Basic Mechanical Engineeringrole of mechanical engineering society-MID-I - Copy.pptx

BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Dr. Praveen Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Unit-I
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering

Course Outcomes:
CO1: Understand the different manufacturing processes.
CO2: Explain the basics of thermal engineering and its applications.
CO3: Describe the working of different mechanical power transmission systems
and power plants.
CO4: Describe the basics of robotics and its applications.

BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Unit-I
Chapter-1:
Introduction to Mechanical
Engineering

Mechanical Engineer play in our
society and in Industries
Mechanical engineers are involved in almost every aspect of human existence and welfare,
including machines, cars and other vehicles, aircraft, power plants, automobile parts, and
manufacturing plants etc.
A Mechanical Engineer plays a significant role in designing, developing, and testing
machines as well as thermal devices. It also includes systems that are essential to many
aspects of modern society and Industries. They use their knowledge of mechanics,
thermodynamics, materials science, and energy to create solutions that improve the quality of
life of people.

Besides, the role of a mechanical engineer in our
society is contributed as:
• Power Generation: Mechanical engineers design and develop power-generating machines such as
internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and steam and wind turbines etc
• Heating and Cooling Systems: They design and develop heating, ventilation, refrigeration and air
conditioning systems for buildings and other structures.
• Transportation: Mechanical engineers are involved in designing and developing transportation
systems, including cars, trains, airplanes, steamers and boats.
• Industrial Equipment: They design, develop and maintain industrial equipment such as machine
tools, robots, and conveyor systems & belts
• Infrastructure: Mechanical engineers play a key role in the design and maintenance of infrastructure,
including buildings, bridges, roads, and transportation systems.
Overall, Mechanical Engineers are involved in designing, building, and maintaining the engines,
machines, and structures that make modern life possible and comfortable.

• Power Generation: Mechanical engineers design and develop power-generating machines such as
internal combustion engines, gas turbines, and steam and wind turbines etc.

• Heating and Cooling Systems: They design and develop heating, ventilation, refrigeration and air
conditioning systems for buildings and other structures.

• Transportation: Mechanical engineers are involved in designing and developing transportation
systems, including cars, trains, airplanes, steamers and boats.

• Industrial Equipment: They design, develop and maintain industrial equipment such as machine
tools, robots, and conveyor systems & belts

• Infrastructure: Mechanical engineers play a key role in the design and maintenance of infrastructure,
including buildings, bridges, roads, and transportation systems.

Emerging Technologies used in Energy Sector, Manufacturing Sector,
Automotive Sector, Aerospace Sector, Marine Sector, Bio Medical
Engineering, Infrastructure Sector
 Technologies in Energy Sector
The energy sector relies on a wide range of technologies to produce, transmit, store,
and manage energy from various sources. These technologies are essential for meeting
the world's growing energy demands while addressing environmental concerns and
increasing energy efficiency. Here are some key technologies used in the energy sector:
1. Fossil Fuel Technologies:
2. Renewable Energy Technologies:
3. Nuclear Energy Technologies:
4. Energy Storage Technologies:
5. Smart Grid Technologies:
6. Electric Vehicle (EV) Technologies:
7. Hydrogen Technologies:
8. Energy Efficiency Technologies:
9. Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU):

1. Fossil Fuel Technologies:
 Combustion Turbines and Generators: These systems burn fossil fuels like natural gas
and coal to generate electricity efficiently.
 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): CCS technologies capture and store carbon dioxide
emissions from fossil fuel-based power plants, helping to mitigate greenhouse gas
emissions.
2. Renewable Energy Technologies:
 Solar Power : Photovoltaic (PV) cells and Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity,
providing clean and renewable energy for residential, commercial, and utility-scale
applications.
 Wind Power: Wind turbines harness wind energy to generate electricity, with onshore
and offshore installations becoming increasingly common.
 Hydroelectric Power: Hydroelectric dams and turbines capture the energy of flowing
water to produce electricity.
 Geothermal Energy: Geothermal power plants utilize heat from the Earth's core to
generate electricity and provide heating and cooling.
 Biomass and Bioenergy: Biomass energy technologies convert organic materials like
wood, agricultural residues, and waste into biofuels, heat, and electricity.

3. Nuclear Energy Technologies:
 Nuclear Reactors: Nuclear power plants use controlled nuclear reactions to
produce electricity efficiently and with low carbon emissions.
4.Energy Storage Technologies:
 Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS): Batteries store excess electricity
generated from renewable sources and release it when needed, enhancing grid
stability.
 Pumped Hydro Storage: This technology stores energy by pumping water to an
elevated reservoir and releasing it to generate electricity when demand is high.
 Thermal Energy Storage: Thermal storage systems store heat or cold and release
it when needed for heating or cooling purposes.
5. Smart Grid Technologies:
 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI): AMI systems enable two-way
communication between utilities and consumers, providing real-time data for
better energy management.
 Distributed Energy Resources (DERs): DERs include technologies like rooftop
solar panels and small-scale wind turbines, allowing consumers to generate and
store their electricity.

6. Electric Vehicle (EV) Technologies:
 EV Charging Infrastructure: Charging stations and networks are crucial for the widespread
adoption of electric vehicles.
7. Hydrogen Technologies:
 Hydrogen Production: Electrolysis and other methods produce hydrogen for use as a clean
energy carrier.
 Fuel Cells: Fuel cell technologies use hydrogen to generate electricity with high efficiency
and low emissions.
8. Energy Efficiency Technologies:
 Energy-efficient Appliances: Advanced appliances, lighting, and HVAC systems reduce
energy consumption in residential and commercial buildings.
 Industrial Efficiency Measures: Technologies like variable frequency drives (VFDs) and
energy-efficient motors improve energy efficiency in industrial processes.
9. Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU):
 CCU technologies capture carbon dioxide emissions and convert them into useful
products, such as chemicals and construction materials.
These technologies continue to evolve and play a critical role in addressing energy
challenges, reducing carbon emissions, and transitioning to a more sustainable and resilient

Emerging Technologies used in Energy Sector, Manufacturing Sector, Automotive
Sector, Aerospace Sector, Marine Sector, Bio Medical Engineering, Infrastructure
Sector
 Manufacturing Sector
The manufacturing sector relies on a wide range of technologies to produce goods
efficiently, with precision, and at scale. These technologies are essential for improving
productivity, quality control, and flexibility in the manufacturing process. Here are some key
technologies used in the manufacturing sector:
1. Computer-Aided Design (CAD):
2. Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM):
3. Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing):
4. Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES):
5. Quality Control and Inspection:
6. Material Handling Systems:
7. Internet of Things (IoT):
8. Advanced Materials and Composites:
9. Advanced Manufacturing Technologies:
10. Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma:
11. Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS):
12. Digital Twins:

1. Computer-Aided Design (CAD):
 CAD software allows engineers and designers to create detailed 2D and 3D models of products and components.
These models serve as the basis for product design and development.
2. Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM):
 CAM software generates tool paths and instructions for automated machinery like CNC (Computer Numerical
Control) machines, robots, and 3D printers, enabling precise and automated manufacturing processes.
3. Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing):
 3D printing technologies create three-dimensional objects by adding material layer by layer. They are used for
rapid prototyping, custom manufacturing, and producing complex geometries.
4. Robotics and Automation:
 Industrial robots perform various tasks such as welding, assembly, packaging, and material handling, improving
efficiency, precision, and safety in manufacturing processes.
5. Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES):
 MES software manages and monitors production processes, tracks inventory, and optimizes scheduling to enhance
manufacturing efficiency.
6. Quality Control and Inspection:
 Automated inspection systems, such as vision systems and coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), ensure
product quality by detecting defects and deviations from specifications.
7. Material Handling Systems:
 Conveyors, automated guided vehicles (AGVs), and material handling robots transport materials and products
within manufacturing facilities, reducing manual labour and errors.

8. IoT and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT):
 IoT sensors and devices collect data from machines and processes, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive
maintenance, and process optimization.
9. Advanced Materials and Composites:
 The use of advanced materials, like carbon fiber composites and high performance polymers, allows for lightweight
and durable product design.
10. Advanced Manufacturing Technologies:
 Technologies like laser cutting, waterjet cutting, and electrical discharge machining (EDM) provide precise cutting and
shaping capabilities.
11. Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma:
 Lean and Six Sigma methodologies optimize manufacturing processes, eliminate waste, and improve product quality
and consistency.
12. Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS):
 FMS integrates various manufacturing processes and equipment to enable rapid changeovers and production of
multiple products in a single facility.
13. Digital Twins:
 Digital twins create virtual replicas of physical manufacturing systems, allowing for simulation, testing, and optimization
before implementing changes in the real world.

Emerging Technologies used in Energy Sector, Manufacturing Sector, Automotive Sector,
Aerospace Sector, Marine Sector, Bio Medical Engineering, Infrastructure Sector
 Automotive sector:
The automotive sector is a hub of technological innovation, and it relies on a wide
range of technologies to design, manufacture, and enhance vehicles. These technologies
contribute to safety, performance, efficiency, and sustainability. Here are some key
technologies used in the automotive sector:
1. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles:
2. Autonomous Driving:
3. Connected Vehicles:
4. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS):
5. Advanced Materials and composites
6. Augmented Reality (AR) and Head-up displays(HUD)
7. Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)
8. Advanced Avionics and Navigation Systems:

Different Technologies in Automotive Sector
Electric and Hybrid Vehicles:
Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid vehicles use electric motors and batteries to reduce or eliminate reliance
on internal combustion engines, reducing emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.
Autonomous Driving:
Autonomous or self-driving vehicles use advanced sensors, cameras, radar, and lidar technologies along with
artificial intelligence.
Connected Vehicles:
IoT technologies enable vehicles to communicate with each other and with infrastructure, leading to
advancements in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication.

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS):
ADAS includes features like adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, collision avoidance systems.
Advanced Materials:
Lightweight materials such as carbon fibre, aluminium, and high-strength composites are used to reduce
vehicle weight
Augmented Reality (AR) and Heads-Up Displays (HUD):
AR technologies and HUDs provide real-time information to drivers, enhancing navigation, safety, and
overall driving experience.

Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing):
3D printing is employed to produce complex and lightweight components, reducing production costs and
enabling rapid prototyping.
Advanced Avionics and Navigation Systems:
Advanced avionics include state-of-the-art navigation systems, radar, and communication technologies, improving
safety and navigation capabilities.

 Aerospace sector:
The aerospace sector is at the forefront of technological innovation, with a
constant drive to improve safety, performance, and efficiency in aircraft and spacecraft.
Here are some key technologies used in the aerospace sector:
1. Advanced Materials
2. Aircraft Design and Aerodynamics:
3. Supersonic and Hypersonic Travel
4. Electric and Hybrid Propulsion:
5. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs):
6. Space Exploration:
7. Advanced Avionics:
8. Flight Control Systems
9. Satellite Technology:
10. Aircraft Health Monitoring:

Advanced Materials: Aerospace engineers are continually developing lighter and stronger materials, such as carbon
composites and advanced alloys, to reduce weight and improve fuel efficiency.
Aircraft Design and Aerodynamics: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and wind tunnel testing are used to optimize
aircraft design, making them more aerodynamic and fuel-efficient.
Supersonic and Hypersonic Travel: Research into supersonic and hypersonic flight aims to reduce travel times significantly.
Companies like SpaceX and Boom Supersonic are working on developing supersonic and hypersonic passenger aircraft.
Electric and Hybrid Propulsion: The development of electric and hybrid-electric propulsion systems is aimed at reducing
emissions and increasing efficiency in aviation.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): UAVs, or drones, have become an essential technology for various aerospace
applications, including surveillance, agriculture, and package delivery
Space Exploration: The aerospace industry plays a crucial role in space exploration. Technologies include reusable rockets
(e.g., SpaceX's Falcon 9), robotic missions to other planets, and human missions to the Moon and Mars.
Advanced Avionics: Modern aircraft are equipped with sophisticated avionics systems, including GPS navigation, fly-by-wire
control systems, and advanced cockpit displays

Flight Control Systems: Advanced fly-by-wire and autonomous flight control systems enhance safety and
performance in both military and commercial aircraft.
Satellite Technology: Satellites are used for communication, navigation (GPS), Earth observation, and
scientific research. Miniaturized satellites, such as CubeSat's, are also becoming more prevalent.
Aircraft Health Monitoring: Sensors and data analytics are used to monitor the condition of aircraft in real-
time, enabling predictive maintenance and reducing downtime.

Sector
 Marine sector:
The marine sector encompasses a wide range of industries and activities, from
shipping and shipbuilding to offshore oil and gas exploration and marine conservation.
It relies on various technologies to enhance efficiency, safety, and environmental
sustainability. Here are some key technologies used in the marine sector:
1. LNG-Powered Ships:
2. Advanced Propulsion Systems:
3. Autonomous and Remote-Controlled Ships:
4. Digital Twin Technology:
5. Fuel Cell Technology:
6. Advanced Navigation and Communication Systems:

Different Technologies in Marine Sector
LNG-Powered Ships:
The use of Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) as a fuel source for ships is growing, providing a cleaner and more
environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fuels.
Advanced Propulsion Systems:
Innovative propulsion systems, including pod propulsion and electric propulsion, enhance fuel efficiency.
Autonomous and Remote-Controlled Ships:
Similar to autonomous vehicles, autonomous and remotely controlled ships use advanced navigation and
communication technologies.

Different Technologies in Marine Sector
Digital Twin Technology:
Digital twin technology allows for real-time monitoring and simulation of ship performance, enabling predictive
maintenance
Fuel Cell Technology:
Fuel cells are being explored as an alternative power source for ships, providing a clean and efficient means of
propulsion.
Advanced Navigation and Communication Systems:
Cutting-edge navigation and communication systems, including satellite navigation and high-frequency radio
communication, improve maritime safety and efficiency.

Sector
 Bio Medical Engineering:
Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary field that applies principles of
engineering and biology to develop technologies and solutions for healthcare and
medical purposes. It plays a crucial role in improving patient care, advancing medical
research, and enhancing the overall quality of life. Here are some key technologies used
in the biomedical engineering sector:
1. Medical Imaging:
2. Biomechanics and Prosthetics:
3. Biological Sensors and Monitoring Devices:
4. Medical Robotics:

1. Medical Imaging:
X-ray Imaging: X-rays are used for diagnosing fractures, dental issues, and internal injuries.
Computed Tomography (CT): CT scans provide detailed cross-sectional images of the body's internal structures.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce high-resolution
images of soft tissues.
Ultrasound Imaging: Ultrasound technology is safe and non-invasive, making it suitable for prenatal care and imaging
soft tissues
2. Biomechanics and Prosthetics:
Orthopedic Implants: Biomedical engineers design and improve artificial joints, such as hip and knee replacements.
Prosthetic Limbs: Prosthetic devices are developed with advanced materials and technologies to enhance mobility
and functionality.
Biomechanical Analysis: Biomechanics research helps understand human movement and develop assistive devices
for individuals with mobility challenges

3. Biological Sensors and Monitoring Devices:
Blood Glucose Monitors: Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) help manage diabetes by tracking blood sugar levels.
Heart Rate Monitors: Wearable devices and ECG sensors monitor heart health and detect irregularities.
Implantable Sensors: Implantable devices measure various physiological parameters and transmit data to
healthcare providers.
4. Medical Robotics:
Surgical Robots: Robotic-assisted surgery systems enhance precision and minimally invasive procedures.
Rehabilitation Robots: Robots assist in physical therapy and rehabilitation.
Telemedicine Robots: Remote-controlled robots facilitate telemedicine consultations and patient care.

 Infrastructure:
The infrastructure sector encompasses a wide range of industries and activities
related to the construction, maintenance, and management of physical structures and
systems that support modern society. These technologies play a crucial role in
improving the quality, safety, and sustainability of infrastructure. Here are some key
technologies used in the infrastructure sector:
1. Building Information Modeling (BIM):
2. Advanced Materials and Construction Techniques:
3. Geospatial Technologies:
4. Smart Infrastructure:
5. Water and Wastewater Treatment:
6. Green Infrastructure:

1. Building Information Modeling (BIM):
BIM is a digital representation of a building's physical and functional characteristics. It helps architects, engineers,
and construction professionals collaborate, plan, and manage building projects more efficiently.
2. Advanced Materials and Construction Techniques:
Innovative materials such as self-healing concrete, high-performance steel, and advanced composites enhance the
durability and sustainability of infrastructure.
Prefabrication and modular construction methods speed up project timelines and reduce waste.
3. Geospatial Technologies:
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies provide critical data for site selection, land-
use planning, and infrastructure management.
Global Positioning System (GPS) technology aids in surveying, mapping, and navigation.

4. Smart Infrastructure:
Smart buildings and smart cities incorporate IoT sensors, automation, and data analytics to optimize energy use,
enhance security, and improve overall functionality.
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) improve traffic flow and safety through real-time monitoring and control.
5. Water and Wastewater Treatment:
Advanced water treatment processes, like membrane filtration and desalination, ensure access to clean drinking
water. Efficient wastewater treatment systems reduce pollution and protect the environment.
6. Green Infrastructure:
Green roofs, permeable pavements, and urban forestry help manage storm water, mitigate heat islands, and
improve air quality in urban areas.

Different Metals and Materials
Ferrous and non-ferrous metals are two broad categories of metals that differ based on their iron content. The
presence of iron is the primary distinguishing factor between these two groups.
Ferrous Metals:
Ferrous metals are metals that contain iron as their main constituent. The word "ferrous" is derived from the
Latin word "ferrum," which means iron.
Ex: Iron (Fe), Steel, Cast Iron, Wrought Iron
Properties of Ferrous Metals:
Generally magnetic.
Prone to corrosion and rusting, especially in the presence of moisture.
High strength and durability.
Commonly used in construction, infrastructure, automotive, and machinery.

Non-Ferrous Metals:
Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain iron as their main component.
Examples of Non-Ferrous Metals:
Ex: Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), Brass, Bronze, Bronze, Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn).
Properties of Non-Ferrous Metals:
Generally not magnetic.
Resistant to rust and corrosion.
Lighter than ferrous metals.
Good thermal and electrical conductivity.
Commonly used in electrical applications, aerospace, jewellery, and marine environments.

Corrosion Resistance:
Ferrous metals are more prone to corrosion and rusting.
Non-ferrous metals generally exhibit better corrosion resistance.
Weight:
Non-ferrous metals are typically lighter than ferrous metals.
Magnetic Properties:
Ferrous metals are magnetic, while non-ferrous metals are not.
Conductivity:
Non-ferrous metals often have good electrical and thermal conductivity.
Applications:
Ferrous metals are commonly used in construction, infrastructure, and heavy machinery.
Non-ferrous metals find applications in electrical wiring, electronics, aerospace, and corrosion-resistant environments.
Comparison of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals

Ceramics
A ceramic is a material that is neither metallic nor organic. It may be crystalline, glassy or both crystalline and
glassy. Ceramics are typically hard and chemically non-reactive and can be formed or densified with heat.
Types of Ceramics:
Traditional Ceramics: ex: Pottery, bricks and tiles etc.
Advanced or Engineering Ceramics: Exhibit enhanced mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Ex: alumina,
silicon carbide, and zirconia.
Refractory Ceramics:
Designed to withstand high temperatures without deforming or melting. Ex: alumina and silica refractories.

Bio-ceramics:
Used in medical applications, such as dental implants and artificial joints.
Ex: hydroxyapatite and bio glass.
Electroceramics:
Possess electrical properties suitable for electronic applications. Ex: barium titanate and lead zirconate
titanate (PZT).
Properties of Ceramics:
Hardness, Brittleness, fracture toughness, Heat Resistance:
Applications:
Thermal insulation, Electrical Insulation, Chemical Resistance (corrosion), Transparency.
Used in optical applications.

Composites: Composites are materials made from two or more different constituents with distinct
physical or chemical properties. These constituents, known as the matrix and the reinforcement, combine to
form a material with enhanced characteristics that may not be achievable with individual components alone.
Components of Composites:
Matrix:
The matrix is the continuous phase that surrounds and holds together the reinforcement. It can be a polymer,
metal, ceramic, or a combination of these materials.
Reinforcement:
The reinforcement provides additional strength, stiffness, or other desirable properties to the composite.
Common reinforcement materials include fibers, particles, or flakes.

Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs): Polymer matrices, such as epoxy or polyester, are
commonly used in composites for applications like aerospace and automotive components.
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs): Metal matrices, often aluminum or magnesium, are used
for their enhanced strength and stiffness in applications like aerospace and automotive parts.
Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs): Ceramic matrices, like silicon carbide, are employed in
high-temperature applications such as gas turbine components.
Different Composites based on matrix

Different Composites based on Reinforcement
Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Fibers such as glass, carbon, aramid, or natural fibers are embedded in the
matrix to enhance strength and stiffness.
Particle-Reinforced Composites: Particles like silicon carbide or aluminum oxide are added to improve
hardness and wear resistance.
Flake-Reinforced Composites: Flakes of materials like mica or graphite can enhance properties like thermal
conductivity and lubrication.

Advantages of Composites:
High Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Composites often exhibit superior strength and stiffness compared to traditional
materials, such as metals or plastics, at a lower weight.
Corrosion Resistance: Many composites are resistant to corrosion, making them suitable for applications in harsh
environments.
Tailored Properties: Properties of composites can be tailored by choosing specific combinations of matrix and
reinforcement materials to meet specific application requirements.
Design Flexibility: Composites offer design flexibility, allowing for the creation of complex shapes and structures.
Fatigue Resistance: Composites can have excellent fatigue resistance, making them suitable for applications subject to
repetitive loading.

Challenges and Considerations of Composites:
Cost:
Some advanced composite materials can be expensive to produce.
Recycling:
Recycling composites can be challenging, and strategies for sustainable end-of-life management are being
explored.
Joining and Repair:
Joining and repairing composites can be more complex than traditional materials.
Environmental Impact:
The production of certain composite materials may involve environmentally impactful processes. Efforts are
being made to develop more sustainable composite materials.

Smart materials
• Smart materials, also known as responsive or intelligent materials, that exhibit unique and
adaptive properties in response to external stimuli such as temperature, stress, light, or
magnetic fields.
• Here are some key types of smart materials and their characteristics:
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs):
Working Principle: SMAs can "remember" and return to their original shape after
being deformed.
Applications: Used in robotics, aerospace components, medical devices (e.g., stents),
and actuators.

Smart materials
Photochromic Materials:
Working Principle: Change colour in response to light exposure.
Applications: Sunglasses, eyeglass lenses, and textiles.
Electrochromic Materials:
Working Principle: Change colour in response to an applied electric field.
Applications: Smart windows, rearview mirrors, and displays.
Thermochromic Materials:
Working Principle: Change colour in response to temperature variations.
Applications: Smart windows, textiles, and temperature-sensitive labels.

Self-Healing Materials:
Working Principle: Materials that can repair damage autonomously.
Applications: Aerospace materials, coatings, and automotive components.
Smart materials
Magneto strictive Materials:
Working Principle: Change shape in response to a magnetic field.
Applications: Actuators, sensors, and vibration control devices.
Smart Concrete:
Working Principle: Embedded sensors in concrete can monitor stress, strain, and temperature.
Applications: Structural health monitoring, smart infrastructure.

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