Disparity in levels of development is prime concern for all those who seek a balanced socio-economic development of a country as a whole. Inter-regional and intra-regional comparisons become necessary, so that the exercise in planning may be directed towards the elimination of imbalances in development also. Geographer, sociologists, economists and planners have often tried to measure the actual levels of development and the development potentials of various regions within a country and, in particular, have suggested ways and means for the development of backward areas. Kedekoli and Singh (1975), using the Pattern Recognition Techniques for identifying back-ward regions, have concluded that the riverine island region of the district South 24 Parganas is least development part of the State of west Bengal. Pal (1975), who selected 17 variables from four specific groups and computed, at block level, the regional disparities in development, found South 24 Parganas as one of least developed district of the country. Consequently, special efforts have to be made for removing the backwardness of the district. In this article, an attempt has been made to measure, block wise, the existing levels of socio-economic development as well as the development potentials so that an integrated area development plan can be formulated for the district.
Regional Disparities in the Level of Socio Economic Development in Murshidaba...ijtsrd
The term regional disparity is very common in developing and less developed countries. It opposed the development in any region. The development indicates the advancement of overall phenomena in any region. Regional disparities have occurred in the macro level region, while development is highly seen in the micro level region. The present study assesses the regional disparities in the level of socio economic development at the block level in Murshidabad district, were applying Kendall’s Ranking Coefficient Index method to analyze the secondary data. A total of 26 blocks of the study area has been included in the study. To show the picture of regional disparities of socio economic development 26 indicators are identified which are divided into three major groups such as social related indicators, economic related indicators, and demographic related indicators. For taking about equal regional development and improving all essential quality, potential targets for various social and economic amenities have been estimated. The present work suggests that the low developed blocks require improvement of overall socio economic development in the study area. Dr. Mumtaj Ahmad | Md Ali Jinnah "Regional Disparities in the Level of Socio-Economic Development in Murshidabad District of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33688.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/33688/regional-disparities-in-the-level-of-socioeconomic-development-in-murshidabad-district-of-west-bengal/dr-mumtaj-ahmad
Estimated Regional Disparity for Northern Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Regional Disparities in the Level of Socio Economic Development in Murshidaba...ijtsrd
The term regional disparity is very common in developing and less developed countries. It opposed the development in any region. The development indicates the advancement of overall phenomena in any region. Regional disparities have occurred in the macro level region, while development is highly seen in the micro level region. The present study assesses the regional disparities in the level of socio economic development at the block level in Murshidabad district, were applying Kendall’s Ranking Coefficient Index method to analyze the secondary data. A total of 26 blocks of the study area has been included in the study. To show the picture of regional disparities of socio economic development 26 indicators are identified which are divided into three major groups such as social related indicators, economic related indicators, and demographic related indicators. For taking about equal regional development and improving all essential quality, potential targets for various social and economic amenities have been estimated. The present work suggests that the low developed blocks require improvement of overall socio economic development in the study area. Dr. Mumtaj Ahmad | Md Ali Jinnah "Regional Disparities in the Level of Socio-Economic Development in Murshidabad District of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33688.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/33688/regional-disparities-in-the-level-of-socioeconomic-development-in-murshidabad-district-of-west-bengal/dr-mumtaj-ahmad
Estimated Regional Disparity for Northern Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Trends and Patterns of Development Disparity among Indian Hill Statesinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analysis of Regional Economic Development Planning Based On Local Economic Po...inventionjournals
The background of this research has not been a lot of attention to economic potential aspects in coordination among relevant agencies in development planning process by taking research location in Blitar. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the local economic potential as the basis for economic development plan in Blitar and to analyze the economic development plans based on local economic potential and competitive potential in Blitar by using interactive approach to planning. In this study used two types of approaches, namely quantitative and qualitative research using location quotient and shift share (LQSS) and interactive planning. The results of this study, it can be seen that the sector be featured are agriculture and services, while the sector is competitive agricultural sector, trade, hotels and restaurants as well as the processing industry. Development planning process by using interactive approach to planning, judging from the principles of participation, SKPD very enthusiastic in the planning process but a high motivation is not supported by the available resources, both human and financial resources. Related understanding of the planning process development, knowledge on education is still limited so plan regardless of the strategic plan. The thoughts that are needed for development planning in Blitar is the notion that innovative thoughts and override the sectoral-ego. The principle of sustainability in Blitar regency, Bappeda include monitoring or monitoring of the development planning process, especially economic development in Blitar in particular have not done any sub-sector, but do macro entire sector on a quarterly basis by the Planning Agency. The absence of strict sanctions, explicit noncompliance of the planning documents result in monitoring or evaluation by a formality that seems done partially, a mere formality, and less integrated. Holistic principle in Blitar leads to development planning mechanism that is monopolized by the Planning Agency. So that the activities of planning in Blitar still seem to be a formality, not to focus on the essence of regional development. Integration, synchronization and synergy in the planning process is very important because it can encourage the development process fast and efficient
Superior Commodities Potential and the Strategy Development in Sigi District...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Level of Agricultural Development of Two Border States: A Case Study of Distr...paperpublications3
Abstract: Disparities in development are ubiquitous phenomena in developed as well as developing countries, but the problem of disparities is quite acute in the latter due to extreme backwardness and existence of few developed pockets at the cost of others. India is no exception to it. The present study extending over nine hundred forty eight villages of Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir and Pathankot tehsil of Punjab reveals that diversity in the sectoral development in the villages is the main factor responsible for the disparities. This theme has been chosen to understand the development scenario in Jammu and Kashmir in comparison to Punjab on the basis of case studies of adjoining areas.
lysis of The Factors Responsible for Occupational Mobility from Agriculture t...inventionjournals
The tribal people are relatively isolates, encysted, tradition bound, inward looking and less enterprising. During the post independence period, they have been experiencing induced social change through planned development and interventions. But in spite of such endeavor, the rate of progress and development are not commensurate with the expectations. Majority of cultivators use land in only in kharif season and migrated to other places for alternative occupation like brickwork, construction work and industrial purposes in lean period. Even if they do not hesitate to leave their house including all other resources and migrated to other districts and continue to work as labourer for the rest period of their life. Due to lack of sufficient scope for livelihood and deterioration of natural resources on which the tribal people depend much for their hereditary occupation, they migrate to other occupation or other places in search of job. Pitrim Sorokin (1927) defined social mobility as “any transition of an individual or social object or value, anything that has been created or modified by human activity, from one social position to another”. The mobility of the tribal people mainly depends on the availability of work/job, job satisfaction, relative economic advantage etc. The present study has been carried out with the objectives of to study the modalities of the occupational mobility from the agriculture to non-agricultural activities along with the factors responsible for such mobility.The study was conducted in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha purposefully in which the tribals occupy 58.72 % of the total population. Four blocks were selected randomly each one from four sub divisions. Fifteen tribal people were selected from each village as respondents randomly from twelve villages three from each block totaling to sample size of 180. The finding from the study implies that 86.11 percent respondents were going outside their locality for their occupation. The table indicates that majority of the respondents (63.88 %) were moving within their own locality regularly whereas 40% of the respondents were moving within their block. It was observed that majority of respondents (84.44 percent) were always moving for other occupation during the period of April to June. It was observed that 48.88 percent respondents regularly visited outside after harvest of own crop. It was also observed that mobility of the respondents according to their occupation was highest in case of agricultural labourer (53.88 %) followed by labour in construction work. In the study majority of the respondents opined that to get more income was the main factor responsible for change in occupation followed by skill developed, government developmental schemes, communication facility, infrastructural development, change in life style, educational support, social status, change in climate, extension/technical support, marketability, input support, credit support and political influence.
STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND DISPARITIES IN EDUCATIONAL ZONES: A ZONE WISE ANA...DrAarifHussainBhat
There are different indicators used to determine the quality of life in a region, education being one such
key indicator. It plays a vital role in determining the human development index (HDI) in any region. Education
and development go hand in hand and are proportional to each other. Also, education leads to development and
vice versa. As far as education is concerned, disparities occur at every level be it global, national or regional level.
A deeper analysis shows that disparities exist even at grassroots level. Same scenario is seen in India s well.
Disparities exist at various levels of educational development and efforts are on to reduce this disparity at each
level. Government from time to time comes out with policies and strategies to bridge this gap and it is yielding
better results but lot more still needs to be done. The present study is aimed at district Anantnag, J&K. In terms
of educational development, the district is not satisfactorily developed. This study analyses the zone wise
structural educational development of the district and categorizes them into moderately developed, less developed
and least developed. A number of indicators have been used to rank the respective zones with the help of Kendall’s
Rank Order Method.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The position of sustainable livelihood in developmental plans of Iran. ( appl...inventionjournals
Regarding the fact that the poorest people of the world especially in developing countries live in villages and their income and life depend on natural resources, it is very necessary to pay attention to sustainable livelihood. Sustainable livelihood approach is one of the new analytic approaches in village development which has attracted the attention of many in the recent years to investigate development of village and decrease the poverty. At the centre of this approach the poor and their properties are located and around it, we can see the factors which affect their income. One of the very important factors in this respect is the structures and processes governing the society which can determine availability to properties of livelihood and they have this capacity to create livelihood strategies. Such structures include the rules and policies of government, institutions and private companies. The structures and processes can be applied to create a large number of strategies and the consequences of livelihood which are effective in enhancing the perspective of sustainability. The main problem of this study is investigating ( studying) the position of sustainable livelihood in the policies and rules of Iran which will be indicated in the form of long-term and mid-term plans. To do so, qualitative content analysis was used to investigate documents of development. Some of the documents used include: Iran developmental plan in 2026, the general policies in agriculture, and the policies and rules of the second to fifth plan of developmental. The results indicate that in spite of the existence of sustainable livelihood in the investigated (studied) documents, little balance and development is observed among the five aspects of sustainable livelihood specifically in aspects which violates people’s properties like vulnerability backgrounds that refer to natural destructions and procedures and seasonal changes. Furthermore, less attention has been paid to livelihood strategies compared to others
Dynamics of Rural Development Programmes in Uttar Pradeshinventionjournals
The Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state, majority of population live in rural areas. This situation comprises of widespread unemployment, low standard of living, inadequate productive skill and malnutrition. Rural development always has been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries. The rural development programme is a key device for progress of rural area in Uttar Pradesh. This paper makes an attempt to measure actual performance and Government’s initiatives to accelerate the process of rural development through rural development programme in Uttar Pradesh.
Discussion paper: Social Progress Index for States of Indiasocprog
With the partnership of the Social Progress Imperative, the Institute for Competitiveness, India has launched a discussion paper on a Social Progress Index for States of India.
“We are thrilled to support the partnership between NITI Aayog and the Institute for Competitiveness as India works to benchmark social progress in great detail across 28 states and one territory,” said Michael Green, Chief Executive Officer of the Social Progress Imperative. “We look forward to seeing how innovative leaders in government and business use this new map of human wellbeing to improve the lives of people across the subcontinent.”
This exciting development to measure and advance wellbeing in India is an example of the applicability of the Social Progress Index to improve social progress around the world.
Strategies for Development of Peri Urban Areas in a Developing Country A Case...ijtsrd
The world is experiencing a new phenomena – peri urbanism. As the population is increasing and cities are infrastructurally upgraded, there has been a gradual shift of the urban population from the more developed regions to the less developed ones, aimed at availing free open spaces to live, grow and setting up new communities. This movement of urban population in large numbers has led to formation of peri urban spaces. With no such boundary to define the peri urban spaces, these areas are the outskirts of the urban centres which are to be explored. A detailed understanding about the dynamics of urbanisation is necessary for coping with the negative effects poised by urban sprawling on the peri urban areas. Being designated as one of the first smart city of India, Bhubaneswar city is experiencing formation of urban sprawls around the major urban nodes. In order to further examine the need for policy formulation, a detailed study has been done to understand the demographic, economic and social profile of the inhabitants residing within the fringe areas of Bhubaneswar. The emperical approach of the paper is based on the study of the infrastructure and development issues of the area using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The final findings of the study includes the issues, problems and recommendations to be applicable for a planned and controlled development in the peri urban areas of Bhubaneswar. Leena Sahoo | Swapna Sarita Swain "Strategies for Development of Peri-Urban Areas in a Developing Country (A Case Study of Bhubaneswar)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/architecture-and-planning/42350/strategies-for-development-of-periurban-areas-in-a-developing-country-a-case-study-of-bhubaneswar/leena-sahoo
Multi-level planning refers to the process of planning and decision-making across multiple levels of government, institutions, or organizations. In multi-level planning, there is a coordinated effort to ensure that plans, policies, and decisions are aligned across different levels to achieve shared goals and objectives.
Trends and Patterns of Development Disparity among Indian Hill Statesinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analysis of Regional Economic Development Planning Based On Local Economic Po...inventionjournals
The background of this research has not been a lot of attention to economic potential aspects in coordination among relevant agencies in development planning process by taking research location in Blitar. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the local economic potential as the basis for economic development plan in Blitar and to analyze the economic development plans based on local economic potential and competitive potential in Blitar by using interactive approach to planning. In this study used two types of approaches, namely quantitative and qualitative research using location quotient and shift share (LQSS) and interactive planning. The results of this study, it can be seen that the sector be featured are agriculture and services, while the sector is competitive agricultural sector, trade, hotels and restaurants as well as the processing industry. Development planning process by using interactive approach to planning, judging from the principles of participation, SKPD very enthusiastic in the planning process but a high motivation is not supported by the available resources, both human and financial resources. Related understanding of the planning process development, knowledge on education is still limited so plan regardless of the strategic plan. The thoughts that are needed for development planning in Blitar is the notion that innovative thoughts and override the sectoral-ego. The principle of sustainability in Blitar regency, Bappeda include monitoring or monitoring of the development planning process, especially economic development in Blitar in particular have not done any sub-sector, but do macro entire sector on a quarterly basis by the Planning Agency. The absence of strict sanctions, explicit noncompliance of the planning documents result in monitoring or evaluation by a formality that seems done partially, a mere formality, and less integrated. Holistic principle in Blitar leads to development planning mechanism that is monopolized by the Planning Agency. So that the activities of planning in Blitar still seem to be a formality, not to focus on the essence of regional development. Integration, synchronization and synergy in the planning process is very important because it can encourage the development process fast and efficient
Superior Commodities Potential and the Strategy Development in Sigi District...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Level of Agricultural Development of Two Border States: A Case Study of Distr...paperpublications3
Abstract: Disparities in development are ubiquitous phenomena in developed as well as developing countries, but the problem of disparities is quite acute in the latter due to extreme backwardness and existence of few developed pockets at the cost of others. India is no exception to it. The present study extending over nine hundred forty eight villages of Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir and Pathankot tehsil of Punjab reveals that diversity in the sectoral development in the villages is the main factor responsible for the disparities. This theme has been chosen to understand the development scenario in Jammu and Kashmir in comparison to Punjab on the basis of case studies of adjoining areas.
lysis of The Factors Responsible for Occupational Mobility from Agriculture t...inventionjournals
The tribal people are relatively isolates, encysted, tradition bound, inward looking and less enterprising. During the post independence period, they have been experiencing induced social change through planned development and interventions. But in spite of such endeavor, the rate of progress and development are not commensurate with the expectations. Majority of cultivators use land in only in kharif season and migrated to other places for alternative occupation like brickwork, construction work and industrial purposes in lean period. Even if they do not hesitate to leave their house including all other resources and migrated to other districts and continue to work as labourer for the rest period of their life. Due to lack of sufficient scope for livelihood and deterioration of natural resources on which the tribal people depend much for their hereditary occupation, they migrate to other occupation or other places in search of job. Pitrim Sorokin (1927) defined social mobility as “any transition of an individual or social object or value, anything that has been created or modified by human activity, from one social position to another”. The mobility of the tribal people mainly depends on the availability of work/job, job satisfaction, relative economic advantage etc. The present study has been carried out with the objectives of to study the modalities of the occupational mobility from the agriculture to non-agricultural activities along with the factors responsible for such mobility.The study was conducted in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha purposefully in which the tribals occupy 58.72 % of the total population. Four blocks were selected randomly each one from four sub divisions. Fifteen tribal people were selected from each village as respondents randomly from twelve villages three from each block totaling to sample size of 180. The finding from the study implies that 86.11 percent respondents were going outside their locality for their occupation. The table indicates that majority of the respondents (63.88 %) were moving within their own locality regularly whereas 40% of the respondents were moving within their block. It was observed that majority of respondents (84.44 percent) were always moving for other occupation during the period of April to June. It was observed that 48.88 percent respondents regularly visited outside after harvest of own crop. It was also observed that mobility of the respondents according to their occupation was highest in case of agricultural labourer (53.88 %) followed by labour in construction work. In the study majority of the respondents opined that to get more income was the main factor responsible for change in occupation followed by skill developed, government developmental schemes, communication facility, infrastructural development, change in life style, educational support, social status, change in climate, extension/technical support, marketability, input support, credit support and political influence.
Similar to Levels of Development and Development Potential: An Approach in Integrated Rural Area Development Plan, South 24 Parganas District, West Bengal, India
STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND DISPARITIES IN EDUCATIONAL ZONES: A ZONE WISE ANA...DrAarifHussainBhat
There are different indicators used to determine the quality of life in a region, education being one such
key indicator. It plays a vital role in determining the human development index (HDI) in any region. Education
and development go hand in hand and are proportional to each other. Also, education leads to development and
vice versa. As far as education is concerned, disparities occur at every level be it global, national or regional level.
A deeper analysis shows that disparities exist even at grassroots level. Same scenario is seen in India s well.
Disparities exist at various levels of educational development and efforts are on to reduce this disparity at each
level. Government from time to time comes out with policies and strategies to bridge this gap and it is yielding
better results but lot more still needs to be done. The present study is aimed at district Anantnag, J&K. In terms
of educational development, the district is not satisfactorily developed. This study analyses the zone wise
structural educational development of the district and categorizes them into moderately developed, less developed
and least developed. A number of indicators have been used to rank the respective zones with the help of Kendall’s
Rank Order Method.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The position of sustainable livelihood in developmental plans of Iran. ( appl...inventionjournals
Regarding the fact that the poorest people of the world especially in developing countries live in villages and their income and life depend on natural resources, it is very necessary to pay attention to sustainable livelihood. Sustainable livelihood approach is one of the new analytic approaches in village development which has attracted the attention of many in the recent years to investigate development of village and decrease the poverty. At the centre of this approach the poor and their properties are located and around it, we can see the factors which affect their income. One of the very important factors in this respect is the structures and processes governing the society which can determine availability to properties of livelihood and they have this capacity to create livelihood strategies. Such structures include the rules and policies of government, institutions and private companies. The structures and processes can be applied to create a large number of strategies and the consequences of livelihood which are effective in enhancing the perspective of sustainability. The main problem of this study is investigating ( studying) the position of sustainable livelihood in the policies and rules of Iran which will be indicated in the form of long-term and mid-term plans. To do so, qualitative content analysis was used to investigate documents of development. Some of the documents used include: Iran developmental plan in 2026, the general policies in agriculture, and the policies and rules of the second to fifth plan of developmental. The results indicate that in spite of the existence of sustainable livelihood in the investigated (studied) documents, little balance and development is observed among the five aspects of sustainable livelihood specifically in aspects which violates people’s properties like vulnerability backgrounds that refer to natural destructions and procedures and seasonal changes. Furthermore, less attention has been paid to livelihood strategies compared to others
Dynamics of Rural Development Programmes in Uttar Pradeshinventionjournals
The Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state, majority of population live in rural areas. This situation comprises of widespread unemployment, low standard of living, inadequate productive skill and malnutrition. Rural development always has been an important issue in all discussions pertaining to economic development, especially of developing countries. The rural development programme is a key device for progress of rural area in Uttar Pradesh. This paper makes an attempt to measure actual performance and Government’s initiatives to accelerate the process of rural development through rural development programme in Uttar Pradesh.
Discussion paper: Social Progress Index for States of Indiasocprog
With the partnership of the Social Progress Imperative, the Institute for Competitiveness, India has launched a discussion paper on a Social Progress Index for States of India.
“We are thrilled to support the partnership between NITI Aayog and the Institute for Competitiveness as India works to benchmark social progress in great detail across 28 states and one territory,” said Michael Green, Chief Executive Officer of the Social Progress Imperative. “We look forward to seeing how innovative leaders in government and business use this new map of human wellbeing to improve the lives of people across the subcontinent.”
This exciting development to measure and advance wellbeing in India is an example of the applicability of the Social Progress Index to improve social progress around the world.
Strategies for Development of Peri Urban Areas in a Developing Country A Case...ijtsrd
The world is experiencing a new phenomena – peri urbanism. As the population is increasing and cities are infrastructurally upgraded, there has been a gradual shift of the urban population from the more developed regions to the less developed ones, aimed at availing free open spaces to live, grow and setting up new communities. This movement of urban population in large numbers has led to formation of peri urban spaces. With no such boundary to define the peri urban spaces, these areas are the outskirts of the urban centres which are to be explored. A detailed understanding about the dynamics of urbanisation is necessary for coping with the negative effects poised by urban sprawling on the peri urban areas. Being designated as one of the first smart city of India, Bhubaneswar city is experiencing formation of urban sprawls around the major urban nodes. In order to further examine the need for policy formulation, a detailed study has been done to understand the demographic, economic and social profile of the inhabitants residing within the fringe areas of Bhubaneswar. The emperical approach of the paper is based on the study of the infrastructure and development issues of the area using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The final findings of the study includes the issues, problems and recommendations to be applicable for a planned and controlled development in the peri urban areas of Bhubaneswar. Leena Sahoo | Swapna Sarita Swain "Strategies for Development of Peri-Urban Areas in a Developing Country (A Case Study of Bhubaneswar)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/architecture-and-planning/42350/strategies-for-development-of-periurban-areas-in-a-developing-country-a-case-study-of-bhubaneswar/leena-sahoo
Multi-level planning refers to the process of planning and decision-making across multiple levels of government, institutions, or organizations. In multi-level planning, there is a coordinated effort to ensure that plans, policies, and decisions are aligned across different levels to achieve shared goals and objectives.
Analysis of the Local Potential of Kweel Village for Strengthening the Commun...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study aims to identify and analyze local potential that can improve the community's
economy in Kampung Kweel. Local potentials that are expected to be developed include those from the
agricultural sector (rice), plantations (tubers), fisheries (fresh water fish), and trade. This research was
conducted for 4 months and will be carried out in Kampung Kweel. The research sample was 22 people. This
type of research is descriptive qualitative research. The stages of this study include 1) observation stage, 2) data
collection and processing stage, 3) data analysis and evaluation stage. Data analysis techniques using interviews,
questionnaires, and documentation. The results showed that the main commodities that could be further
developed in Kampung Kweel were bananas, rambutan, coconut, tilapia fish, and snapper. The constraints
experienced by the community are the unavailability of transportation and marketing channels for plantation and
fishery products. In conclusion, Kampung Kweel has abundant natural potential which can be optimized for the
establishment of BUMK.
Keywords :natural potential, economy, Kweel Village
The Analysis of Potential Economic Sector Growth Patterns In Central Lombok R...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:The scope of this research is to analyze the pattern and structure of the economic sector growth
in Central Lombok Regency and its relationship with other surrounding regencies or cities. The objectives are:
1) To determine the potential economic sector of Central Lombok Regency. 2) To determine which regencies or
cities have strong linkages or interactions with Central Lombok Regency. Research variables: economic growth,
GRDP of Central Lombok Regency and surrounding regencies or cities, population, and the distance between
regencies. Data collection with documentation method. Data analysis used: 1) Klassen typology, 2) Gravity
model. The results of the study: the leading and potential economic sectors of Central Lombok Regency are: the
construction sector, the agriculture, fisheries and forestry sector, the wholesale and retail trade sector; Car and
Motorcycle Repair, the transportation and warehousing sector. The districts that have strong links with Central
Lombok Regency are East Lombok Regency and West Lombok Regency.
KEYWORDS: Economic growth, Potential Sector, Total population, Gross Regional Domestic Product
● Assessment of the Impacts of Thunderstorm on Flight Operations at Murtala Mohammed International Airport, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
● Peri-urban Development: Discussion with Land Use Zoning, Statutory Provision, and Issues inside Katahari Rural Municipality, Nepal
● Using the GPS Station to Study Wind and Coastal Morpho-dynamics in North-eastern Morocco
● Fishing Production and Fishing Changes in Hong Kong after the Ground Trawl Ban of 31st December 2012: A Geospatial Evaluation
● Research and Experience Reference on London’s Response to Climate Change in the Twenty-first Century
A Conceptual Model of Rural Development IndexAI Publications
Rural Areas are deprived of basic amenities such as access to drinking water, electricity, toilets and sewage systems giving rise to unhygienic conditions in the rural areas. Lack of healthcare facility in terms of infrastructure and staff has aggravated problems of health leading to infant mortality, death of pregnant mothers, decreased average life span in rural areas. Poor quality of teaching fraternity and non availability of infrastructure are major reason for illiteracy and unemployment. Non-agricultural income such as animal husbandry, sericulture and vocational trainings that supplement the agricultural income that needs to be focused. Mechanization should be the priority in enhancing agricultural yield followed by storage and transportation facility to the market in raising agricultural income. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides due to lack of knowledge among farmers contribute to water as well as air pollution deteriorating the environment. The disposable income spent on cultural aspects needs to be taken into consideration in assessing the status of the rural area. There is a need to assess rural areas from five dimensions such as economic, education, health, environment and disposable income in understanding present level of development in rural areas. Cause and effect diagram is established contributing to the development of specified domains. The conceptual index is a composition of Result Index and Cause Index. This distinction aids in examining the result index to measure the current level of rural development and cause index to evaluate the process of rural development for policy makers in identifying the areas of improvement in the overall development of the rural area.
Analysis Of Influence Of Spatial Planning On Performance Of Regional Developm...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
The various problems in regional spatial planning in Waropen District, Papua, shows that the Spatial Planning (RTRW) of Waropen District, Papua, drafted in 2010 has not had a positive contribution to the settlement of spatial planning problems. This is most likely caused by the inconsistency in the spatial planning. This study tried to observe the consistency of spatial planning as well as its relation to the regional development performance. The method used to observe the consistency of the preparation of guided Spatial Planning (RTRW) is the analysis of comparative table followed by analysis of verbal logic. In order to determine if the preparation of Spatial Planning (RTRW) has already paid attention on the synergy with the surrounding regions (Inter-Regional Context), a map overlay was conducted, followed by analysis of verbal logic. To determine the performance of the regional development, a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was done. The analysis results showed that inconsistencies in the spatial planning had caused a variety of problems that resulted in decreased performance of the regional development. The main problems that should receive more attention are: infrastructure, development growth, economic growth, transportation aspect and new properties.
Health and Education Development Level Disparities in Indian Statesinventionjournals
The level of development of different states of Indiawas obtained with help of composite index based on optimum combinations of five educationas well as health development indicators. The study utilizes very recent time point for measurement of development for seventeen non-specific states of India.It is found thatGujaratscores first rank in the health development whereas Odishastands on the last position. In case of educational development, Maharashtra occupies first position while Andhra Pradesh performs very poor in the indicator. Wide disparities have been observed in the level of development between different states of India. Also, Health facilities of the people were found to be positively associated with educationdevelopment.
Similar to Levels of Development and Development Potential: An Approach in Integrated Rural Area Development Plan, South 24 Parganas District, West Bengal, India (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2. Levels of Development and Development Potential: An Approach in Integrated Rural Area Development Plan, South 24 Parganas District, West Bengal, India
Mandal and Rohatgi 373
Figure 1: The Study Area
Since the disparity spread not only in macro and meso
region but also in micro scale, planners gave much
importance upon decentralized planning process based
upon intensive study of micro level region. At such
circumstances, micro level study based upon the
availability of information (either Panchayat level or at least
block level) significantly contributes in assessing the gap
of planning strategy and promote balanced regional
development even for micro region.
STUDY AREA
South 24 Parganas is, indeed, a complex district,
stretching from the metropolitan Kolkata to the remote
riverine villages’ up to the mouth of Bay of Bengal. The
district is located between 22°33′ 45″ and 21° 29′ 00″ North
and 89° 04′ 50″ and 88° 03′ 45″ East longitudes. The
district covers an area of 9,960 Sq. km and total population
comes to about 8,153,176 persons as per 2011 census.
The agriculture area of the district is 368.197 Sq. km. and
rice production area is 313.402 Sq. km. (85.11 %) in 2010-
2011. Only 33.02 percentage of irrigated area are out of
the total cultivated area and above 45 % people is
engaged in agriculture and allied activities of total main
working population in the district (District Statistical
Handbook 2015). 74.39% of the population lives in the
rural areas, where development is taken care of by the
Panchayat bodies.
The present district of South 24 Parganas came into
existence on 1st of March, 1986. The Sunderbans, the
largest mangrove forests on earth, are spread over
thirteen of the twenty-nine development blocks in the
district. Due to its peculiar geographical location and the
dictates of geography, the means of transport and
communication in this region are not well developed, with
all the attendant consequences. Lack of irrigation has
meant mono-cropped agriculture. Breaches in earthen
embankments and cyclonic storms mean loss of life and
destruction of crops and property on a regular basis. Any
development strategy in this ecologically fragile
environment must be carefully designed and implemented.
Objectives
1. The disparities in the context of development of social
infrastructure (in the district) has been focused which
specifically highlights the prevailing regional in block
(micro level) disparities.
3. Levels of Development and Development Potential: An Approach in Integrated Rural Area Development Plan, South 24 Parganas District, West Bengal, India
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 374
2. Examine the socio-economically backward areas and
categorize them into various levels of development and
to identify various factors behind the emergence and
growth of disparities in the district.
3. Finally, to measure the extent of overall inter-regional
disparities with the indicators of development in South
24 Parganas district and finally find out the
relationships among different factors which lead to the
development.
DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY
Level of development of a region is concerned with the
inequality in the existing developmental phenomenon
prevailing among its component areal units. In the present
analysis blocks have been taken as the component areal
unit of the study area. Development is a multi-
dimensional phenomenon and each of these dimensions
is measured by different units. For the identification of the
level of the development and its relation, I have been
selected 34 indicators under seven major categories
i.e. education, health, communication and transportation,
market, electricity and drinking water, agriculture, finance
and recreation.
The study is based upon secondary source of data. The
data mostly being concerned with levels of development
have been procured from Primary Census Abstract (2011)
of South 24 Parganas. Some basic statistics have also
been collected from District Statistical Handbook of South
24 Parganas (2012), published by Bureau of Applied
Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal.
Levels of development in South 24 Parganas district has
been measured using the following 34 indicators chosen
purposively from different sectors of society.
Measurement of Development
The levels of development can be measured by a number
of indicators, including Gross Nation/Regional product or
Gross Domestic product. But GNP may be increase, while
the per capita income within a small region may decline.
Principal component originally developed by psychologist
Hetelling (1933) and later adopted by Hagood (1943) and
Berry (1968), helps to obtain a composite index of
measuring development. Barnett (1951) constructed a
non-monetary index of development to focus attention on
international disparities. Dasgupta (1971) and Mitra (1961
and 67) in India, have used discriminate analysis for
classifying the development levels on ranking basis.
Pathak, Aziz and Chattopadhyaya (1970) have developed
an equal correlation method for identification of planning
Areas development in parts of Bihar, Orissa and west
Bengal. Rao (1973) has used multivariate factor analysis
for measuring economic development among the different
States of the country. Several other writers have also used
different methods to compare the levels of development.
Srivastava (1982), following Polish mathematicians and
UNESCO recommendations, suggested the use of
taxonomic method (WROCLO Taxonomy), which provides
indices for ranking the development levels of different
regions of sub regions. This method has been used, in the
present paper, to measure the levels of socio-economic
development and development potential of 29 blocks of
South 24 Parganas district.
Taxonomic Method
The taxonomic method is based on the concept of average
values and can be computed as follows: Let a set of ‘n’
points represents regions 1,2,3,………n for a group of
indicators 1,2,3,……m which can rep[resented by a matrix
below:
X1.1, X1.2 ………………X1m
X2m X22 ……………...X2m
Xn1 Xn2 ………………Xnm
The absolute value of indicators for a set of given regions
cannot be computed as such. Hence, the values of
indicators have been converted into standard values by
the following known formula so that comparable indices
may be derived:
Zij =
𝑿𝒊𝒋−𝑿⎺𝒋
𝑺𝒋
i =1,2,3,……………n
j = 1,2,3,…………..m
Where, Zij = Standard value of ‘j’th indicator for ‘i’th region.
X⎺j = ∑
𝑋𝑖𝑗
𝑛
Si = √∑
(𝑋𝑖𝑗−𝑋⎺𝑗)2
𝑛
Where, Xij = the value ‘j’th indicator for ‘i’th region.
The standard values are then input in another matrix as
follows:
Z11, Z12, Z13……………………………Z1m
Z21, Z22, Z23…………………………….Z2m
Z31, Z32, Z33. …………………………...Z3m
Taking the highest or best standardized values of
indicators of development, a simulated ideal region (c) is
created and the distances between each standardized
value of selected indicators are calculated. These are
again put in another matrix, from which the pattern of
development is calculated by the following formula:
Cio = √∑ (𝒁𝒊𝒌 − 𝒁𝒐𝒌)𝟐𝒎
𝒌=𝟏
Where, Cio = Pattern of development of ‘i’th region.
Zik = Standardized value of ‘j’th indicator for ‘i’th region.
Zok = Highest or best standardized value of ‘j’th indicator.
The pattern of development is given by the composite
distance of each region from the simulated ideal region.
Based on the pattern of development, the indices for the
levels of development can be computed as follows:
4. Levels of Development and Development Potential: An Approach in Integrated Rural Area Development Plan, South 24 Parganas District, West Bengal, India
Mandal and Rohatgi 375
Di =
𝑪𝒊𝒐
𝑪𝒐
Where,
Di = Development index
Cio = Pattern of development
Co = Mean +3sd of Cio
Thus, the development index is a function of pattern of
development and the critical distance from the simulated
ideal region. It ranges from 0 to1. Nearness of the
development index to 0 indicates greater development,
whereas its nearness to 1 indicates poor development.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of Socio-Economic Development
The following 29 indicators (data for 2010-11) have been
used for measuring the levels of socio-economic
development in 29 blocks of South 24 Parganas district:
1. Density of Population per sq. km.
2. Percentage of Decadal Growth Rate,
3. Percentage of Worker to Total Population,
4. Urban population as per cent of total population,
5. Percentage of Agricultural Labour to Total Worker,
6. Percentage of Workers in Household Industries,
7. Sex Ratio,
8. Percentage of Literate to Total Population,
9. Percentage of area covered to total geographical area,
10. Percentage of Net Cultivated Area to Total
Geographical Area,
11. Percentage of Gross Cropped Area to Total
Geographical Area,
12. Percentage of Gross Irrigated Area to Gross Cropped
Area,
13. Fertilizer consumption per hectare of cropped area,
14. Gross value of agricultural produce per agricultural
workers,
15. Gross value of agricultural produce per hector of net
sown area,
16. Cropping Intensity,
17. Length of surfaced roads per 100 km of all roads,
18. Number of Primary Schools Per Lakh of Populations,
19. Number of Upper Primary Schools Per Lakh of
Populations,
20. Number of Regulated market per 10,000 Population,
21. Number of Settlements with electric facility for
domestic purpose to total settlements,
22. Number of Settlements Having Tap Water Facility
to Total Inhabited Settlements,
23. Number of Commercial Bank per 100,000 of
populations.
24. Number of Co-operative society per 100,000 of
populations,
25. Number of fair price shop per 100,000 of populations,
26. Number of hospitals, dispensaries and health centers
per 10,000 of populations,
27. Number of hospital beds per 10,000 of populations,
28. Number of doctors per 10,000 of populations.
It is noted that the indicators relate to developments in
agriculture, secondary and tertiary activities, urbanization,
infrastructural facilities and socio-cultural attitudes. The
standard values of the indicators have been obtained
blockwise so that the pattern of development and
development index can be computed.
Table 1 gives the development indices for each block.
These have been grouped into three socio-economic
development levels, namely High, Medium, Low, by the
standard deviation grouping techniques. (Table 2).
Table 1: Block-wise Indices of Socio-Economic
Development and Development Potential
S/No.
Development
Blocks
Index of socio-
Economic
Development
Index of
Development
potential
01 Thakurpukur-
Maheshtala 0.536 0.503
02 Bishnupur-I 0.617 0.648
03 Bishnupur-II 0.792 0.720
04 Budge-Budge-I 0.714 0.600
05 Budge-Budge-II 0.730 0.602
06 Sonarpur 0.582 0.539
07 Jaynagar-I 0.711 0.893
08 Jaynagar-II 0.798 0.905
09 Kultali 0.949 0.964
10 Baruipur 0.681 0.559
11 Bhangar-I 0.879 0.734
12 Bhangar-II 0.905 0.765
13 Canning-I 0.892 0.933
14 Canning-II 0.985 0.935
15 Basanti 0.935 0.918
16 Gosaba 0.919 0.877
17 Mograhat-I 0.840 0.769
18 Mograhat-II 0.889 0.797
19 Mandirbazar 0.903 0.773
20 Kulpi 0.824 0.833
21 Falta 0.803 0.704
22 Diamond
Harbour-I 0.679 0.654
23 Diamond
Harbour-II 0.792 0.695
24 Mathurapur-I 0.832 0.861
25 Mathurapur-II 0.830 0.854
26 Kakdwip 0.826 0.833
27 Namkhana 0.863 0.875
28 Sagar 0.910 0.854
29 Patharpratima 0.846 0.831
Source: Census Data - 2011 and District Statistical Handbook of
South 24 pargnanas 2015.
5. Levels of Development and Development Potential: An Approach in Integrated Rural Area Development Plan, South 24 Parganas District, West Bengal, India
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 376
The analysis shows that the blocks of Thakurpukur-
Maheshtala, Bishnupur I, Sonarpur, Baruipur and
Diamond Harbour I are high level ofdevelopment, while
Namkhana, Sagar, Kultali, Bhangar II, Basanti, Gosaba,
Mandirbazar, Mathurapur II, shows the low development
level. The development of Budge-Budge I and II,
Bishnupur II, Diamond Harbour II, Jaynagar I and II blocks
are average level. However, as the index of the level of
development of even the highly developed block is 0.536
and 0.582, i.e. far from zero, the overall development of
the district works out to be very low.
Development potential
Development potential depends upon the interaction of
demographic potential, resource potential and infra-
structural potential (singh and routray 1980). The resource
potential which is the most important among these can be
specifically measured in terms of forest resource, mineral
resource, land resource and water resource. For
assessing the development potential of different blocks of
south 24 parganas district, the indicators taken as under:
1. Density of Population per sq. km,
2. Percentage of Working population to Total Population,
3. Percentage of Agricultural Labour to Total Worker,
4. Percentage of Workers in Household Industries,
5. Percentage of Literate to Total Population
6. Percentage of Gross Irrigated Area to Gross Cropped
Area
7. Length of surfaced roads per 100 km of all roads,
8. Number of Primary Schools per 100 sq. km
9. Number of Secondary and Higher secondary schools
per 100 sq km,
10. Number of Commercial Bank per 10,000 populations.
The taxonomic method used to find out the indices of
socio-economic development has been applied to identify
the levels of development potential of 29 blocks of the
district; these have been grouped in three classes namely,
high, Medium, Low (Table 2).
Table 2: Categorization of Blocks according to socio-
economic Development and Development levels
Order or level
of
Development
Name of the blocks
with existing levels
of development
Name of blocks with
levels of development
potential
Ist Order
(High)
Thakurpukur-
Maheshtala,
Bishnupur I, Sonarpur,
Baruipur and Diamond
Harbour I
Thakurpukur-
Maheshtala, Bishnupur
I, Sonarpur, Baruipur
Budge Budge I and II,
Diamond Harbour I
2nd
order
(Medium)
Budge-Budge I and II,
Bishnupur II, Diamond
Harbour II, Jaynagar I
and II
Bishnupur II, Bhangar I
and II, Magrahat I and
II, Diamond harbor II,
Mandirbazar
3rd
Order
(Low)
Namkhana, Sagar,
Kultali, Bhangar II,
Basanti, Gosaba,
Mandirbazar,
Mathurapur II,
Namkhana, Sagar,
Kultali, Basanti,
Gosaba, Mathurapur II
It is noted that Thakurpukur-Maheshtala, Bishnupur I,
Sonarpur, Baruipur Budge Budge I and II, Diamond
Harbour I blocks have high development potentials, while
Namkhana, Sagar, Kultali, Basanti, Gosaba, Mathurapur II
have low development potentials. The development blocks
of Bishnupur II, Bhangar I and II, Magrahat I and II,
Diamond harbor II, Mandirbazar have medium
development potentials. Thus, it is noted that the present
level of socio-economic development in various blocks of
the district shows insignificant correlation (r = 0.07) with
their respective development potentials. For example, the
blocks of Budge budge I and II, Mandirbazar, Magrahat I
and II are less developed than what their development
potentials warrant.
It is observed that the existing level of development in the
district has been due to its strategic location and nearer to
the state capital Kolkata. However, the levels of
development of different blocks of the district are not
commensurate with their natural resources. In some
blocks, the development is higher than justified by their
resource potential, while in case of others, it is much lower.
In view of varying levels of development and development
potentials of different blocks, the question arise as to what
should be the appropriate strategy for an accelerated
development of the relatively less developed blocks. This,
however, involve the exclusion of more developed blocks
from the developmental process; in fact, the infrastructural
facilities in these blocks also need be further strengthened.
To reduce the imbalance in development of various blocks
as also for all-round development of the district, the
following measures are suggested:
RECOMMENDATION
Proposal for Integrated Area Development Plan for the
District
Soil conservation and Water Management
• To restrict soil Salinization
• Prepare well drainage network system
• To find out the basin (lower) area of the district and to
manage this area by proper utilization. (such as
Hydrophytes Planting)
Agriculture to be supplemented by horticulture,
sericulture and cottage industries
Through agriculture has not been a very profitable
occupation, yet, in view of the fact that 89% of the total
population of the district is depends on agriculture. It needs
to be supplemented with horticulture, sericulture, and
village-based industry forming a part in integrated
development programme. Owing to the impracticability of
irrigation, the small and scattered land holding, spread
over an extremely salinized area with salinization in every
year, agriculture hardly yields any economic surplus to the
6. Levels of Development and Development Potential: An Approach in Integrated Rural Area Development Plan, South 24 Parganas District, West Bengal, India
Mandal and Rohatgi 377
farmers; it partly satisfies even their consumptions needs.
Inhospitable climatic and salinization conditions, low
productivity and high cost of land development and
maintenance make agriculture a high-risk activity; it,
therefore, needs be supplemented by horticulture and
sericulture for which a detailed soil and land use survey
coupled with watershed management has to be
undertaken. Areas suitable for fruit-tree plantation and
floriculture have to be identified for fostering such
activities.
Horticulture Development
The Agro climatic conditions of the district is ideally suited
for development and growth of Horticulture and floriculture
sectors and has a vast potential for economic development
of small and marginal farmers. The crop raised plays a
significant role in the local economy. Most of them are
perennial in nature and less labour oriented. They can be
easily grown in fallow lands. Besides production per unit
area is more than that of other agronomical crops and
comparatively very cost effective. To tap this vast potential
and development, various schemes are undertaken like
training of stakeholders pertaining to improved practices;
ensure availability of quality seeds and planting materials,
systematic pre and post sowing techniques. Initially
programme for cultivation of vegetables like Elephant Foot
Yam, Makhna, spices like ginger, fruits like Pineapple and
Banana, flowers like Marigold, Rose, Tube rose, Gladiolus
and Gerbera are undertaken, besides assistance for the
development of small nurseries.
Among horticulture crops, fruits and vegetables are an
important food supplement to the human diet as they
provide the essential vitamins and minerals fibers required
for maintaining health. South 24 Parganas district is ideally
suited with wide variety of soil condition for growing a large
variety of fruit and vegetable production in the district.
Pineapple is the major crop in the district.
Most of the fruit and vegetable are seasonal crops and are
perishable in nature. In a good season there is good
market for chilly, ginger and different fruits and other
seasonal vegetables. The surplus cannot be stored for the
sale in the off season because the two cold storages in the
district are insufficient for the storage. Thus, the cultivator
does not get the good price for their produce and have to
sell their produce on the available rate which they get from
the local middle man in the district. The sale is further
hampered because the marketing channel is not proper.
At times there is complete loss to the farmers growing fruit
and vegetables.
The “Horti-Floriculture” profession has been developed as
an important source of livelihood of the people of four
Blocks in South 24-parganas. It has been a remarkable
increase in total production of horticultural planting
materials especially ornamental foliage plants to cope up
the domestic & export requirement. There is a tremendous
scope of upliftment in this Horti-Floriculture Planting
material production Industry in this region.
The main four Blocks where horticulture and floriculture
are taking place in the district are(1) Bishnupur – II, (2)
Budge Budge – II, (3) Bihnupur – I, & (4) Falta. Among
them the intensive areas are 1) Srikrishnapur 2)
Boharanpur 3) Sukdevpur, 4) Umedpur 5) Patharberia6)
Ramchandrapur 7) Chandanadah 8) Gobindapur 9)
Joychandipur 10) Muchisha 11) Biowali 12)
Sahebanbagicha etc.
Sericulture
The district has a very good potential of sericulture growth
but still is in nascent stage. The motivation to farmers is
being given and it needs to be carried on in future too. The
best result can be achieved by bringing the sericulture
under the cooperative sector so that more people are
involved. The insurance scheme in this sector needs to be
further strengthened. This sector has initial problems and
for its growth the farmers needs to be given good incentive
to adopt it.
Animal husbandry and Dairying
The District has a recognized Goat breed named as
‘Bengal’ commonly known as Black Bengal goat mostly
available at islands. This breed is famous for its quality of
meat and skin. Fecundity of the breed is another rare
feature of this breed. Conservation of the breed and
selective breeding at rural are utmost essential at the
present. The district also has another good quality
recognized sheep breed known as ‘Garole’. This is also
world famous for its fecundity. Conservation of this breed
and the selective breeding at the rural areas is utmost
essential at the present. This district is in a leading position
on the poultry population in the State, though major poultry
population is poor productive country breed reared under
backyard system. A small unit of commercial boilers
farming is also common in some selected areas. Due to
land topography, climate as well as economical
background of the rural poor sector, there is ample scope
to introduce good quality poultry birds like RIR and KC
Ducks under backyard farming system. Farmers of the
remotest area are wholeheartedly accepting this
programme since its inception from the year 2005-06.
Fishery Development
Agriculture and pisciculture are main two pillars of the local
economy of the district and people mainly derive their
livelihood by exploiting the fishery resources in the water
bodies of the district. As the fishes are not been caught on
refined basis and due to this the people are facing some
problem.
7. Levels of Development and Development Potential: An Approach in Integrated Rural Area Development Plan, South 24 Parganas District, West Bengal, India
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 378
The district is bestowed with large number of water bodies
which are utilized for Pisciculture activities. Some of the
water bodies have been restored and renovated to make
them useful for irrigation purposes also. These water
bodies can be more effectively utilized for pisciculture
activities which can really supplement the income of the
rural poor to a considerable level. There are large water
bodies in the district which can be exploited for inland
fisheries and can also be used as source of irrigation
water. Aquaculture plays a great role in human nutrition
and upliftment of rural poor people and considering
immense production possibilities and export potential.
Scientific Joint forest management
The South 24 Parganas district has the one of the largest
mangrove forest known as Sunderbans. This forest is the
largest eco-system of the world and is home the rare Royal
Bengal tiger apart from various other species which is
there in the forest. It contains valuable woods, honey,
herbal vegetation, fish, crab etc. The forest department is
mainly managing the large forest area and so the
department is not concentrating on the social forestry
scheme as the area is full of forest and managing it is a
tough task. Almost entire benefit goes to outside
contractors and industrialist, and local people suffer the
ecological consequences. Scientific management of forest
together with establishment of forest-based industries,
including furniture making, handicrafts, manufacturing of
drugs and food processing, preparing of food in fishery, will
go a long way to provide employment and bring prosperity
to the local people. Non-availability of local skilled labour
and poor transport facilities accounts for lack of large scale
industries in the district. Establishments of small-scale
industries, based on forest and agriculture products,
horticulture, sericulture and wood can be undertaken in
suitable parts of the district.
Development of Tourism industry
Tourism has brought alternative source of employment
and income to the people of certain part of the district. It
has also been helpful in eroding the new value system and
life-style among the rural people. A number of settlements
which are consist in the different blocks namely Gosaba,
Basanti, Sagar, Patharpratima, Diamond Harbour, Falta,
etc. particularly nearer to the sunderbans as great interest
of the traveler in the district. These settlements are heavily
depending upon tourism for their sustenance. Hence, a
well-organized integrated plan for the development of
tourist places with infrastructural facilities should be
formulated. The tourists’ place has to be provided with
accommodation facilities, including hotels, tourist
bungalows’ and restaurants, along with electricity, running
water, health services and tourist guides. These areas also
need to be inter-connected by an efficient transport and
communication system for which the State Government
and the tourist Department have to take immediate steps.
Development of ecologically and Socially Accepted
models of Resource use
The over growing population pressure, combined with a
limited resource base, increasing construction activity,
unscientific cultivation, growing tourism and irrational
deforestation have created a degradation of environment
and growing pauperization of population resulting of huge
emigration. Hence, there is an urgent need for the
development of ecologically accepted models of resource
use adapted to this mostly riverine environment in the
district of South 24 Parganas.
An integrated rural area development model
The basic issues of our national planning have been
clearly stated as economic growth, social justice, equity
and welfare and improvement of environmental quality.
However, no attention has been paid to environmental
quality control and management. Our resources have
slowly depleted the natural bio-mass in certain areas
which has created problems in maintaining ecological
balance. The integrated rural area development proposes
appropriate location of socio-economic activities over a
physical space for the optimum utilization and
development of physical and human resources available
in the region for their balance development. It provides a
most suitable matrix for decentralization of basic and
necessary socio-economic activities by locating them at
viable places. Actually, an integrated rural area
development combines three types of integration, i.e.
functional, spatial, and temporal and these are again
interrelated in various complex forms (figure no. 2).
Functional integration includes all the essential socio-
economic activities like agriculture, industry, education,
health, transport, communication, and extension and
retailing services. These all are interrelated and called
positive variables.
CONCLUSION
All these activities have been adversely affected and much
influenced by some restrictive variables, i.e. physical
barriers, social constraints, low literacy, political-
administrative lag, high scheduled caste/tribe population
etc. All these restrictive variables can be checked by
deployment of positive variables. To reduce the effect of
restrictive variables, the time-bound plan is must which is
the third dimension of integrated rural area development
plan. Time perspective plans are required for the full focus
on the development in a particular region. The plan
proposed for the study area is divided into five phases,
each of five years. The emphasis is laid in the first two
phases on the development of agriculture with a view to
making the area self-sufficient in food and generating
agro-based raw-materials. The ratio in the first two phases
may be 60 and 40 per cent while in the three phases; this
ratio may be interchanged as per availing conditions.
8. Levels of Development and Development Potential: An Approach in Integrated Rural Area Development Plan, South 24 Parganas District, West Bengal, India
Mandal and Rohatgi 379
Figure 2: An Integrated Rural Area Development Model
Regional System
Macro Region
Micro Region
Spatial Organisation Functional
Meso Region
Rural
Extension
Service
RetailService
Finance
Commerce
Communication
Transport
Health
Education
Industry
Agriculture
Urban
Spatio- Functional Interaction
Spatial gap Functional gap
Man
Culture
Resource
Functional TypeSettlement Type
Over Size Under Size
Functional Rank
Functional SizeSettlement Size
Settlement RankSub-Standard Poor Ranking
Ecological
Control &
Management
Population
Control &
Management
Technical
Know
How
Space Minimization Filling Gap
Standardization
Size Optimization Addition & Synthesis
Rational Coordination
Spatio-Functional Organization
Restrictive Variables
Other
Constraints
Low
Technology
Political
Administra
tiveLag
Social
Inhibitions
Industrial
Barrier/Gap
Low
Literacy
SC/ST
Population
High
Dependency
Ratio
High
Population
Physical
Barrier
Feed Back Different Phases
Integrated Rural Area Development