This document summarizes a study that assessed awareness of HIV/AIDS among 396 respondents in Johor, Malaysia. The study found that respondents had moderately high overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS, though some misconceptions remained. Most respondents knew that high-risk behaviors like needle sharing and unprotected sex can transmit HIV, but fewer were aware of risks from activities like tattooing or sharing personal items. While most knew there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, over half believed incorrectly that washing after sex prevents transmission. The study provides insight into awareness levels and information gaps regarding HIV/AIDS in Johor.
Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20. A pregnancy can take place after the start of puberty before the first menstrual period but usually occurs after the onset. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13.
Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as other women. There are, however, additional medical concerns for mothers aged below 15 years of age. For mothers aged 15–19, risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age. Risks of low birth weight, premature labor, anemia, and pre-eclampsia are connected to the biological age itself, as it was observed in teen births even after controlling for other risk factors (such as utilization of antenatal care etc.).
In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are often associated with social issues, including lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer life outcomes in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many communities and cultures. By contrast, teenage parents in developing countries are often married, and their pregnancies welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause medical problems.
Teenage pregnancies appear to be preventable by comprehensive sex education and access to birth control. Abstinence-only sex education does not appear to be effective.
Through generations teenage pregnancy has converted into one of the Philippines' most challenging social issues. Becoming pregnant at such an early age brings multiple obstacles such as, lower expectations of finishing high school, not attending college, and less success in the job industry. Not only do these obstacles regard the teenage parents but harm their unborn child in academic and health issues, for instance tending to score less optimally on assessments of cognitive development and academic achievement, and also tend to exhibit more problem behaviors than other children. Other than social dilemmas there are certain health issues that are more likely to appear in a teenage pregnancy for example the baby is more likely to have a low birth weight, to be born before term, and have developmental delay.
The issue we focus on is premarital sex among teenager that results to teenage pregnancy. Further explanation will be discussed in the parts to follow.
Assessing the Quality of Life of HIV/AIDS Patients attending Anti-Retroviral ...RosyPurakayastha
The study was an observational, cross-sectional study, which was conducted from May to July 2013, in the outpatient department of the Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) Clinic at MGM Medical College and Hospital, Kamothe, which is a tertiary care Hospital in Navi Mumbai. The study aimed to assess the Quality of Life (QOL) of patients living with HIV and AIDS using WHOQOL-HIV BREF Scale.
Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20. A pregnancy can take place after the start of puberty before the first menstrual period but usually occurs after the onset. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13.
Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as other women. There are, however, additional medical concerns for mothers aged below 15 years of age. For mothers aged 15–19, risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological effects of age. Risks of low birth weight, premature labor, anemia, and pre-eclampsia are connected to the biological age itself, as it was observed in teen births even after controlling for other risk factors (such as utilization of antenatal care etc.).
In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are often associated with social issues, including lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer life outcomes in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many communities and cultures. By contrast, teenage parents in developing countries are often married, and their pregnancies welcomed by family and society. However, in these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutrition and poor health care to cause medical problems.
Teenage pregnancies appear to be preventable by comprehensive sex education and access to birth control. Abstinence-only sex education does not appear to be effective.
Through generations teenage pregnancy has converted into one of the Philippines' most challenging social issues. Becoming pregnant at such an early age brings multiple obstacles such as, lower expectations of finishing high school, not attending college, and less success in the job industry. Not only do these obstacles regard the teenage parents but harm their unborn child in academic and health issues, for instance tending to score less optimally on assessments of cognitive development and academic achievement, and also tend to exhibit more problem behaviors than other children. Other than social dilemmas there are certain health issues that are more likely to appear in a teenage pregnancy for example the baby is more likely to have a low birth weight, to be born before term, and have developmental delay.
The issue we focus on is premarital sex among teenager that results to teenage pregnancy. Further explanation will be discussed in the parts to follow.
Assessing the Quality of Life of HIV/AIDS Patients attending Anti-Retroviral ...RosyPurakayastha
The study was an observational, cross-sectional study, which was conducted from May to July 2013, in the outpatient department of the Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) Clinic at MGM Medical College and Hospital, Kamothe, which is a tertiary care Hospital in Navi Mumbai. The study aimed to assess the Quality of Life (QOL) of patients living with HIV and AIDS using WHOQOL-HIV BREF Scale.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
Patients Knowledge and Attitude towards Tuberculosis in a Rural Setting in Al...inventionjournals
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major cause of illness worldwide. The burden is rising globally due to poverty, increasing population and HIV/AIDS. In developing countries, poor knowledge and perception of tuberculosis is prevalent, which causes delay in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis..India has the highest number of TB cases in the world. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in Rural Health Training Centre, Jawan, of Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College,AMU, Aligarh .A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data from January- March,2015. A total of 80 subjects ,more than 15 years age group,residents of Jawan,were selected who either had completed tuberculosis treatment or are still on treatment.An informed consent was taken,before starting the questionnaire. Results: shows that out of 80 subjects under study,50% were in age –group 35 to 55 years and 75 % were males. Radio/T.V. was the maximum source of information on tuberculosis (60%), followed by health workers or community workers(50%) .Few subjects got information about T.B. from family members and friends/neighbours. 87.5% of the subjects were aware of the evening rise of temperature inT.B., followed by blood in sputum(80%) and cough more than 3 weeks(42.5%).Regarding causes of T.B.,76.25% of the subjects said that T.B. was due to smoking, followed by alcohol consumption(42.5%). 85% of the subjects knew that T.B. was a communicable disease.70% of the subjects knew that the mode of transmission of T.B. was during coughing.50% of the subjects believed that tuberculosis could be transmitted by sharing of common materials with T.B. patients.70% of the subjects reported that BCG immunization prevented tuberculosis. More than half(55%) of the participants reported that the transmission of T.B. could be prevented by avoiding personal contact with the T.B. patient. Conclusion: The study showed that the knowledge of people relating to T.B. is insufficient in most of the aspects.TB awareness programs should focus on reduction of TB associated stigmas.We need to train our health workers and also educate our masses especially those living in rural areas
Profile of Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students of tertiary ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
October 7, 2019
On October 7, 2019, the Harvard Global Health Institute will host a one-day symposium to explore what enabled this visionary program, and to showcase how it has transformed not just the worldwide HIV/AIDS response but global health delivery more broadly.
There are many lessons learned in PEPFAR’s story - from what it took to build a supply chain where there was none, to establishing the use of generic antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) and leveraging human capacity. This event convened the early architects of PEPFAR as well as experts and implementers currently leading the charge. We took a historically informed look at what it will take to stop global transmission, and shared tools useful for others hoping to move the needle on vexing problems in global health.
For more information, visit our website at https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/15-years-of-pepfar
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Migrant Workers’ Wives on HIVAIDS in Bang...Md. Tarek Hossain
In Bangladesh, the targets under MDG-6 are to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases by 2015 and reverse the spread of the diseases. The increasing trend of HIV/AIDS positively indicates that country is on the brink of a nationwide crisis. Mobility is a key structural factor that has been linked to increased HIV incidence and vulnerability globally. Bangladeshi migrant workers suffer problems found among other internal and international migrant groups including socioeconomic and power inequalities, limited social capital, loneliness, and coping with different cultural norms relating to sex. HIV transmission from international migrant workers who have returned and are HIV positive has been mostly restricted to their spouses, although the degree of spousal transmission and couples in which one person is HIV positive and putting the other at high risk has not been evaluated methodically in Bangladesh. Given the large numbers of people on the move, ensuring the rights and access to HIV prevention, treatment and care and support services for the wives of these migrant workers is a crucial component of an effective regional response to HIV. Therefore, it is important to analyze the knowledge, attitude and practice level of these groups of women. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the knowledge, attitude and practice of wives of the emigrant workers of Bangladesh and factors that may influence their health decisions. Seven
(7) districts from seven (7) administrative divisions of the country were selected purposively as the study area. The study areas include Tangail (Dhaka division), Comilla (Chittagong division), Moulovibazar (Sylhet division), Meherpur (Khulna division), Dinajpur (Rangpur division), Barisal (Barisal division) and Serajganj (Rajshahi division). Women at their reproductive age from selected households of these seven districts, whose heads are/used to be a migrant worker, was the study subject. Respondents also include health service professionals from the study areas. The general knowledge/ perception, attitudes, and practices were assessed through qualitative study method while a quantitative socio economic survey was also done to attain information related to respondents’ age, education, income and expenditure. The tools include in-depth interview (II), focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interview (KII). In total,
70 KIIs and 7 FGDs with 63 women participants were done while a short survey of the socioeconomic status of all 133 women was conducted through structured questionnaire.
This study examined the relationship between knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria [2]. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192; urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputing them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis [4] and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages; measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the cognitive factors of knowledge of HIV prevention and knowledge of HIV transmission were statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of having HCT uptake. It was among others recommended that stakeholders, authorities, and providers of health services in Nigeria should strive to increase the rate of HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years.
Abstract—Sexual health (SH) and sexual behavior of young people have become a growing public concern. But few studies have been conducted to investigate the prevalence and psychosocial correlates of this phenomenon.
Purpose: To understand college students’ sexual knowledge (SK), sexual attitudes (SA), sexual desire (SD) and sexual behavior (SB).
Methods: A self-reported questionnaire survey on SK, SA, SD, and SB was conducted among 520 university students. Their demographic data, SK, SA, SD, and SB were assessed.
Results: A total of 500 students completed the questionnaire. The SKS total score had a mean of 23.05; 105 (21.0%) subjects had had premarital sex; 121 (24.2%) had a partner; 117 (23.4%) had a medical educational background. The results demonstrated an increased risk of premarital sex amongst males and subjects with the risk factors of smoking, drinking, having a partner, and having higher levels of SD and SK and more open SA.
Conclusions: This study provides support for the idea that university students lack SK (especially regarding contraception knowledge), even though the students had a medical educational background. Additionally, a considerable amount of them engaged in premarital SB. Our findings also suggest that university students need sex education, particularly in combining sexuality with their life, in relating to others maturely as a sexual individual, in employing contraception, and in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Our study suggests that interventions aimed at expanding university students’ SK and other related skills are required.
Gender,HIV/AIDs Transmission: Socio Economic And Socio Cultural Impact in Tan...Sandeep Singh
The research was done in Tanzania and presented at Banaras Hindu University International Conference who also published Complete article in "EDUCATION FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM" by Nutan Publication Chapter 6 ISBN: 978 81 927002 1 2
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
Patients Knowledge and Attitude towards Tuberculosis in a Rural Setting in Al...inventionjournals
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major cause of illness worldwide. The burden is rising globally due to poverty, increasing population and HIV/AIDS. In developing countries, poor knowledge and perception of tuberculosis is prevalent, which causes delay in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis..India has the highest number of TB cases in the world. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in Rural Health Training Centre, Jawan, of Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College,AMU, Aligarh .A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data from January- March,2015. A total of 80 subjects ,more than 15 years age group,residents of Jawan,were selected who either had completed tuberculosis treatment or are still on treatment.An informed consent was taken,before starting the questionnaire. Results: shows that out of 80 subjects under study,50% were in age –group 35 to 55 years and 75 % were males. Radio/T.V. was the maximum source of information on tuberculosis (60%), followed by health workers or community workers(50%) .Few subjects got information about T.B. from family members and friends/neighbours. 87.5% of the subjects were aware of the evening rise of temperature inT.B., followed by blood in sputum(80%) and cough more than 3 weeks(42.5%).Regarding causes of T.B.,76.25% of the subjects said that T.B. was due to smoking, followed by alcohol consumption(42.5%). 85% of the subjects knew that T.B. was a communicable disease.70% of the subjects knew that the mode of transmission of T.B. was during coughing.50% of the subjects believed that tuberculosis could be transmitted by sharing of common materials with T.B. patients.70% of the subjects reported that BCG immunization prevented tuberculosis. More than half(55%) of the participants reported that the transmission of T.B. could be prevented by avoiding personal contact with the T.B. patient. Conclusion: The study showed that the knowledge of people relating to T.B. is insufficient in most of the aspects.TB awareness programs should focus on reduction of TB associated stigmas.We need to train our health workers and also educate our masses especially those living in rural areas
Profile of Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students of tertiary ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
October 7, 2019
On October 7, 2019, the Harvard Global Health Institute will host a one-day symposium to explore what enabled this visionary program, and to showcase how it has transformed not just the worldwide HIV/AIDS response but global health delivery more broadly.
There are many lessons learned in PEPFAR’s story - from what it took to build a supply chain where there was none, to establishing the use of generic antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) and leveraging human capacity. This event convened the early architects of PEPFAR as well as experts and implementers currently leading the charge. We took a historically informed look at what it will take to stop global transmission, and shared tools useful for others hoping to move the needle on vexing problems in global health.
For more information, visit our website at https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/15-years-of-pepfar
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Migrant Workers’ Wives on HIVAIDS in Bang...Md. Tarek Hossain
In Bangladesh, the targets under MDG-6 are to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases by 2015 and reverse the spread of the diseases. The increasing trend of HIV/AIDS positively indicates that country is on the brink of a nationwide crisis. Mobility is a key structural factor that has been linked to increased HIV incidence and vulnerability globally. Bangladeshi migrant workers suffer problems found among other internal and international migrant groups including socioeconomic and power inequalities, limited social capital, loneliness, and coping with different cultural norms relating to sex. HIV transmission from international migrant workers who have returned and are HIV positive has been mostly restricted to their spouses, although the degree of spousal transmission and couples in which one person is HIV positive and putting the other at high risk has not been evaluated methodically in Bangladesh. Given the large numbers of people on the move, ensuring the rights and access to HIV prevention, treatment and care and support services for the wives of these migrant workers is a crucial component of an effective regional response to HIV. Therefore, it is important to analyze the knowledge, attitude and practice level of these groups of women. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the knowledge, attitude and practice of wives of the emigrant workers of Bangladesh and factors that may influence their health decisions. Seven
(7) districts from seven (7) administrative divisions of the country were selected purposively as the study area. The study areas include Tangail (Dhaka division), Comilla (Chittagong division), Moulovibazar (Sylhet division), Meherpur (Khulna division), Dinajpur (Rangpur division), Barisal (Barisal division) and Serajganj (Rajshahi division). Women at their reproductive age from selected households of these seven districts, whose heads are/used to be a migrant worker, was the study subject. Respondents also include health service professionals from the study areas. The general knowledge/ perception, attitudes, and practices were assessed through qualitative study method while a quantitative socio economic survey was also done to attain information related to respondents’ age, education, income and expenditure. The tools include in-depth interview (II), focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interview (KII). In total,
70 KIIs and 7 FGDs with 63 women participants were done while a short survey of the socioeconomic status of all 133 women was conducted through structured questionnaire.
This study examined the relationship between knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria [2]. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192; urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputing them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis [4] and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages; measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the cognitive factors of knowledge of HIV prevention and knowledge of HIV transmission were statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of having HCT uptake. It was among others recommended that stakeholders, authorities, and providers of health services in Nigeria should strive to increase the rate of HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years.
Abstract—Sexual health (SH) and sexual behavior of young people have become a growing public concern. But few studies have been conducted to investigate the prevalence and psychosocial correlates of this phenomenon.
Purpose: To understand college students’ sexual knowledge (SK), sexual attitudes (SA), sexual desire (SD) and sexual behavior (SB).
Methods: A self-reported questionnaire survey on SK, SA, SD, and SB was conducted among 520 university students. Their demographic data, SK, SA, SD, and SB were assessed.
Results: A total of 500 students completed the questionnaire. The SKS total score had a mean of 23.05; 105 (21.0%) subjects had had premarital sex; 121 (24.2%) had a partner; 117 (23.4%) had a medical educational background. The results demonstrated an increased risk of premarital sex amongst males and subjects with the risk factors of smoking, drinking, having a partner, and having higher levels of SD and SK and more open SA.
Conclusions: This study provides support for the idea that university students lack SK (especially regarding contraception knowledge), even though the students had a medical educational background. Additionally, a considerable amount of them engaged in premarital SB. Our findings also suggest that university students need sex education, particularly in combining sexuality with their life, in relating to others maturely as a sexual individual, in employing contraception, and in preventing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Our study suggests that interventions aimed at expanding university students’ SK and other related skills are required.
Gender,HIV/AIDs Transmission: Socio Economic And Socio Cultural Impact in Tan...Sandeep Singh
The research was done in Tanzania and presented at Banaras Hindu University International Conference who also published Complete article in "EDUCATION FOR THE NEW MILLENNIUM" by Nutan Publication Chapter 6 ISBN: 978 81 927002 1 2
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv-1 DNA Quantification by Tuofu Zhu in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
The Risk Lies in Not Knowing HIV AIDS Awareness and Acceptance towards PLWHAijtsrd
Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV is a disease that targets and changes the human immune system, increasing the risk and impact of other infections and diseases. Without treatment, this virus progresses to an advanced disease called Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS . Ignorance of HIV AIDS can lead to the stigmatization of PLWHA. This prevents PLWHA from contributing to society meaningfully and damages their social and psychological health. This study sought to determine the level of awareness towards HIV AIDS and the level of acceptance towards PLWHA among senior high school SHS students in the 9th cluster of Toledo City, Cebu. It further sought to determine whether or not a correlation exists between the students' awareness and acceptance towards PLWHA. To arrive at these, this study utilized questions adopted from Carey, Beedy and Johnson 1997 , and Unnikrishnan, Mithra and Reshmi 2010 for HIV AIDS awareness and HIV AIDS Acceptance, respectively with slight modifications in the wording for the students' comfort. The respondents of this study were 336 SHS students, selected via stratified random sampling from an overall population of 2,094 SHS students. The study found that the respondents exhibited a high level of awareness about HIV AIDS, as well as a high level of acceptance towards PLWHA. Further, it was found that there is a statistically significant correlation between gender and awareness of HIV AIDS. It was also found that there is a statistically significant correlation between gender and attitude towards PLWHA. This study arrived at the conclusion that there is a statistically significant and strong correlation between the respondents' awareness and attitude towards PLWHA. Gordon Matthew C. Suico | Christy B. Alfeche "The Risk Lies in Not Knowing: HIV/AIDS Awareness and Acceptance towards PLWHA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47674.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/47674/the-risk-lies-in-not-knowing-hivaids-awareness-and-acceptance-towards-plwha/gordon-matthew-c-suico
Perceptions of tertiary students on the prevention of sexually transmitted di...iosrjce
The purpose of the study was to evaluate tertiary student’s sexual behaviour and their knowledge and attitudes
towards STDs, among students of University for Development Studies (UDS).
The research design: data was collected by using a quantitative survey using self-answered questionnaire, from
a sample of one hundred and thirty-four (n=134) out of a total student population of 3,881, using the simple
random sampling technique in the data gathering process.
Results/findings: out of the sample size of 134 students aged 15-44, 46.3% were males and 53.7% were females.
About 24.6%, (n=33) have ever had sex without a condom. The study revealed that 99.3% ever heard of STDs,
85.1% had either below or average knowledge about the causes of STDs, 55.2% had knowledge above average
on the prevention of STDs and more than 90% of the student sampled indicated that STDs are very common.
Interestingly, 6.7% of the sampled population said STDs are mainly female infections.
Recommendations: There is need for wider education at various levels of the educational system on STDs by
health care providers, and effective collaboration among health care providers, social activists, NGOs and
tertiary students to promote peer education on STDs prevention among students.
Evaluation of the Awareness about Hepatitis among Ardabil Medical University ...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: Hepatitis is one of the five infectious diseases in the world that yearly one million people die and nearly 2 million sufferers from it. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most important cause of liver disease and the major cause of death from hepatitis in Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge about hepatitis among medical students of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Methodology: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study that has been done on 150 students were selected randomly from Ardabil University of Medical Sciences students in 2016. The data collected by a questionnaire consisted of 25 questions. The collected data were analyzed using statistical methods in SPSS version 16. P < 5% was considered significant. Results: Of all students, 56% were female, and the rest of them were male with an average age of 20 years. The average of student knowledge was 11.06. Nursing and health students had the highest and IT students had the lowest level of knowledge. 61.3% of students referred to the use of a common syringe as an agent for the transmission of hepatitis and 62% believed that the level of knowledge of people in the community could prevent the transmission of HBV infection to individuals. Conclusion: The results present study showed that students’ knowledge about HBV was moderate and because of medical personnel is at high risk of infection due to their occupational status. Hence, promoting their level of knowledge about HBV is essential.
This is technical writing Assignment, no emotions go straight to t.docxchristalgrieg
This is technical writing Assignment, no emotions go straight to the point.
Section 1: Introduction
The rise in the numbers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) diagnoses is notable especially for racial and ethnic minority youth and adolescents aged 13 to 19 years (National Institute of Health, 2013). Approximately one half of all new HIV infections in the United States occur among person(s) younger than 25 years. Nearly 4 million new sexually transmitted infection (STI) cases each year occur among youth and adolescents (NIH, 2013). Reconciling data of 2015, 54.2% of high school students reported having sexual intercourse; of students reported sex during the previous months, 39% stated they didn’t use a condom during their last sexual encounter (United States Census Bureau, 2014). The number of sexually active among youth and adolescents, from 2001 to 2014, there’s been a significant increase in the percentage of youth and adolescents who were never taught about HIV/AIDS. Unified national HIV/AIDS surveillance system has enhanced the ability to monitor and characterize racial and ethnic minority youth populations affected by the HIV epidemic and provide information on the entire population of HIV infected persons who have been tested confidentially (NIH, 2014). Approximately 1.2 million people were living with HIV in the United States in 2014, 49% and 51% undiagnosed infections. Almost 50,000 people become newly infected each year, and in 2014, the estimated rate of diagnoses of HIV infection was 13.8 per 100,000 population (National Institute of Health, 2014). Social trust is associated with lowering the of course mortality rates and that associated HIV infection varied within racial and ethnic minority youth and adolescents. The risk factors that will be addressed in this paper are unprotected vaginal or anal sex, improving access to prevention and care services, inadequate sex education and drug use
Unprotected vaginal and anal sex
Participating in unprotected vaginal and anal sex, or sex without latex or polyurethane condoms is a major contributing factor of HIV rate in racial and ethnic minority youth and adolescents. In an infected youth or adolescents, the semen and blood contains high amount of HIV. During unprotected vaginal and anal sex HIV can easily pass from one person to another. Several studies link alcohol and drug use to higher rates of unprotected anal intercourse, higher numbers of sex partners, and inconsistent condom use (NIH, 2014). With these trends among racial and ethnic minority National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (2015) reported 21% minority youth and adolescent are infected with HIV while 79% youth and adolescent don’t know their status (National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2015).
Improving access to prevention and care services
Access to HIV prevention and treatment is an important step in helping achieve an HIV free generation, especially among racial and ethnic minority youth and adolescent. If someone ...
Poor Outcomes in a Cohort of HIV-Infected Adolescents Undergoing Treatment fo...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Little is known about the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in HIV-co-infected adolescents. This study aimed to present the intermediate outcomes of HIV-infected adolescents aged 10-19 years receiving second-line anti-TB treatment in a Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) project in Mumbai, India.
METHODS:
A retrospective review of medical records of 11 adolescents enrolled between July 2007 and January 2013 was undertaken. Patients were initiated on either empirical or individualized second-line ambulatory anti-TB treatment under direct observation.
RESULTS:
The median age was 16 (IQR 14-18) years and 54% were female. Five (46%) adolescents had pulmonary TB (PTB), two (18%) extrapulmonary disease (EPTB) and four (36%) had both. Median CD4 count at the time of MDR-TB diagnosis was 162.7 cells/µl (IQR: 84.8-250.5). By January 2013, eight patients had final and 3 had interim outcomes. Favourable results were seen in four (36.5%) patients: one was cured and three were still on treatment with negative culture results. Seven patients (64%) had poor outcomes: four (36.5%) died and three (27%) defaulted. Three of the patients who died never started on antiretroviral and/or TB treatment and one died 16 days after treatment initiation. Two of the defaulted died soon after default. All patients (100%) on-treatment experienced adverse events (AEs): two required permanent discontinuation of the culprit drug and two were hospitalized due to AEs. No patient required permanent discontinuation of the entire second-line TB or antiretroviral regimens.
CONCLUSIONS:
Early mortality and mortality after default were the most common reasons for poor outcomes in this study. Early mortality suggests the need for rapid diagnosis and prompt treatment initiation, and adolescents might benefit from active contact-tracing and immediate referral. Default occurred at different times, suggesting the need for continuous, intensified and individualized psychosocial support for co-infected adolescents. Operational research among co-infected adolescents will be especially important in designing effective interventions for this vulnerable group.
People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Hadhramout: Clinical Prese...asclepiuspdfs
The objective of the study was to determine the clinical features and outcome of patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Hadhramout and nearby governorates. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) site at Ibn-Sina General Hospital, Mukalla, Hadhramout governorate. All 145 patients were enrolled in HIV treatment and care program from December 2008 to the end of December 2016 with confirmed HIV test. Data included all personal data, clinical staging, drugs taken, and outcomes. Patients were grouped according to the decades to five groups, ≤15 years, 16–30 years, 31–50 years, 51–70 years, and >70 years. Cases classify according to the antiretroviral drugs to ART group and Pre-ART group. The relevant data parameters were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 21 and Excel 10. Results: A total of 145 cases, most adults (97.9%), males and females were104 (71.7%) and 41 (28.3%), respectively. Mean age was 36.46 years and 30–50 years the most affected age group (55.2%). Clinical Stages 3 and 4 were the common presentation in 73.8%, and most cases were from Mukalla city. Of the total cases, 74.5% were on ART 53.1 of them improved, pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 4 cases, and death cases were (18.5%), mostly due to late presentation and non-adherence, and mostly occurred in early 6 months of starting the ART. 37 patients were in a pre-treatment group (21.6%), where the mortality rate is 35.1%, mainly due to loss of follow-up. Conclusions: Most cases were adult males, young age and have had late presentation, where mortality is higher in the pre-treatment group due to loss of follow-up and in early 6 months of treatment.
“Intervention of a clinical pharmacist in order to reduce polypharmacy, avera...SriramNagarajan17
“Intervention of a clinical pharmacist in order to reduce polypharmacy, average cost of therapy and percentage of patients received injections (parenterals) in pediatrics dept; study carried out at multi-specialty teaching hospital”
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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How to Give Better Lectures: Some Tips for Doctors
Assessment of the level of awareness on AIDS/HIV in Johor, Malaysia
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Pharmacreations|Vol.1 | Issue 3 | July-Sep-2014
Journal Home page: www.pharmacreations.com
Research article Open Access
Assessment of the level of awareness on AIDS/HIV in Johor,
Malaysia
*Nagarajan Srinivasan, Rajan Ethiraj Ugandar.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Asia Metropolitan University, 43200 Cheras, Malaysia.
* Corresponding author: Nagarajan Srinivasan
E-mail id: n.srinivasan@masterskill.edu.my
ABSTRACT
The awareness of HIV/AIDS is important to reduce the mortality and morbidity rate. This is because, figures in
December 2010 showed that there are 91, 362 cases of HIV infections and 16, 352 cases of AIDS in Malaysia. The
numbers increased a year later. This affects not only the patients’ quality of life, but also impose extra spending to
the country. Hence, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the level of awareness about HIV/AIDS among
the population of Johor, Malaysia. A total of 396 respondents took part in this survey. They were evaluated based on
questionnaires to assess the level of awareness of AIDS/HIV among them. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS
version 17.0 software. The data indicated that AIDS/ HIV knowledge among the respondents was moderately high,
with a mean mark of 37.9 of 48 points. Most were aware that high risk behaviors such as needle-sharing, sexual
intercourse and blood transfusion could transmit the disease. However, most were still unaware that having tattoo or
body piercing and also sharing personal items could lead to infection. More than half of the respondents believed
that washing genital area with soap after intercourse could prevent the disease transmission. There was also
misconception that if a pregnant woman becomes infected, the child will definitely be infected. The majority knew
that there is no cure for AIDS/ HIV and some thought that there is difference between HIV and AIDS. The level of
awareness of AIDS/ HIV among the Johor population was successfully evaluated.
Key words: AIDS, HIV, Mode of transmission of HIV.
INTRODUCTION
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has claimed
more than 25 million lives over the past three decades
and so it continues to be a major global public health
issue. In year 2011, there were approximately 34
million people living with HIV (WHO, 2012). There
is no cure and no vaccine for HIV infection, but
effective treatment with antiretroviral drugs can
control the virus so that people with HIV can enjoy
healthy and productive lives (NYSDH, 2010). The
most advanced stage of HIV infection is Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which can
take from 2 to 15 years to develop depending on the
individual. AIDS is defined by the development of
certain cancers, infections, or other severe clinical
manifestations (WHO,2012). There were
approximately 30.1 million adults living with HIV, of
which 16.8 million were women, whereas children
under 15 years old make up 3.4 million in year 2010.
There were 2.7 million people newly infected with
HIV, and 1.8 million people died of AIDS in year
2010. There were over 7000 new HIV infections a
day in 2010; of which about 97% are in low and
middle income countries (UNAIDS, 2011).
This shows that people still lack knowledge and often
the tools they need to practice HIV-reduction
Journal of Pharmacreations
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strategies such as the use of condom, and access to
sterile needles for intravenous drug users (Rozaidah,
2006). Poverty, gender inequality, inequality in
health and the education system, discrimination
against marginalized people, and unequal resource
pathways all affect the HIV response (UNAIDS,
2010). Some people are not even aware that they are
infected with HIV; many who do learn their
serostatus are diagnosed in the late stages of the
disease and their disease progress to AIDS within a
year of their first positive HIV test (Renee et al.,
2011). HIV/AIDS was nonexistent in Malaysia until
1986. Drug abuse is a serious problem in Malaysia.
Injecting drug users (IDUs) are the largest group to
transmit HIV either through needle sharing or sexual
activity. A study by the Cabinet Subcommittee for
the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Drug Users
showed that 77.6% of the IDU were sexually active
and only 18.7% of them use a condom during sexual
intercourse. A further issue is the absence of
comprehensive prevention programs to empower all
women to negotiate for safe sex, emphasize male
responsibility, and strengthen antenatal testing to
protect women against HIV infection (Rozaidah,
2006). Furthermore, research addressing awareness
of the need for improved sexually transmitted disease
(STD) control, the importance of timely healthcare
seeking, and compliance with treatment and
implementation of partner referral could be useful
(Lawrence, 2002).
However, since 1995, antiretroviral (ARV) therapy
has saved 14 million lives in low and middle income
countries. Fewer deaths from AIDS-related illnesses
has transformed societies as more people, regaining
their health are returning to work and taking care of
their families. However, the gap between people who
can access treatment and people in need is still very
large, nearly 46% (UNAIDS, 2012). In Malaysia, free
ARV drugs are given to all pregnant mothers who are
HIV-positive (Lawrence, 2002). Furthermore the
public may undergo HIV screening test at the clinics
and government hospitals for free (MOH, 2011).
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)
which is an aggressive treatment regimen uses a
combination of three or more different drugs to
suppress HIV viral replication and progression of the
disease (Mark, 2009). HAART changed the face of
AIDS and it boosted the immune system for the
majority who takes up treatment. There is evidence
that transmission of HIV is less likely among those
with low viral load (Susan, 2003). Treatments have
also been effective in reducing mother-to-child
(vertical) transmission of HIV (UNICEF, 2012).
In addition, evidence indicates that risk reduction
counseling can be effective. For example, a meta-
analysis reported that counseling resulted in a 26%
decrease in unprotected anal sex among men having
sex with men. Studies also reported that counseling
produced a 30% increase in risk reduction skills
among injection drug users and a 16% decrease in
sexual risk behaviors (Carlos et al., 2003). Thus, it is
important to improve community-level understanding
of HIV as a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and
of improving our public health interventions that aim
to delay the onset of sex, reduce numbers of sex
partners, and increase safer-sex behaviors, including
consistent and correct condom use (Madeline et al.,
2009). On the other hand, globally, tuberculosis (TB)
is the leading cause of death among persons with
HIV infection (CDC, 2011). Of the estimated 34
million people living with HIV, about one-third is
estimated to have concomitant latent infection with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (UNICEF, 2011).
Therefore, routine screening for TB disease is
recommended for all people with HIV to facilitate
early TB diagnosis and safe initiation of ART and
isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) (Cain, 2009).
Besides TB, persons with HIV infection are
disproportionately affected by viral hepatitis; about
one-third of HIV –infected patients are co-infected
with hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Viral hepatitis
progresses faster among persons with HIV, and
persons who are infected with both viruses
experience greater liver-related health problems than
those without HIV infection. These people are also at
increased risk for serious, life-threatening
complications. Thus, vaccination is against hepatitis
is recommended so as to prevent complication of
HIV management (CDC, 2013).
METHODS
Study Design
A cross-sectional study was conducted across the
areas of Johor state in Malaysia.
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Sample selection
Participants were randomly selected from few
government schools and from the public. They were
required to answer all the questions in the
questionnaires provided. Two marks were allocated
for each of the correct answer and one mark for
incorrect or unanswered questions.
Questionnaire
The questionnaires were divided into four sections: 1,
2, 3 and 4. Section 1 required the participants to fill
in their demographic characteristics, whereas section
2 consists of 7 general knowledge questions.
However, out of the 7 questions, only 5 will be
evaluated by marks because the other 2 questions
have no right or wrong answers. Section 3 consists of
14 questions based on modes of transmission of
AIDS/ HIV and section 4 consists of 5 questions
about the prevention methods of HIV.
Data Analysis
Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version
17.0 was used for data management and analysis
(Anwar et al., 2010). Descriptive statistics including
frequencies, means, medians, and standard deviations
were performed to give general descriptions of the
data. T-test and ANOVA were performed to examine
differences in knowledge scores and demographic
variables. The level for statistical significance was set
at P < .05
RESULTS
The total number of respondents who completed the
survey was 396.
Characteristics of Respondents
The majority of respondents are adolescents, they
make up 53.8% of the overall respondents (Table 1).
This is followed by adults group, 42% and children
3.8%. 60.3% of the respondents consists of female.
52% of the respondents consists of Chinese, followed
by 42% Malay, others 4%, and Indian 2%. Buddhism
make up 46% of the religion embraced by them,
followed by Islam 42%, Christian 9%, Hinduism 2%
and others 1%. The majority of the respondents are
having secondary school level of education, 67%,
followed by college/ university level, 26%, primary
school % and 2% with no formal schooling. 60.3%
are currently student. 31% of the respondents are
having an income range of RM1000-RM2000. This is
followed by 27% having less than RM1000 income
per month, 22% within RM2001-RM3000, 10% with
income range of RM3001-RM4000, 7% with income
above RM5000 and 3% within the range of RM4001-
RM5000. Most of the respondents are not married,
they make up 87% of the total respondents. The
respondents are mostly urban folk, and they make up
78.4% of the total respondents.
Table 2 shows that the majority of respondents were
aware that there is no cure for HIV/ AIDS (84.7%),
and a smaller majority knew that there is difference
between HIV and AIDS (79.6%), and 73.4% were
also aware that free HIV testing is available in all
government hospitals in Malaysia. However, 45.5%
were confused that a negative blood test indicates that
a person is completely free from HIV virus. Besides,
there was also confusion on whether a child will be
born with HIV if the mother is infected with HIV, as
only 20.6% answered correctly for this question.
83.2% of the respondents were aware of the services
available in case they need help or advice on issues
regarding AIDS/ HIV. The services may include HIV
testing, counseling and treatment. Television is by far
their main source (48.7%), followed by newspaper
(18.6%), internet 14.8%, friends 4.8%, radio 4%,
printed material from MOH 3.3%, PROSTAR 2.8%
and family 2.5%.
Modes of transmission
Based on Table 3, most of the respondents knew that
HIV is transmitted via sharing needles with HIV-
infected person (86.9%), having sexual intercourse
with HIV-infected person (84.4%), transfusion of
HIV-infected blood or receiving HIV-infected organ,
having sex with multiple sexual partners with
unknown HIV status (83.4%) and from HIV-positive
mother to her fetus (86.9%). Besides, they were
aware that casual contacts such as hugging or kissing
(83.9%) would not transmit the virus. However, a
smaller majority were aware of other modes of
transmission such as sharing personal items such as
shaving blades (59.5%), and breastfeeding from HIV-
infected mother (60.3%). A small majority were also
aware that mosquito bites (72.4%), kissing a HIV-
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infected person (61.1%), sharing a meal with HIV-
infected person (79.4%), using public swimming pool
(79.1%), sitting on a public toilet (77.9%) can cause
HIV transmission. Transmission via tattoo or body
piercing was the mode of transmission having the
highest percentage of respondents (42.7%) with
incorrect answer.
Prevention of HIV/ AIDS
Table 4 shows that a large majority of respondents
were aware of the HIV prevention measures which
were to avoid sharing needles and syringes (93.5%),
having sex with only one faithful, uninfected partner
(92.7%), and also by using condom during sexual
intercourse (83.9%). A smaller majority of them
knew that avoid touching HIV-positive people will
not help to prevent transmission (71.9%) and most of
them thought that by washing genital area with soap
after sexual intercourse can help prevention of HIV
(49.2%).
Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents (N=396)
Characteristics Number of Respondents Percentage (%)
Age
Child 15 3.8
Adolescent 214 53.8
Adult 167 42
Gender
Male 156 39.2
Female 240 60.3
Ethnicity
Malay
Chinese
Indian
Others
166
207
7
16
41.7
52.0
1.8
4.0
Religion
Islam
Buddhism
Christian
Hindu
Others
166
184
35
8
3
41.7
46.2
8.8
2.0
0.8
Average household income per month
less than RM1000
RM1000-RM2000
RM2001-RM3000
RM3001-RM4000
RM4001-RM5000
above RM5000
105
122
88
40
13
28
26.4
30.7
22.1
10.1
3.3
7.0
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Marital status
Not Married
Married
Divorced
345
50
1
86.7
12.6
0.3
Locality
Urban
Rural
312
84
78.4
21.1
Table 2: Correct Answers on General Knowledge
General knowledge Correct
Answer
Number of
Respondents
(% Correct answer)
Is there any difference between HIV and AIDS Yes 317 (79.6)
There is a cure for HIV/ AIDS? No 337 (84.7)
Is a negative blood test indicates that a person is completely free from
HIV virus?
No 181 (45.5)
If a pregnant women becomes infected with HIV, her child will also be
born with HIV
No 82 (20.6)
Is free HIV testing available in all government hospitals in Malaysia? Yes 292 (73.4)
Table 3: Correct Answers on Modes of Transmission
Modes of Transmission Correct
Answer
Number of
Respondents
(% Correct answer)
Sharing needles with HIV-infected person Yes 346 (86.9)
Having sexual intercourse with HIV-infected person Yes 336 (84.4)
Transfusion of HIV-infected blood or receiving HIV-infected
organ
Yes 345 (86.7)
Having sex with multiple sexual partners with unknown HIV status Yes 332 (83.4)
From an HIV-positive mother to her fetus Yes 346 (86.9)
Sharing personal items such as shaving blades Yes 237 (59.5)
Breast-feeding from an HIV-infected mother Yes 240 (60.3)
Mosquito bites No 288 (72.4)
Kissing an HIV-infected person No 243 (61.1)
Having tattoo or body piercing Yes 170 (42.7)
Sharing a meal with an HIV-infected person No 316 (79.4)
Using a public swimming pool No 315 (79.1)
Sitting on a public toilet No 310 (77.9)
Casual contacts (hugging or touching) with an HIV-infected person No 334 (83.9)
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Table 4: Correct Answers on Prevention of HIV
Prevention of HIV Correct Answer Number of Respondents
(% CorrectAnswer)
Do not share needles and syringes Yes 372 (93.5)
Having sex with only one faithful, uninfected partner Yes 369 (92.7)
Use condom during sexual intercourse Yes 334 (83.9)
Wash genital area with soap after sexual intercourse No 196 (49.2)
Avoid touching HIV-positive people No 286 (71.9)
DISCUSSION
The total number of respondents who completed the
questionnaire was 396. There were altogether 35
questions in the questionnaires including the
respondents’ demographic characteristics. Out of the
35 questions, only 24 questions were given marks.
The correct answer was allocated 2 marks, whereas
the incorrect answer was given 1 mark. Hence, the
highest the total scores ranged from 24 to 48 marks.
The mean (± SD) of the total scores was found to be
37.9 ± 2.8.
The results showed that the majority of respondents
were aware that there is no cure for HIV/ AIDS
(84.7%). This shows that prevention towards HIV/
AIDS is very important, and therefore, knowledge on
the precautions and modes of transmission should be
at hand. The rest of the respondents who thought that
there is a cure for the disease might mistake that the
treatments available such as antiretroviral therapy
(ARV) can cure the disease. However, the fact is that
treatments available can only help to prolong life and
not to treat it completely. In fact, ART has
substantially reduced the morbidity and mortality
rates related to HIV/ AIDS worldwide (Hogg, 1997).
A smaller majority knew that there is difference
between HIV and AIDS (79.6%) and 73.4% were
also aware that free HIV testing is available in all
government hospitals in Malaysia. However, 45.5%
were confused that a negative blood test indicates that
a person is completely free from HIV virus. Besides,
there was also confusion on whether a child will be
born with HIV if the mother is infected with HIV, as
only 20.6% answered correctly for this question.
83.2% of the respondents were aware of the services
available in case they need help or advice on issues
regarding AIDS/ HIV. The examples of the services
may include HIV testing, counseling and treatment.
Television was their main source of information
(48.7%), followed by newspaper (18.6%), internet
14.8%, friends 4.8%, radio 4%, printed material from
MOH 3.3%, PROSTAR 2.8% and family 2.5%. The
study is consistent with findings form other studies
that television, and newspaper are the primary source
of information (Bertrand et al., 2006).
Based on questions about modes of transmission,
most of the respondents knew that HIV is transmitted
via sharing needles with HIV-infected person
(86.9%), having sexual intercourse with HIV-infected
person (84.4%), transfusion of HIV-infected blood or
receiving HIV-infected organ, having sex with
multiple sexual partners with unknown HIV status
(83.4%) and from HIV-positive mother to her fetus
(86.9%). Besides, they were aware that casual
contacts such as hugging or kissing (83.9%) would
not transmit the virus. However, a smaller majority
were aware of other modes of transmission such as
sharing personal items such as shaving blades
(59.5%), and breastfeeding from HIV-infected
mother (60.3%). A small majority were also aware
that mosquito bites (72.4%), kissing a HIV-infected
person (61.1%), sharing a meal with HIV-infected
person (79.4%), using public swimming pool
(79.1%), sitting on a public toilet (77.9%) can cause
HIV transmission. Transmission via tattoo or body
piercing was the mode of transmission having the
highest percentage of respondents (42.7%) with
incorrect answer. The results showed that the
majority were aware that HIV is transmitted high-risk
behaviors such as having sex (Zulkifli et al., 2002).
A large majority of respondents were aware of the
HIV prevention measures which were to avoid
sharing needles and syringes (93.5%), having sex
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with only one faithful, uninfected partner (92.7%), and also by using condom during sexual intercourse
(83.9%). A smaller majority of them knew that avoid
touching HIV-positive people will not help to prevent
transmission (71.9%) and most of them thought that
by washing genital area with soap after sexual
intercourse can help prevention of HIV (49.2%).
The score ranged from 24 to 48 marks, and the
highest score was 46 while the lowest score was 31.
The mean (± SD) of the total scores was found to be
37.9 ± 2.8. People are more knowledgeable nowadays
with the advent of technology. They no longer rely
solely on mainstream media but also internet and
other resources for information. T- test was used to
analyze the association between marks and gender, as
well as marks and locality. The mean (± SD) marks
of males were found to be 38.3 ± 2.5 and that of
females were 37.6 ± 2.9. This indicates that males
fared better than females and the data showed
significant difference with p=0.025 in the marks
between the two groups. This is consistent with
studies among college students from China (Li et al.,
2004). Besides gender, there is also significant
difference between the marks of urban and rural
respondents. This is represented by a p value of
0.007. The mean (± SD) marks of rural respondents
were 38.5 ± 2.4, compared to urban respondents
which were having 37.7 ± 2.8 marks. This shows that
rural people do not lag behind in acquiring
knowledge regarding HIV/ AIDS, and they are more
informative than their urban counterparts. This
finding is similar to reports from Wong et al., 2008.--
---The results also brought to light that the marks
among the three age groups differed significantly,
with p=0.008. This is especially so for the mean
marks between adolescents and adults. The mean (±
SD) marks for adults is 38.4 ± 2.4 compared to that of
adolescents with mean marks of 37.5 ± 3.0. The
significance value, p is found to be 0.005 when
comparing the two groups of respondents. In this
case, adults are more knowledgeable probably could
be due to higher awareness about the disease.
In terms of the level of education, the data shows that
there is significant difference in the mean (± SD)
marks when comparing groups between secondary
school level and those without formal education
(p=0.034). In addition, there is also significant
difference between those without formal schooling
and those with college or university level of
education (p=0.05). This may be because of the small
number of respondents, 2.3% who never received
formal schooling, compared to a large % of
respondents having secondary level of education,
66.8%. Hence, more number of samples from those
without formal schooling should be collected in
future. On the other hand, this finding may also
indicate that they obtained sufficient knowledge
regarding AIDS through resources other than formal
education. For example, they may get the information
through watching television, reading newspaper,
listening to radio, through printed materials from
MOH, through internet and also from friends and
family members.
CONCLUSION
Based on the research study, the general knowledge,
knowledge on modes of transmission, and also
prevention of HIV/ AIDS were successfully
evaluated In conclusion, more efforts can be done to
achieve the global target of zero transmission, zero
new infections, and zero mortality on AIDS.
Implications for future research
The findings from the survey could be an important
guide towards future studies. Education, mass media
and information technology as well as government
and non-governmental organizations could work
hand in hand to disseminate accurate information and
eradicate social stigma so that the population as a
whole can have a better quality of life.
Authors and DisclosuresS.C. Ong, has disclosed
no relevant financial relationships.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the cooperation
of the respondents for their participation in the
survey.
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