ash con...IRJET Journal
This document provides a critical review of mix proportioning specifications for High Volume Fly Ash Concrete (HVFAC). It discusses how HVFAC can be more eco-friendly and cost-efficient than traditional Portland cement concrete. Less water-to-binder ratio, finer fly ash particles, and increased curing time all contribute to higher compressive strength in HVFAC. The document reviews previous research on mix proportioning of HVFAC and the effects of variables like water-to-binder ratio, fly ash content, and curing age. It also summarizes typical mix designs used in previous studies involving 50-65% fly ash replacement of cement by mass.
PPT replacement of m30 grade PPT cement ppt (4).pptxvarukoluanil
This document summarizes a mini project on partially replacing cement with fly ash in M30 grade concrete. The project was carried out by civil engineering students at Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences under the guidance of an assistant professor. Fly ash was used to replace cement at different percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) and the compressive strength of the resulting concrete mixtures was tested. Previous research on using fly ash as a cement replacement and its effects on concrete properties is also reviewed. The project aims to determine the feasibility and effects of using fly ash to partially replace cement in concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand in the Preparation of Concreteiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document discusses the utilization of foundry waste sand in the preparation of concrete. It presents the results of experiments conducted to study the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of M20 and M25 grade concrete containing 0%, 10%, and 100% replacement of foundry waste sand in place of fine aggregate. The tests were conducted at curing periods of 7, 28, and 56 days. The results showed that 100% replacement of foundry waste sand can be used for M20 and M25 grade concrete based on the compressive strengths achieved at different curing periods being comparable to control mixes. Flexural and split tensile strengths were also found to be comparable between control mixes and mixes with foundry
The document discusses the utilization of foundry waste sand in the preparation of concrete. It presents the results of experiments conducted to study the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of M20 and M25 grade concrete containing 0%, 10%, and 100% replacement of foundry waste sand in place of fine aggregate. The tests were conducted at curing periods of 7, 28, and 56 days. The results showed that 100% replacement of foundry waste sand can be used for M20 and M25 grade concrete based on the compressive strengths achieved at different curing periods being comparable to control mixes. Flexural and split tensile strengths were also found to be comparable between control mixes and those with foundry
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...
Lg2519531959
1. FOLAGBADE, Samuel Olufemi / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1953-1959
Sorptivity Of Cement Combination Concretes Containing
Portland Cement, Fly Ash And Metakaolin
FOLAGBADE, Samuel Olufemi
Department of Building, Faculty of Environmental Design and Management,
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 0220005, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
To investigate the permeation resistance bleeding and pore size[1] and ensure more
of cement combination concrete, this paper nucleation sites to accelerate hydration reactions[2],
examined the sorptivity of Portland cement and increase pore refinement[3, 4] and enhance the early
some binary and ternary cement concretes and later age performance of concrete[5]. However,
containing fly ash and metakaolin at equal its high specific surface and chemical reactivity
water/cement ratios and strengths. At equal have caused workability problems in concrete[6]
water/cement ratio, fly ash binary cement resulting in increased superplasticiser dosage of
concretes have higher sorptivity than Portland about 0.6% for every 5% increase in its content[5].
cement and while their sorptivity increased with Hence, it is used as replacements between 5-15% by
increasing content of fly ash, they decreased with weight to increase the strength and reduce the
curing age. Metakaolin binary and ternary permeability of concrete[7]. Due to its availability,
cement concretes have lower sorptivity than low cost and quality control, fly ash constitutes the
Portland cement and fly ash binary cement primary pozzolana for blended cements[8] and the
concretes at both early and later ages and their use of gas-fired and co-combustion fly ash would
sorptivity reduced with increasing content of ensure the availability of quality fly ash for future
metakaolin up to 15%. At equivalent strengths, use in concrete[9]. Fly ash is characterised by low
cement combination concretes generally have water demand and reduced water/cement ratio for
lower sorptivity than Portland cement and the equal consistence[10] and improved
sorptivity of the binary cement concretes reduced workability[11]. This is due to the spherical
with increasing content of fly ash and metakaolin shape[12, 1] and electronic dispersion of its
up to 55% and 10% respectively. While at a total particles[13]. However, the reaction of fly ash
replacement level of less than 55%, the ternary requires a higher alkalinity of the pore water than
cement concretes only performed better than the metakaolin. Since this alkalinity would be reduced
fly ash binary cement concretes at a strength of by metakaolin, the reactivity of fly ash in the
50 N/mm2, at a total replacement level of 55%, presence of metakaolin would be reduced[14]. Also,
the ternary cement concretes have lower while fly ash concrete has relatively poor
sorptivity values than the fly ash binary cement characteristics at early ages[15], its pozzolanic
concretes at all the strengths investigated. reactivity improves with curing age to improve
concrete resistance in aggressive media[16].
Keywords: Cement additions; cement
combination concrete; metakaolin; permeation While fly ash is cheaper and would
resistance; sorptivity. improve the workability of concrete than Portland
cement and metakaolin, it would reduce hydration
1. Introduction reactions at early ages. Hence, ternary combinations
The use of cement combination would lead of metakaolin and fly ash would perform better than
to reduced cost and improved performance and their binary combinations with Portland cement.
environmental compatibility of concrete and it is This is because, while metakaolin would support
supported by cement and concrete standards like BS early age performance, fly ash would continue to
EN 197- 1, BS 8500 and BS EN 206- 1. Cement refine the properties of the hardened concrete as it
combinations, by virtue of their delayed strength matures[17]. Ternary cement combinations are also
development at early ages, would be more suitable known to reduce admixture dosage[18].
for mass concreting and concrete work in hot
climate than Portland cement. With their long-term Sorptivity measures the rate of water
pozzolanic reaction with curing age, they would also absorbed by hydraulic cement concretes and
be good for under-water concrete structures which therefore the susceptibility of an unsaturated
are prone to water sorption. concrete to water penetration by absorption when no
Metakaolin is a highly reactive non- head of water exist. Minimising sorptivity is
crystalline fine pozzolana and its fineness would important in order to reduce the ingress of chloride
result in closer packing of materials and reduced or sulphate into concrete[19]. But while sorptivity
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Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1953-1959
would increase with increasing content of fly ash,
the incorporation of metakaolin as binary and Table 1: Properties of Cements
ternary cement component would lead to a marked
reduction in sorptivity[17]. Despite their ability to CEMENTS
perform better than Portland cement, cement
PROPERTY
combination concretes have been under-utilised in
construction. While BS EN 197- 1 permits the use PC FA MK
of metakaolin and fly ash of up to 15% and 55%
respectively, data from the European Ready Mixed
Concrete Organisation[20] show a cement addition Blaine fineness, m2/kg 395 388 2588
content of less than 20% in ready-mixed concrete. Loss on ignition, % a) 1.9 6.1 b) 0.9
Also, while concrete in practice is prescribed on the Particle density, g/cm3 3.17 2.26 2.51
basis of strength, most researches in literature were % retained by 45µm sieve b) - 11.0 -
conducted at equal water/cement ratio. Since at
equivalent strengths, the use of cement Particle size distribution, cumulative % passing by mass c)
combinations would result in better performance[21, 125 µm 100 100 100
22], this paper examined the effect of cement 100 µm 98.2 99.2 100
combinations containing fly ash (up to 55% content) 75 µm 93.2 96.5 99.8
and metakaolin (up to 15% content) on the 45 µm 81.8 87.0 99.4
sorptivity of concrete at equal water/cement ratios 25 µm 57.1 66.2 96.0
and strengths. 10 µm 30.1 40.6 76.2
5 µm 13.5 24.1 50.7
2. Experimental Materials and Mix 2 µm 5.6 10.9 18.2
Proportions 1 µm 2.9 4.8 4.7
The cements used were Portland cement 0.7 µm 1.3 1.9 1.4
(PC, 42.5 type), siliceous or Class F fly ash (FA) 0.5 µm 0.2 0.3 0.1
and metakaolin (MK). The properties of the cements
are presented in Table 1. The aggregates consisted a) In accordance with BS EN 196-2
of 0/4mm fine aggregates and 4/10mm and b) In accordance with EN 450- 1
10/20mm coarse aggregates. The coarse aggregates c) Obtained with the Laser Particle Sizer
were uncrushed and they come in varied shapes. The
4/10mm aggregates have rough texture and the Table 2: Properties of Fine and Coarse
10/20mm aggregates were smooth. The properties of Aggregates
the aggregates are presented in Table 2.
AGGREGATES 1)
Potable water, conforming to BS EN 1008,
was used for mixing, curing and testing the concrete COARSE
specimens. In order to provide reasonably workable PROPERTY
concretes and a uniform basis for comparing FINE
concrete performance at equal water content and 0/4
4/10 10/20
water/cement ratio, a superplasticiser based on mm
mm mm
carboxylic ether polymer conforming to EN 934-2
was applied during mixing to achieve a consistence
level of S2 defined by a nominal slump of 50- Shape, visual - Varied Varied
100mm in BS EN 206- 1. The yield corrected Surface texture, visual - Rough Smooth
concrete mix proportions, to the nearest 5 kg/m3, Particle density 2) 2.6 2.6 2.6
based on the BRE Design Guide[23], a fixed free Water absorption, % 3) 1.0 1.7 1.2
water content of 165 kg/m3 (to avoid an excessively % passing 600 µm sieve 55.0 - -
sticky mix) and saturated surface-dry (SSD)
aggregates are presented in Table 3 for 0.35, 0.50 1) Aggregates were obtained from Wormit Quarry.
and 0.65 water/cement ratios. 2) In accordance with BS EN 1097- 6
3) In accordance with BS EN 1097- 6, Laboratory-dry
condition
Table 3: Yield Corrected Mix Proportions of Concrete at a Fixed Free Water Content of 165 kg/m3
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Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1953-1959
a) % Superplasticiser (SP) required for consistence class 2 (BS EN 206-1) is related to the total cement content.
3. Experimental Methods cracking associated with reduced bleeding that
Concrete was prepared to BS EN 12390- 2 normally characterise the use of fine materials
and the specimens were cast, cured under a layer of would be avoided and the microstructure of the test
damp hessian covered with polythene for about 24 specimens would not be adversely affected to
hours, demoulded and cured in water tanks prevent the repeatability of the results.
maintained at about 20oC until the tests’ dates. Tests
were carried out on hardened concrete specimens to Sorptivity was carried out in accordance
determine their cube compressive strength and with ASTM C1585- 05 using concrete specimens
sorptivity at equal water/cement ratios. The cube 100mm in diameter and about 50mm thick. After
compressive strengths were obtained in accordance being cooled to room temperature in a dessicator,
with BS EN 12390- 3 using 100mm cubes at the the oven-dried specimens were waxed on the side
curing age of 28 days. Since absorption into and covered on one end with a loose plastic sheet
concrete is a function of the drying temperature and attached with masking tape to allow the entrapped
immersion duration[24], sorptivity was determined air to escape from the concrete pores while at the
with specimens oven-dried to constant mass at same time preventing water loss by evaporation.
105±5oC to ensure a uniform basis for the After obtaining the initial mass, the test surface (i.e.
comparison and repeatability of the results. This is uncovered end) of each sample was placed on two
because it is generally believed that at this lines of roller support placed in water maintained at
temperature the pozzolanic reactions of the cement 3-5mm level above the top of the support
additions would be stopped, the plastic shrinkage throughout the duration of the test (Fig. 1).
Specimen covered at one
end with loose plastic sheet
Roller support placed in
water
Water level maintained at
3-5mm above support
Figure 1: A typical sorptivity test set-up
The sorptivity test was conducted over six m
hours and the cumulative change in mass at i = (1)
specific intervals was determined. For each mass A
determination, the test specimen was removed from
water and the surface was cleaned with a dampened where Δm = cumulative change in mass due to
paper towel to remove water droplets. The mass of water absorption,
the sample was then measured and the sample was
replaced to continue the test. The cumulative A = cross-sectional area of test specimen, mm2,
change in mass at one minute, five minutes, ten ρ = density of water.
minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, one hour, two
[29]
hours, three hours, four hours, five hours and six It has been shown by Hall that there exists a
hours were used to obtain the respective cumulative relation of the form:
absorption values, i, expressed by:
i = St0.5 (Darcy’s Law) (2)
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Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1953-1959
where S = sorptivity in mm/√min (1mm/√min also satisfy most of the strength requirements in BS
= 1.29x10-0.4 m/√s) and EN 206-1 and BS 8500.
t = time in minutes
Table 4: Cube compressive strength and sorptivity
Hence the cumulative absorption values of concrete at equal water/cement ratios
were plotted against the square root of the times
and sorptivity (the initial rate of water absorption)
was obtained as the slope of the line that best fits STRE SORPTIVITY
the plot. NGTH x 10-4, m/√s
AT
4. Analysis and Discussion of Results 28
MIX w/c
Table 4 shows that the cube compressive DAYS
28 90 180
strength of concrete reduced with increasing ,
Day Da Da
water/cement ratio and that while the addition of
s ys ys
fly ash would reduce strength with increasing N/mm
2
content, the addition of metakaolin as binary and
ternary cement component resulted in improved
strength at 28 days. 0.35 80.0 200 160 135
100%PC 0.50 54.0 260 215 190
The sorptivity of fly ash binary cement 0.65 38.5 335 295 260
concretes which were slightly higher than that of
Portland cement concrete at 28 days reduced 80%PC 0.35 72.0 205 155 120
progressively such that at 180 days they became +20%FA 0.50 46.5 265 220 185
lower. This is because fly ash would require a 0.65 30.0 345 300 255
higher level of alkalinity which increased
progressively with the release of Ca(OH)2 by the 80%PC
0.35 82.0 185 150 130
hydration reaction of Portland cement to improve +15%FA
0.50 53.0 245 205 170
the resistance of its concretes to sorption. Since the +5%MK
0.65 33.0 320 275 240
reductions at these ages increased with increasing
content of fly ash, sorptivity would reduce at equal 65%PC 0.35 60.0 210 155 120
water/cement ratio with increasing content of fly +35%FA 0.50 35.0 270 220 180
ash. The Table also shows that the addition of
0.65 20.0 360 295 250
metakaolin as binary and ternary cement
component reduced the sorptivity of concrete at the 65%PC 0.35 64.0 185 145 120
test ages. The resistance of the ternary cement +30%FA
0.50 42.0 250 200 165
concretes to sorptivity also increased with increase +5%MK
in the total content of the cement additions. This 0.65 24.0 340 275 235
must be due to the higher fineness of metakaolin 65%PC
(Table 2) resulting in more nucleation sites for +25%FA 0.35 68.0 175 140 115
Ca(OH)2 and improved pozzolanic reactions to +10%M 0.50 43.0 240 195 160
provide better packing between the cements and at K 0.65 25.0 330 270 230
the interface zones between the cement paste and
the aggregates. 45%PC 0.35 42.0 210 150 110
+55%FA 0.50 24.0 275 210 155
Table 4 shows that sorptivity of concrete 0.65 12.0 375 295 250
reduced with increasing water/cement ratio and that 45%PC
equivalent sorptivity values of the concretes at +45%FA 0.35 47.0 115 90 70
equal water/cement ratio would be achieved at +10%M 0.50 32.5 215 155 105
different ages and compressive strengths. Since K 0.65 18.5 325 240 175
concrete is usually specified in practice on the basis 45%PC
of strength at 28 days, the sorptivity of these +40%FA 0.35 50.0 110 90 70
concretes has been investigated at equivalent +15%M 0.50 33.0 180 130 100
strength at 28 days. Being the range of strengths K 0.65 20.0 300 215 160
that would commonly be used in practice, the cube
compressive strength and sorptivity of the 95%PC 0.35 80.0 195 150 115
concretes at the water/cement ratios of 0.35, 0.50 +5%MK 0.50 56.0 240 185 135
and 0.65 at 28 days (Table 4) were used, by 0.65 37.0 325 255 180
interpolation, to obtain the sorptivity of the 90%PC
concretes at the equivalent strengths of 30, 40 and +10%M 0.35 78.0 190 145 115
50 N/mm2 at 28 days (Table 5). These strengths K 0.50 54.5 220 175 130
1957 | P a g e
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Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1953-1959
0.65 38.0 310 245 175 5. Conclusion
At equal water/cement ratio, fly ash binary
85%PC
0.35 76.0 175 135 110 cement concretes have poor resistance against
+15%M
0.50 54.0 215 170 125 sorption and the resistance reduced with increasing
K
0.65 41.0 310 240 170 content of fly ash. However, the resistance
increased with increasing age such that at 180 days
Table 5 shows that sorptivity reduced with they became better than that of Portland cement
increasing strength and all the cement combination concrete. Metakaolin binary and ternary cement
concretes now have lower sorptivity values than concretes have better resistance to sorption than
Portland cement concrete at the equivalent Portland cement and fly ash binary cement
strengths. Hence, the incorporation of the cement concretes at both early and later ages and their
additions at equivalent strengths reduced the resistance increased with increasing content of
sorptivity of concrete. While the sorptivity of the metakaolin. The sorptivity of cement combination
fly ash binary cement concretes reduced with concrete is influenced by strength. Compared with
increasing content up to 55%, the sorptivity of the Portland cement concrete, the sorptivity of the
metakaolin binary cement concretes only reduced cement combination concretes were lower at the
with increasing content up to 10%. At a total equivalent strengths and they reduced with
replacement level of less than 55%, metakaolin as a increasing total content of fly ash and metakaolin
ternary cement component only performed better as binary cement components up to 55% and 10%
than the fly ash binary cement concretes at the respectively. Metakaolin ternary cement concretes,
strength of 50 N/mm2. However, at a total at equivalent strength, would only perform better
replacement level of 55%, the addition of than the fly ash binary cement concretes at a total
metakaolin, as a ternary cement component, replacement level of 55%. Hence, if appropriately
resulted in concretes with sorptivity values lower used, cement combination concrete would have
than that of their respective fly ash binary cement higher resistance against sorption than Portland
concretes. cement concrete and therefore would be preferred
for concretes exposed to water and/or aggressive
Table 5: Sorptivity of concrete at the equivalent conditions.
strengths of 30, 40 and 50 N/mm2 at 28 days
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