Details About Planning Techniques in Urban Planning

1. Course Material
PLANNING TECHNIQUES
MODULE 2:
M. Planning IST SEM Integrated Programme 2022,
School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi

2. URBAN GROWTH

3. • Urban Primacy - Concentration of the urban
population in only 1 or 2 centers
It resulted in many complex problems such as
Land scarcity – Housing shortage
 Inward and outward mobility of labour
 Economic, social and spatial segregation of
population between the core and periphery
Unemployment
Pollution
METROPOLITAN CONCENTRATION

4. METROPOLITAN CONCENTRATION
Disparity and Inequality
Regional Disparity –imbalance of development
Resources are not uniformly distributed because maybe
population concentration is not uniform
REGIONAL IMBALANCE
SPATIAL
• Inter Regional
• Intra Regional
SOCIO ECONOMIC
1. Global Disparity
2. Inter State disparity
3. Intra State Disparity
4. Urban – Rural Disparity

5. URBAN-RURAL INEQUALITY
The growth rate in agricultural sector (primary sector) is 2-
3% when compared to secondary and tertiary sector which
are growing at the rate of 8-12%.
Due to this there is a large scale migration of labour forces
from rural to urban in search of employment.
8-12% growth rate in the secondary and tertiary sector help
Urban India as an emerging global information based
economy still urbanization of poverty is a major concern.

6. URBAN-RURAL INEQUALITY
PERCENTAGE AVAILABILITY OF FACILITIES
India Rural (%) Urban (%)
% of HH that have electricity 59.8 92.2
Have access to toilet Facility 34.1 80.8
Live in a Kachcha house 46.4 12.9
Live in Pucca House 19.6 60.2
Improved Source of Drinking water 79.6 94.4
Mean age at Marriage for boys 23.4 25.5
Mean age at Marriage for girls 19.2 21.2
Source: Census of India, 2011

7. URBAN-RURAL INEQUALITY
SECTORWISE SHARE IN GDP (%)
India 1950-51 1970-71 1990-91 1995-96 2005-06
Agriculture
including livestock
48.7 39.7 28.7 25.0 18.6
Forestry 6.0 4.0 1.5 1.0 0.9
Fishing 0.7 0.8 0.9 - -
All other sources 44.6 55.5 69.1 73.1 80.1
Source: Census of India, 2011

8. URBAN-RURAL INEQUALITY
Rural-Urban Household Income
Income Groups (per year) Rural (%) Urban(%)
Low Income (Rs. 20,000) 65.4 36.7
Low Middle (Rs. 20001-40000) 23.2 33.1
Middle (Rs. 40001-62000) 7.5 17.1
Upper Middle (Rs. 62001-86000) 2.5 7.8
High Income 1.4 5.3
The sharp increase in rural-urban disparities in India after decades of planned
development is alarming. Planning is considered as an instrument to narrow
down such disparities. India introduced centralized planning after
independence for the overall socio-economic development of the country.

9. URBAN-RURAL INEQUALITY
 The agricultural sector has been growing at less than half the
pace of the other sectors. During the Seventh Plan, agriculture
and allied sectors grew at a rate of 3.4 per cent, while the
national economy grew at 6 per cent.
 The slower rate of growth of agriculture has serious
implications for the rural-urban relationship
 According to one estimate, the average income of an urban
dweller is four times higher than that of a rural dweller.
 Rural deprivation becomes crystal clear if we look at the data
on rural India's contribution to the GDP and what the rural
areas get back.
 Rural contribution is 27 per cent but the return is 5 per cent.

10. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
Indicators:
 Including life expectancy
 Literacy rate
 Rural populations' access to electricity
 GDP per capita
 Exports and imports
 Multidimensional poverty index
 Income inequality
The Human Development Index measures the average achievement of a country
in three basic dimensions of human development which involves
 A long and healthy life
 Education and
 A decent standard of living.
These indicators are compiled into a single number between 0 and 1.0
 Very high human development (0.8-1.0)
 High human development (0.7-0.79)
 Medium human development (0.55-.70)
 Low human development (below 0.55).

11. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
India’s HDI value for 2021 was 0.633— which put the country in
the medium human development category— positioning it at
132 out of 189 countries and territories
2020 -India ranked 130 with an HDI value of 0.642. Before the COVID-19
outbreak, the HDI value of India was 0.645 in 2018.
This drop in HDI score is consistent with the global trend which shows countries
have fallen backward in human development since the outbreak of the COVID-
19 pandemic.

12. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDG)
What is the SDG India Index?
•The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index, constructed by NITI Aayog is an aggregate
measure that provides a holistic view of the performance of the States and Union Territories to the
government, policymakers, businesses, and public.
Indicators
 Economic
 Social
 Environmental parameters.
The first edition of the SDG India Index was launched in 2018 that covered 13 Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) with 62 indicators.
The SDG India Index report ranks the States and Union Territories on a score of 0 to 100.
 Aspirant (0-49)
 Performer (50-64)
 Front-Runner (65-99)
 Achiever (100). SDG India Index and Dashboard | iTech Mission
(niti.gov.in)

13. NEED FOR
REGIONAL PLANNING

14. Present planning system has made developed islands (growth centers).
Therefore , the cities have developed as nodes and the rest of the region
remains undeveloped
Development on unsuitable areas – haphazard development
 In a larger context, it needs to be acknowledged that a city does not exist
and thrive in isolation.
 It’s regional setting and linkages play an integral role. Therefore, regional
planning at the district/metropolitan levels is required for
• Co-ordinated spatial planning
• Management of physical and natural resources
• Integrated development of infrastructure
• Environmental sustainability
• Efficient mobility
• Logistics management
Need for guided development of a region otherwise there would be pockets
of developed and large tracts of undeveloped areas
REGIONAL PLANNING-NEED

15. REGIONAL PLANNING
REGIONAL PLANNING:
Regional development is to control mushrooming of unplanned and un-
organized growth outside Master Plans/ Development Plans along with
integration of landuse and transport resulting in Sustainable Development
REGION: is a contiguous geographical
area, which has a fair degree of
uniformity, in administration,
economic linkages or natural
environment. It is relatively a large
area, with hierarchy of settlement
and varying landscape.
The term PLANNING here means
taking decision to implement them in
order to attain Sustainable regional
and economic development
SUSTAINABLE
REGION
SETTLEMENT
WATER
RESOURCES
PUBLIC
TRANSPORT
SOCIAL
INFRASTRU
CTURE
ENVIRONME
NT
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY

16. Regional Planning Policies and Programmes – The Five Year Plans
• Balanced regional development between urban and rural areas and between areas of high-
low economic concentration.
• IDSMT Scheme
• National Urbanization policy,1988
• Multipurpose river valley projects- The Rajasthan Canal Region, The Bhakra-Nangal Region
• Since 1960s planning commission has taken major thrust in regional development through
5 year plans ( district planning, metropolitan planning, water shed management, special
area development
• 74th CAA –Constitution of District Planning Committees (DPC) and Metropolitan Planning
Committee (MPC)
REGIONAL PLANNING IN INDIA
The District Planning Committees is to be the single decision making
committee, which can address to the issues of planning in the District.
In many States, DPC’s are not constituted,
however, in some of them, the Town and Country Planning Acts provides a
legal framework for constitution of Regional Development Authorities.
For example, the Bombay Metropolitan Region Development Authority Act, 1974
makes it mandatory to constitute the Metropolitan Regional Development
Authority for the planning and development of Mumbai metropolitan city.

17. REGIONAL PLAN
1. Perspective Plan – vision for policy formulation
- 20-30 years
2. Regional Plan - to identify regions and regional resources for development within
which settlements (urban and rural) plans are prepared and regulated by DPC
(District Planning Committee)
Regional Plan
1:50,000‐ 1:25,000 (District Development Plan)
1:25,000 ‐ 1:10,000 (Metropolitan Region Plan)
3. Development plans
4. Local area plans

18. INSTITUTIONAL SETUP
INSTITUTIONAL SETUP

19. REGIONAL PLANNING IN INDIA
1. NATIONAL CAPITAL
REGION (NCRPB Act,
1985)
2. MUMBAI
METROPOLITAN REGION
3. BENGALURU
METROPOLITAN REGION
4. KOLKATA
METROPOLITAN AREA
PLAN
5. CHENNAI
METROPOLITAN AREA
PLAN

20. DEFINITION OF REGION: an area, especially part of a country or the world having
definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries. It has common features
in terms of
 Artificial Features: Language, Government, or Religion;
 Natural Features: Forests, Wildlife, or Climate.
PLANNING REGION
BOUDEVILLE : “ it is an area displaying some coherence or unit of economic decision
KLASSEN: A planning region must be large enough to take investment decisions of an
economic size, should have a homogeneous economic structure, contain at lease one
growth point and have a common approach to and awareness of its problems
KEEBLE: defined a planning region to be an area that is large enough to enable
substantial changes in the distribution of population and employment to take place within
its boundaries, yet which is small enough for its planning problems to be viewed as a
whole
In short, A PLANNING REGION should be defined according to the
purpose of one’s analysis

21. CLASSIFICATION OF REGION-CONCEPT &
TYPE
PLANNING REGION IN INDIA
Administrative
Region
Investment
Region
Special Area
Region
District
Region
Metropolitan
Region
New Investment
Manufacturing Zone
Environment & Eco-
Sensitive Regions
Industrial & Freight
Corridor
Socio-Economic
Regions
As per Constitutional
Amendment Act, 1992
Special Investment
Region
Culturally Sensitive
Regions
Special, Investment & Economic Region are
Interstate Region based on (i) Homogeneity, (ii)
Functional relationship, (iii) Administrative Status

22. ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
Administrative Regions : are the District Regions or the Metropolitan Regions as
per the recommendations of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act
District plan for North Goa District plan for South Goa
Govt of Goa ,2021

23. ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
Prepared by the Government of Kerela,
2021 for the district

24. ADMINISTRATIVE REGION
Prepared by Mumbai Metropolitan Authority
For the metropolitan area

25. INVESTMENT REGION
National Industrial Corridor Development
Programme (nicdc.in)

26. SPECIAL REGION
Special Regions: Sensitive areas in terms of Environment, Socio economic or Political
aspects
What are Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs)? Eco-Sensitive Zones or Ecologically Fragile Areas
are areas within 10 kms around Protected Areas, National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.
ESZs are notified by MoEFCC, Government of India under Environment Protection Act
1986.

27. CLASSIFICATION OF REGION-CONCEPT &
TYPE
A. REGIONS IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC
1. Homogeneous regions of various hues, Formal regions
2. Nodal, polarized, heterogeneous or functional region
B. REGIONS IN MULTI LEVEL PLANNING
1. Macro region
2. Meso region
3. Micro region
C. REGIONS IN THE ‘STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT’ ANALYSIS
1. Developed Region
2. Backward and depressed region
D. REGIONS AS PER THE ACTIVITY STATUS ANALYSIS
1. Mineral regions
2. Manufacturing regions
3. Urban and congested regions

28. FORMAL REGION/HOMOGENEOUS REGION
Formal regions - A formal region is homogeneous
with reference to some geo-physical characteristic
such as topography, climate or vegetation. This is
physical formal region
Geographical Homogeneity: The basis of homogeneity is
topography, rainfall, climate or other geo-physical
characteristic.
Economic Homogeneity: The structure of employment, the
occupational pattern, the net migration, the density of
population, the resource and industrial structure, if similar
in a space, the regions become homogeneous in economic
sense.
Sociological Homogeneity: A region being a collectivity of
people is a sociological phenomenon and thus a region goes
parallel to the concept of community also.
A homogeneous region is therefore a homogeneous problem-
bound entity.

29. FUNCTIONAL REGION
Functional Region: Polarized or nodal regions
look to a center of a large town usually for service.
Its influence extends beyond the area of the city.
 It has geographical area that displays a
certain functional coherence i.e.
interdependence of parts
 It is composed of heterogeneous units such
as towns, cities, and villages which are
functionally interrelated and working as a
system
 The relationships are usually studied in form
of flow (functional flow between town and
villages)
 Thus, they have flow patterns (flow of goods
and services from village to towns) and
development of nodes

30. National Capital
Region
A total of 24 districts in three
neighbouring states of Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh and Rajasthan along with whole
of the National Capital Territory
constitute the National Capital Region
(NCR) of India.
Sonipat Kundli
Zone
Bahadurgarh
Zone
Noida Zone
Gurgaon Manesar Zone
Faridabad Ballabhgarh Zone
Ghaziabad Loni Zone
FUNCTIONAL REGION

31. PLANNING REGION
Macro-Major Region
A Macro-Major region can be a zone in a
country, which may comprise of a few States.
For example, in India there are East, West,
North, South and Central Zones and ‘Zonal
Councils’ of which function is mutual
consultation, developing cooperation and
mutual counseling.

32. PLANNING REGION
Macro Region
State or Inter State Level
• It is possible that a physical macro region may
comprise parts of different states of a country for
project planning purposes. (e.g., big river
valley projects, an electric grid of different states
• It may have homogeneity in one respect
(physical complementarity) and may have
heterogeneity in other respect (administrative
boundaries).
o India has been divided into 11 to 20 macro
regions-agro-climate or resource regions
o The planning Commission of India would have
just 5 zonal councils-Eastern, Northern,
Central, Western and Southern comprising of
certain states but beyond this there is no macro-
regionalization in India.

33. PLANNING REGION – INDIAN CONTEXT
Planning Commission accepted the 15 agro –
climatic regions for approach to agricultural
planning in Eight Five Year Plan: Principal
characteristics – soil characteristics, climate, rainfall
and water availability

34. PLANNING REGION
Meso region (Group of Districts)
can be identified with a ‘division’
of a state.
Chattisgarh Region, Bundelkhand Region,
Baghelkahand Region, Mahakoshal region is
usually a sub-division of a state, comprising of
several districts.
There should be some identifiable affinity in
the area which may even facilitate planning. It
can be cultural or administrative region and it
will be even better if it is a homogeneous
physical region.
A meso region can also become a nodal region
provided the combined micro regions or parts
thereof can be developed in a complementary
manner. (NSS of India has identified 58 meso
regions of India).

35. MESO REGION

36. PLANNING REGION
Micro Region
The most important reason why district is the most
viable micro region for planning is the existence of
database and compact administration. This is the
area, which is viable for plan formulation with
administration for plan implementation and
monitoring.
A metropolitan area can be one micro region and the
area of influence can be another micro region. A nodal
point is also a micro region, though in many cases micro
regions are basically rural areas, which may have a
number of minor nodes without any organizational
hierarchy influencing the entire area. The basic
characteristic of a micro region is its smallness. There
can be some specific micro regions such as belts of
extraction of mineral or a reclaimed area, or a not-
so-big command area of an irrigational project.

37. PLANNING REGION
Micro Minor Region
Block Level or
City region
The region which is associated with, what is called,
the Grass-Root Planning. The block level plan is
integrated with the national plan, through the
district and state level plans. A block level plan is
not surgically cut portion of the district plan, which
has its own logic and linkage.
Many agro-based industries and tiny sector guild-
type activities can be developed at the micro-minor
level.
A good planning can secure ‘ruralization of the
industries’ instead of ‘industrialization of rural area’.
This will involve production of goods ‘by the masses for
the masses and near the masses’.

38. STRUCTURE OF A REGION
Node : Here polarization or centralization of Phenomenon is found. Nodes
develop in functional regions but unidentified in formal region (intersections of
various roads, rail lines etc)
Zone: it is segment of space/part of an area where intensity and magnitude of
phenomenon is maximum.
Area : It include Node +Zone+ Transitional Boundaries

39. SETTLEMENTS IN A REGION
 Nodal Centre
 Counter magnets
 Satellite Towns
 Priority Towns
 Growth Centers or Points
 Peri Urban Areas
 Urban Agglomeration
 Out Growths
 Spatial Priority Urban Regions (SPURs)

40. SETTLEMENTS IN A REGION
Nodal Centre
 Growth Nodes
 Highest in order of the settlement in the region
It could be
1. Unipolar (Metropolitan City)
2. Bipolar (Twin cities)
3. Multipolar Structure
Counter Magnets
• Counter magnets are the potential and growing Sub Nodal Centers
• Located out of the direct functionally linked areas of the Nodal Centers region
• The prime purpose of magnets is to prevent undesirable concentration of
growth impulses in the Nodal Centers
The counter magnet areas may play two distinctive roles:
 As interceptors of migratory flows into the nodal centre
 As regional growth centers, this would be able to achieve a balanced pattern of
urbanization in the region over a period of time.

41. COUNTER
MAGNETS

42. SETTLEMENTS IN A REGION
Satellite Towns:
• A Satellite Town is one, which is located near or within reasonable distance,
well connected by transportation route of the growth node or a metropolitan
city, e.g. Gurgaon and Noida (Delhi), Navi Mumbai (Mumbai) and Salt Lake City
(Kolkata)
• The Satellite towns are dependent on the growth node largely for
employment. If developed well, satellite towns offer great scope for providing
economic growth and employment for the benefit of the main city, subject to e
fficient transport connectivity.

43. Priority Towns:
 Priority towns are the potential towns for investment and development;
 Identified on the basis of their inter‐aerial relationship with the regional
nodal center.
 For integrated development of the identified region, identification of the
priority towns and planning for their development should be done
SETTLEMENTS IN A REGION
Growth Centres/Points:
 Settlements with growth potential and special advantage of location within the reg
ion can be classified as growth centres/ growth points/ service village in order of h
ierarchy from high to low while planning for settlement structure within the region.
Peri Urban Areas
 Zones of transition from rural to urban
 Peri urban areas might include valuable protected areas, forested hills,
preserved woodlands, prime agricultural lands etc

44. SETTLEMENTS IN A REGION
Urban Agglomeration:
 Census, 2011 defines an urban agglomeration (UA) as a continuous urban spread
constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths, or two or more physically conti
guous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns.
 An UA must consist of atleast a statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the co
nstituents put together) should not be less than 20,000. In varying local condition
s, there were similar other combinations which have been treated as urban agglo
merations satisfying the basic condition of contiguity. Examples: Greater Mumbai UA,
Delhi UA, etc.
Out Growth
 Census 2011, defines ‘Out Growths’ (OG) as a viable unit such as a village or a
hamlet or an enumeration block made up of such village or hamlet and clearly ide
ntifiable in terms of its boundaries and location.
 While determining the outgrowth of a town, it has been ensured that it possess
es the urban features in terms of infrastructure and amenities such as pucca roads, el
ectricity, taps, drainage system for disposal of waste water etc. educational institution
s, post offices, medical facilities, banks etc. and physically contiguous with the core t
own of the UA.

45. SETTLEMENTS IN A REGION
Out Growths

46. SETTLEMENTS IN A REGION
Spatial Priority Urban Regions (SPURs):
National Commission on Urbanisation, 1988
with a visionary approach to future urbanization in India identified 329 urban
centers all over the country as Generators of Economic Momentum (GEMs)
The Commission also identified 49 Spatial Priority Urban Regions (SPURs).
SPURs were based on observed trends of growth and Commission’s assessment of
growth potential, integration with national transport network, optimising investm
ents and opportunities already in a particular region.
Such an attempt of regional planning pan India was the first of its kind and evolved fr
om the idea of expanding planned urban regions.

47. Thank you