This document discusses the concepts of leverage, including operating leverage and financial leverage. It provides formulas to calculate the degree of operating leverage (DOL), degree of financial leverage (DFL), and degree of combined leverage (DCL). An example is given of a levered company where a 10% increase in sales would result in a 17.14% increase in operating income due to an DOL of 1.714, and a 10% increase in operating income would lead to a 15.56% increase in EPS due to a DFL of 1.556. The combined DCL is calculated as 2.667.

1. Analysis and Impact of Leverage Operating Leverage Financial Leverage

2. What is Leverage?

3. What is Leverage?

4. What is Leverage?

5. Two concepts that enhance our understanding of risk... 1) Operating Leverage - affects a firm’s business risk . 2) Financial Leverage - affects a firm’s financial risk .

6. Business Risk The variability or uncertainty of a firm’s operating income (EBIT).

7. Business Risk The variability or uncertainty of a firm’s operating income (EBIT). EBIT

8. Business Risk The variability or uncertainty of a firm’s operating income (EBIT). FIRM EBIT

9. Business Risk The variability or uncertainty of a firm’s operating income (EBIT). FIRM EBIT EPS

10. Business Risk The variability or uncertainty of a firm’s operating income (EBIT). FIRM EBIT EPS Stock- holders

11. Business Risk The variability or uncertainty of a firm’s operating income (EBIT). FIRM EBIT EPS Stock- holders

12. Business Risk Affected by: Sales volume variability Competition Product diversification Operating leverage Growth prospects Size

13. Operating Leverage The use of fixed operating costs as opposed to variable operating costs . A firm with relatively high fixed operating costs will experience more variable operating income if sales change.

15. EBIT Operating Leverage

16. Financial Risk The variability or uncertainty of a firm’s earnings per share (EPS) and the increased probability of insolvency that arises when a firm uses financial leverage .

17. Financial Risk The variability or uncertainty of a firm’s earnings per share (EPS) and the increased probability of insolvency that arises when a firm uses financial leverage. FIRM EBIT EPS Stock- holders

18. Financial Risk The variability or uncertainty of a firm’s earnings per share (EPS) and the increased probability of insolvency that arises when a firm uses financial leverage . FIRM EBIT EPS Stock- holders

19. Financial Leverage The use of fixed-cost sources of financing (debt, preferred stock) rather than variable-cost sources (common stock).

21. EPS Financial Leverage

22. Breakeven Analysis Illustrates the effects of operating leverage. Useful for forecasting the profitability of a firm, division, or product line. Useful for analyzing the impact of changes in fixed costs, variable costs, and sales price.

23. Breakeven Analysis Quantity $

24. Quantity $ Total Revenue

25. Costs Suppose the firm has both fixed operating costs (administrative salaries, insurance, rent, property tax) and variable operating costs (materials, labor, energy, packaging, sales commissions).

26. Quantity $ Total Revenue

27. Quantity { $ Total Revenue Total Cost FC

28. Quantity { $ Total Revenue Total Cost FC Q 1 + - } EBIT

29. Quantity { $ Total Revenue Total Cost FC Break-even point Q 1 + - } EBIT

30. Operating Leverage What happens if the firm increases its fixed operating costs and reduces (or eliminates) its variable costs?

31. Quantity { $ Total Revenue Total Cost FC Break- even point Q 1 + - } EBIT

32. Quantity { $ Total Revenue Total Cost = Fixed FC Break-even point } Q 1 + - EBIT

33. With high operating leverage , an increase in sales produces a relatively larger increase in operating income .

34. Quantity { $ Total Revenue Total Cost = Fixed FC Break- even point } Q 1 + - EBIT

35. Trade-off: the firm has a higher breakeven point. If sales are not high enough, the firm will not meet its fixed expenses! Quantity { $ Total Revenue Total Cost = Fixed FC Break- even point } Q 1 + - EBIT

36. Breakeven Calculations

37. Breakeven Calculations Breakeven point (units of output) Q B = F P - V

38. Breakeven point (units of output) Q B = breakeven level of Q. F = total anticipated fixed costs. P = sales price per unit. V = variable cost per unit. Breakeven Calculations Q B = F P - V

39. Breakeven Calculations Breakeven point (sales dollars) S* = F VC S 1 -

40. Breakeven point (sales dollars) S* = breakeven level of sales. F = total anticipated fixed costs. S = total sales. VC = total variable costs. Breakeven Calculations S* = F VC S 1 -

41. Analytical Income Statement sales - variable costs - fixed costs operating income - interest EBT - taxes net income

42. Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) Operating leverage : by using fixed operating costs, a small change in sales revenue is magnified into a larger change in operating income . This “multiplier effect” is called the degree of operating leverage .

43. Degree of Operating Leverage from Sales Level (S) DOLs = % change in EBIT % change in sales

44. Degree of Operating Leverage from Sales Level (S) DOLs = % change in EBIT % change in sales change in EBIT EBIT change in sales sales =

45. If we have the data, we can use this formula: Degree of Operating Leverage from Sales Level (S)

46. If we have the data, we can use this formula: Degree of Operating Leverage from Sales Level (S) DOLs = Sales - Variable Costs EBIT

47. If we have the data, we can use this formula: Degree of Operating Leverage from Sales Level (S) Q(P - V) Q(P - V) - F = DOLs = Sales - Variable Costs EBIT

48. What does this tell us? If DOL = 2 , then a 1% increase in sales will result in a 2% increase in operating income (EBIT).

49. What does this tell us? If DOL = 2, then a 1% increase in sales will result in a 2% increase in operating income (EBIT). Stock- holders EBIT EPS Sales

50. What does this tell us? If DOL = 2, then a 1% increase in sales will result in a 2% increase in operating income (EBIT). Stock- holders EBIT EPS Sales

51. Degree of Financial Leverage (DFL) Financial leverage : by using fixed cost financing, a small change in operating income is magnified into a larger change in earnings per share . This “multiplier effect” is called the degree of financial leverage .

52. Degree of Financial Leverage DFL = % change in EPS % change in EBIT

53. Degree of Financial Leverage DFL = % change in EPS % change in EBIT change in EPS EPS change in EBIT EBIT =

54. Degree of Financial Leverage If we have the data, we can use this formula:

55. Degree of Financial Leverage If we have the data, we can use this formula: DFL = EBIT EBIT - I

56. What does this tell us? If DFL = 3 , then a 1% increase in operating income will result in a 3% increase in earnings per share .

57. What does this tell us? If DFL = 3 , then a 1% increase in operating income will result in a 3% increase in earnings per share. Stock- holders EBIT EPS Sales

58. What does this tell us? If DFL = 3 , then a 1% increase in operating income will result in a 3% increase in earnings per share. Stock- holders EBIT EPS Sales

59. Degree of Combined Leverage (DCL) Combined leverage : by using operating leverage and financial leverage , a small change in sales is magnified into a larger change in earnings per share . This “multiplier effect” is called the degree of combined leverage .

60. Degree of Combined Leverage

61. Degree of Combined Leverage DCL = DOL x DFL

62. Degree of Combined Leverage DCL = DOL x DFL % change in EPS % change in Sales =

63. Degree of Combined Leverage DCL = DOL x DFL = % change in EPS % change in Sales change in EPS EPS change in Sales Sales =

64. Degree of Combined Leverage If we have the data, we can use this formula:

65. If we have the data, we can use this formula: Degree of Combined Leverage DCL = Sales - Variable Costs EBIT - I

66. Degree of Combined Leverage If we have the data, we can use this formula: DCL = Sales - Variable Costs EBIT - I Q(P - V) Q(P - V) - F - I =

67. What does this tell us? If DCL = 4 , then a 1% increase in sales will result in a 4% increase in earnings per share.

68. What does this tell us? If DCL = 4 , then a 1% increase in sales will result in a 4% increase in earnings per share. Stock- holders EBIT EPS Sales

69. What does this tell us? If DCL = 4 , then a 1% increase in sales will result in a 4% increase in earnings per share. Stock- holders EBIT EPS Sales

70. An Example: Some Facts 1) If sales increase by 10%, what should happen to operating income ? 2) If operating income increases by 10%, what should happen to EPS ? 3) If sales increase by 10%, what should be the effect on EPS ?

71. Levered Company Sales (100,000 units) $1,400,000 Variable Costs $800,000 Fixed Costs $250,000 Interest paid $125,000 Tax rate 34% Common shares outstanding 100,000

72. Levered Company EPS Financial leverage Operating Income Sales Operating leverage

73. Degree of Operating Leverage from Sales Level (S) DOLs = Sales - Variable Costs EBIT

74. Degree of Operating Leverage from Sales Level (S) 1,400,000 - 800,000 350,000 = DOLs = Sales - Variable Costs EBIT

75. Degree of Operating Leverage from Sales Level (S) 1,400,000 - 800,000 350,000 = 1.714 = DOLs = Sales - Variable Costs EBIT

76. Levered Company EPS Operating Income Sales

77. Levered Company EPS Operating Income Sales Operating leverage

78. Levered Company EPS Operating Income Sales Operating leverage 10%

79. Levered Company EPS Operating Income Sales Operating leverage 10% 17.14%

80. Degree of Financial Leverage DFL = EBIT EBIT - I

81. Degree of Financial Leverage DFL = EBIT EBIT - I = 350,000 225,000

82. Degree of Financial Leverage DFL = EBIT EBIT - I = 350,000 225,000 = 1.556

83. Levered Company EPS Operating Income Sales

84. Levered Company EPS Operating Income Sales Financial leverage

85. Levered Company EPS Financial leverage Operating Income Sales 10%

86. Levered Company EPS Financial leverage Operating Income Sales 10% 15.56%

87. Levered Company EPS Financial leverage Operating Income Sales 10% 15.56%

88. Degree of Combined Leverage DCL = Sales - Variable Costs EBIT - I

89. Degree of Combined Leverage DCL = Sales - Variable Costs EBIT - I 1,400,000 - 800,000 225,000 =

90. Degree of Combined Leverage DCL = Sales - Variable Costs EBIT - I 1,400,000 - 800,000 225,000 = 2.667 =

91. Levered Company EPS Operating Income Sales

92. Levered Company EPS Operating Income Sales Operating leverage

93. Levered Company EPS Financial leverage Operating Income Sales Operating leverage

94. Levered Company EPS Financial leverage Operating Income Sales Operating leverage 10%

95. Levered Company EPS Financial leverage Operating Income Sales Operating leverage 10% 26.67%

96. Levered Company EPS Financial leverage Operating Income Sales 10% 26.67% Operating leverage

97. Sales (110,000 units) 1,540,000 Variable Costs (880,000) Fixed Costs (250,000) EBIT 410,000 ( +17.14%) Interest (125,000) EBT 285,000 Taxes (34%) (96,900) Net Income 188,100 EPS $1.881 ( +26.67%) Levered Company 10% increase in sales