This survey of 948 oncologists from 82 countries investigated which cancer medicines they deemed most essential for public health in their countries. The most commonly selected medicines were doxorubicin, cisplatin, paclitaxel, pembrolizumab, trastuzumab, carboplatin, and 5-fluorouracil - 19 of the top 20 medicines are currently on the WHO Essential Medicines List. Availability of these medicines was lowest in low-income countries, ranging from 9-54% availability, compared to 68-94% availability in high-income countries. Risk of catastrophic health expenditures for cancer treatment was also higher in low-income countries. The findings challenge the feasibility of adding more expensive
Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and
Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected
subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global
Burden of Disease Study 2016
Levels of Utilization and Socio - Economic Factors Influencing Adherence to U...inventionjournals
The paper intends to assess the level of utilization and socio-economic factors influencing adherence to utilization of Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) for People Living with HIV/AIDS in Dodoma Municipality and Kongwa District in Tanzania. Documentary review, interview and Focus Group Discussion were used in collecting data. A total of 140 respondents (99 PLWHIV/AIDS and 41 key informants) from four hospitals, two health centers and one dispensary were selected and interviewed as representatives for the purpose of this study. Quantitative data were collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 16 software. The study revealed 100% of PLWHIV/AIDS used ART drugs in Dodoma General Hospital, Kongwa Hospital, Mkoka Health Center and Makole Health Center while 40% in St. Gemma Hospital. Also the study indicated there were high dropout from utilization of ART drugs among PLWHIV/AIDS, 60% in Mirembe hospital, (50%) in Mkoka health center and (44%) in St. Gemma hospital as compared to the rest health centers and hospitals. The drop out caused by ART drugs side effects such as vomiting (25.1%), frequently sickness (19.9%) and decrease in CD 4 (11.2%). Lastly the study revealed four main socio-economic factors influencing adherence to utilization of ART services among PLHIV/AIDS including lack of employment support (66.7 %,) lack of confidentiality (50 %,) patient’s preference to traditional medicines (30%) and cultural belief (29.3%). The study recommends all PLWHIV/AIDS with side effects should report their cases to health centers and hospitals because not all side effects require a change of drugs or discontinuation, PLWHIV/AIDS should be assisted by Government and Non-Government Organizations and family members to secure soft loans that will enable them to establish income generation activities, education on patients confidentiality should be provided to services providers in hospitals and health centers
Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and
Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected
subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global
Burden of Disease Study 2016
Levels of Utilization and Socio - Economic Factors Influencing Adherence to U...inventionjournals
The paper intends to assess the level of utilization and socio-economic factors influencing adherence to utilization of Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) for People Living with HIV/AIDS in Dodoma Municipality and Kongwa District in Tanzania. Documentary review, interview and Focus Group Discussion were used in collecting data. A total of 140 respondents (99 PLWHIV/AIDS and 41 key informants) from four hospitals, two health centers and one dispensary were selected and interviewed as representatives for the purpose of this study. Quantitative data were collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 16 software. The study revealed 100% of PLWHIV/AIDS used ART drugs in Dodoma General Hospital, Kongwa Hospital, Mkoka Health Center and Makole Health Center while 40% in St. Gemma Hospital. Also the study indicated there were high dropout from utilization of ART drugs among PLWHIV/AIDS, 60% in Mirembe hospital, (50%) in Mkoka health center and (44%) in St. Gemma hospital as compared to the rest health centers and hospitals. The drop out caused by ART drugs side effects such as vomiting (25.1%), frequently sickness (19.9%) and decrease in CD 4 (11.2%). Lastly the study revealed four main socio-economic factors influencing adherence to utilization of ART services among PLHIV/AIDS including lack of employment support (66.7 %,) lack of confidentiality (50 %,) patient’s preference to traditional medicines (30%) and cultural belief (29.3%). The study recommends all PLWHIV/AIDS with side effects should report their cases to health centers and hospitals because not all side effects require a change of drugs or discontinuation, PLWHIV/AIDS should be assisted by Government and Non-Government Organizations and family members to secure soft loans that will enable them to establish income generation activities, education on patients confidentiality should be provided to services providers in hospitals and health centers
Global Medical Cures™ | USA Chartbook on HealthCare for Blacks
IMPORTANT NOTE TO USERS OF WEBSITE & DOCUMENTS POSTED ON SLIDESHARE- Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
www.globalmedicalcures.com
BRP Pharmaceuticals is a leader in physician dispensing services that provides instant medication to patients located in Burbank, CA. Visit: http://www.brppharma.com/
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv-1 DNA Quantification by Tuofu Zhu in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
More young people in Canada are visiting EDs because of drinking alcoholΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
More people are visiting emergency departments after drinking alcohol, a new study finds. Researchers looked at more than 765,000 ED visits in Ontario, Canada’s largest province, and found a 175% increase in such visits between 2003 and 2016 among 25- to 29-year-olds. That spiked to a 240% increase in alcohol-related ED visits for young women, who were also more likely than men to be under Canada’s legal drinking age of 19. For both young men and women, visiting the ED for alcohol-related problems also led to more hospital admissions than other types of ED visits. Other countries, including the U.S., have experienced similar increases in alcohol-related visits to the ED, the authors behind the new study write, urging more research into the reasons behind the growing trend.
A presentation for undergrad students visited Wolrd Health Organization (WHO) to understand what universal health coverage (UHC) is and how WHO works for UHC.
Global Medical Cures™ | Older Americans- Key Indicators of Well Being Global Medical Cures™
Global Medical Cures™ | Older Americans- Key Indicators of Well Being
IMPORTANT NOTE TO USERS OF WEBSITE & DOCUMENTS POSTED ON SLIDESHARE- Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
www.globalmedicalcures.com
ONLINE FUZZY-LOGIC KNOWLEDGE WAREHOUSING AND MINING MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS A...ijcsity
The need for a reliable and efficient way of storing and mining data about people living with HIV/AIDs with the intent to monitor the health status for effective therapy is on the increase. This paper presents a model of a web-based system for knowledge warehousing and mining of diagnosis and therapy of HIV/AIDs using Fuzzy Logic and data mining approach. A model was developed, using the predictive modeling technique, for predicting HIV/AIDs and monitoring of patient health status. The fuzzy inference
rule and a decision support system based on cognitive filtering was employed to determine the possible course of action to be taken. A case study of some data of PLWH was used and the result obtained shows that the developed system is efficient. The system uses XAMP on Windows OS platform. The system was tested and evaluated with satisfactory results
Un estudio sobre las caracteristicas del tratamiento sde la TB XDR en sudafrica y el pronostico de vida de los pacientes segun las estrategias terapeuticas
A National Survey of Marijuana Use Among US Adults With Medical Conditions, 2...Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
This survey study using data from 169 036 participants in the 2016 and 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys found that, compared with adults without medical conditions, adults with medical conditions had a significantly higher prevalence of current and daily marijuana use, were more likely to report using marijuana for medical reasons, and were less likely to report using marijuana for recreational purposes. Among respondents with medical conditions, 11.2% of young adults reported using marijuana on a daily basis, and the prevalence of marijuana use decreased with increasing age.
Comparing Patients’ Experiences in Three Differentiated Service Delivery Mode...Ferdinand C Mukumbang
Differentiated service delivery for HIV treatment seeks to enhance medication adherence while respecting the preferences of people living with HIV. Nevertheless, patients’ experiences of using these differentiated service delivery models or approaches have not been qualitatively compared. Underpinned by the tenets of descriptive phenomenology, we explored and compared the experiences of patients in three differentiated service delivery models using the National Health Services Patient Experience Framework. Data were collected from 68 purposively selected people living with HIV receiving care in Facility adherence clubs, community adherence clubs, and quick pharmacy pick-up. Using the constant comparative thematic analysis approach, we compared themes identified across the different participant groups. Compared to facility adherence clubs and community adherence clubs, patients in the quick pharmacy pick-up model experienced less information sharing; communication and education; and emotional/psychological support. Patients’ positive experience with a differentiated service delivery model is based on how well the model fits into their HIV disease self-management goals.
In 2014, US healthcare spending exceeded $3.0 trillion with nearly 1/3 spent on hospitalizations. Informed by real-world data from an Electronic Health Record (EHR) database of clinical and administrative records spanning 273 million encounters for 60 million patients in 600+ hospitals across the US, Boston Strategic Partners (BSP) Clinical Insights report, Hospital Treated Sepsis, estimates 30% of all hospital discharges involve treatment of infectious organisms.
Sepsis is responsible for an estimated 12% of all hospital stays. At an average cost of $15,500 per occurrence, we estimate that hospitalizations for severe infections account for $212 billion in annual spending or 7% of total healthcare expenditure. In this report, we conduct an in-depth analysis of sepsis patient characteristics, medication management, costs, and laboratory testing.
The Hospital-Treated Sepsis Report is available at www.bostonsp.com/reports
Gram-positive bacteria are the likely causative agents of most sepsis infections. Physicians treat the vast majority of these infections with vancomycin, piperacillin-tazobactam, levofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. From 2010-2015, drug-resistant organisms caused an astonishing 40% of bacterial sepsis infections. After confirmatory diagnosis, over half of sepsis patients undergo a change in antibiotic therapy.
This report provides quantitative, objective data captured by hospitals contributing to Cerner Health Facts. This data provides real-world patient encounters and reflects real physician decisions and encounter characteristics (e.g. patient response to therapy and outcomes) in key areas, such as antibiotic resistant pathogens and antimicrobial stewardship.
World Cancer Day, established by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) in 2000, is observed every year on February 4th. Over 10 million people die each year from cancer, more than HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis combined. This makes cancer a leading cause of death with a global impact; cancer is not specific to any one geographic region or any one demographic. Cancer can affect anyone of any age, but we are moving towards extraordinary medical breakthroughs in the fight against cancer...
Global Medical Cures™ | USA Chartbook on HealthCare for Blacks
IMPORTANT NOTE TO USERS OF WEBSITE & DOCUMENTS POSTED ON SLIDESHARE- Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
www.globalmedicalcures.com
BRP Pharmaceuticals is a leader in physician dispensing services that provides instant medication to patients located in Burbank, CA. Visit: http://www.brppharma.com/
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv-1 DNA Quantification by Tuofu Zhu in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
More young people in Canada are visiting EDs because of drinking alcoholΔρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
More people are visiting emergency departments after drinking alcohol, a new study finds. Researchers looked at more than 765,000 ED visits in Ontario, Canada’s largest province, and found a 175% increase in such visits between 2003 and 2016 among 25- to 29-year-olds. That spiked to a 240% increase in alcohol-related ED visits for young women, who were also more likely than men to be under Canada’s legal drinking age of 19. For both young men and women, visiting the ED for alcohol-related problems also led to more hospital admissions than other types of ED visits. Other countries, including the U.S., have experienced similar increases in alcohol-related visits to the ED, the authors behind the new study write, urging more research into the reasons behind the growing trend.
A presentation for undergrad students visited Wolrd Health Organization (WHO) to understand what universal health coverage (UHC) is and how WHO works for UHC.
Global Medical Cures™ | Older Americans- Key Indicators of Well Being Global Medical Cures™
Global Medical Cures™ | Older Americans- Key Indicators of Well Being
IMPORTANT NOTE TO USERS OF WEBSITE & DOCUMENTS POSTED ON SLIDESHARE- Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
www.globalmedicalcures.com
ONLINE FUZZY-LOGIC KNOWLEDGE WAREHOUSING AND MINING MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS A...ijcsity
The need for a reliable and efficient way of storing and mining data about people living with HIV/AIDs with the intent to monitor the health status for effective therapy is on the increase. This paper presents a model of a web-based system for knowledge warehousing and mining of diagnosis and therapy of HIV/AIDs using Fuzzy Logic and data mining approach. A model was developed, using the predictive modeling technique, for predicting HIV/AIDs and monitoring of patient health status. The fuzzy inference
rule and a decision support system based on cognitive filtering was employed to determine the possible course of action to be taken. A case study of some data of PLWH was used and the result obtained shows that the developed system is efficient. The system uses XAMP on Windows OS platform. The system was tested and evaluated with satisfactory results
Un estudio sobre las caracteristicas del tratamiento sde la TB XDR en sudafrica y el pronostico de vida de los pacientes segun las estrategias terapeuticas
A National Survey of Marijuana Use Among US Adults With Medical Conditions, 2...Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
This survey study using data from 169 036 participants in the 2016 and 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys found that, compared with adults without medical conditions, adults with medical conditions had a significantly higher prevalence of current and daily marijuana use, were more likely to report using marijuana for medical reasons, and were less likely to report using marijuana for recreational purposes. Among respondents with medical conditions, 11.2% of young adults reported using marijuana on a daily basis, and the prevalence of marijuana use decreased with increasing age.
Comparing Patients’ Experiences in Three Differentiated Service Delivery Mode...Ferdinand C Mukumbang
Differentiated service delivery for HIV treatment seeks to enhance medication adherence while respecting the preferences of people living with HIV. Nevertheless, patients’ experiences of using these differentiated service delivery models or approaches have not been qualitatively compared. Underpinned by the tenets of descriptive phenomenology, we explored and compared the experiences of patients in three differentiated service delivery models using the National Health Services Patient Experience Framework. Data were collected from 68 purposively selected people living with HIV receiving care in Facility adherence clubs, community adherence clubs, and quick pharmacy pick-up. Using the constant comparative thematic analysis approach, we compared themes identified across the different participant groups. Compared to facility adherence clubs and community adherence clubs, patients in the quick pharmacy pick-up model experienced less information sharing; communication and education; and emotional/psychological support. Patients’ positive experience with a differentiated service delivery model is based on how well the model fits into their HIV disease self-management goals.
In 2014, US healthcare spending exceeded $3.0 trillion with nearly 1/3 spent on hospitalizations. Informed by real-world data from an Electronic Health Record (EHR) database of clinical and administrative records spanning 273 million encounters for 60 million patients in 600+ hospitals across the US, Boston Strategic Partners (BSP) Clinical Insights report, Hospital Treated Sepsis, estimates 30% of all hospital discharges involve treatment of infectious organisms.
Sepsis is responsible for an estimated 12% of all hospital stays. At an average cost of $15,500 per occurrence, we estimate that hospitalizations for severe infections account for $212 billion in annual spending or 7% of total healthcare expenditure. In this report, we conduct an in-depth analysis of sepsis patient characteristics, medication management, costs, and laboratory testing.
The Hospital-Treated Sepsis Report is available at www.bostonsp.com/reports
Gram-positive bacteria are the likely causative agents of most sepsis infections. Physicians treat the vast majority of these infections with vancomycin, piperacillin-tazobactam, levofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. From 2010-2015, drug-resistant organisms caused an astonishing 40% of bacterial sepsis infections. After confirmatory diagnosis, over half of sepsis patients undergo a change in antibiotic therapy.
This report provides quantitative, objective data captured by hospitals contributing to Cerner Health Facts. This data provides real-world patient encounters and reflects real physician decisions and encounter characteristics (e.g. patient response to therapy and outcomes) in key areas, such as antibiotic resistant pathogens and antimicrobial stewardship.
World Cancer Day, established by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) in 2000, is observed every year on February 4th. Over 10 million people die each year from cancer, more than HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis combined. This makes cancer a leading cause of death with a global impact; cancer is not specific to any one geographic region or any one demographic. Cancer can affect anyone of any age, but we are moving towards extraordinary medical breakthroughs in the fight against cancer...
Decision makers in the healthcare field like doctors, patients and policy makers need access to clinical evidence to address issues that have bearing on the health of the population and the treatment prescribed and thereby on the financials implications of the healthcare industry.
Pharmaceutical Industry's Role in Advancing Precision MedicineClinosolIndia
The pharmaceutical industry plays a pivotal role in driving advancements in precision medicine, a revolutionary approach that tailors medical treatment to individual patient characteristics. By leveraging cutting-edge technologies, conducting innovative research, and collaborating with diverse stakeholders, the pharmaceutical sector contributes significantly to the development and implementation of precision medicine, ushering in a new era of personalized healthcare.
Current Status and Prospective Of Cancer Disease in Bangladesh: A Cross-Secti...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The life, medical, and health sciences represent a broad array of disciplines that generally involve the biology and health of people, plants, and animals. These fields, especially when the provision of medical care is included, make up an important and growing part of Michigan’s economy. Approximately 533,000 Michiganders were employed in one of these sectors in 2015, representing approximately one in eight jobs. Between 2011 and 2015, the sector added 21,000 jobs, with growth of 4.2 percent. While this growth is slower than the overall economy during this period, this slower growth is misleading. Michigan’s economy is still recovering from the sharp employment declines that occurred in the 2000s, a decline that the life, medical, and health sciences did not experience. Compared to its 2000 level, employment in the life, medical and health sciences is up 18.9 percent, while overall Michigan employment is still down 9.3 percent.1 The ability of the sector to grow while the rest of Michigan’s economy was contracting represents an important stabilizing force for the economy.
From Discovery to Delivery: Benchwork to Global Health: Corey CasperUWGlobalHealth
Explores relationships and discrepancies between important research-based medical advancements and subsequent real world implementation. Advancements in the management and potential elimination of infectious diseases such as HIV and TB will be addressed, as related to development and implementation of effective diagnostics, vaccines, or treatments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.