GENERAL ASPECTS OF MATERIAL CHEMISTRY

1. GENERAL ASPECTS OF MATERIAL
CHEMISTRY
prepared by
ABDELBASET MOHAMED AHMED
Sohag University ,Faculty of Science ,Chemistry Department.

2. What Is a Material?
•A key to defining “materials chemistry” lies in defining
what constitutes a “material” versus a chemical. Some
definitions :
• The matter from which a thing is made
• A substance having properties that make it useful in
machinery, structures, devices, and products

3. Materials Chemistry
• Materials chemistry is a new and highly interdisciplinary science that
involves the use of chemistry for the creation, characterization, and
application of materials with interesting or potentially useful physical
or chemical characteristics

4. Historical Review
The history of materials science is the study of how different
materials were used and developed through the history of Earth
and how those materials affected the culture of the peoples of
the Earth.

5. 3500B.C.
10,000B.C.
1000B.C.
1900
1800
1985
1950
2002+
Bone and animal skins (clothing , weaponry and cookware)
Glassblowing (eyeglasses ,telescopes ,microscopes ,thermometers)
Telegraph(1830) ,telephone(1876) ,polymers-fibers(1839)
Metallurgy (weaponry and cookware)
Stone –clay (weaponry and shelter)
Computational electronics(first transistor: Moore et al 1947)
Automobiles (first production car : Benz(1885);Ford model T(1913))
Nanostructured materials(fullerenes ,carbon nanotubes ,graphene)
Nanomaterials applications(energy storages ,electronics ,sensors, etc.)
Timeline of major developmental efforts related to materials science

6. Flint axe, about 31 cm long.
A late Bronze Age
sword

7. Egyptians: Cosmetics, Glassmaking, Metallurgy (4000 BCE)

9. Materials
Natural Synthetic
Organic
(wood,
leather,
sugars,
proteins)
Bulk
Microscale
(thin films,
integrated circuits)
Nanoscale
(nanotubes,
nanofibers,
nanoparticles,,
nanoelectronics
devices)
Amorphous Crystalline
(semiconductors, optical crystals, zeolites, solar
panels, gemstones, LCDs)
Organic
(composites, polymers, plastics,
elastomers, fabrics, fibers, OLEDs)
Inorganic
(glasses, fiber optics, iron,
alloys, steel, ceramics, cement)
Inorganic
(minerals,
clays, sand,
bone, teeth)

10. Is this material suitable and
applicable to application
Characterization
Revision of the
synthetic pathway to
improve properties,
yield, purity, etc.
Physical and
chemical properties
Synthesis
What is the
application needed ?
Synthesis of the
material, with
suitable properties

11. Materials Sustainability
i. Environmental—pollution
prevention, natural resource use.
ii. Social—better quality of life for all
members of society.
iii. Economic—fair distribution and
efficient allocation of resources.

12. Materials Sustainability
The environmental impact
I= Environmental impact
P= Population
C= Consumption
T= Technology
𝐼 = 𝑃 × 𝐶 × 𝑇

13. A Li-ion
rechargeable battery
consists of an iron or
aluminum case,
which envelopes two
electrodes the
cathode and anode
Sustainable Battery

14. Why Are Different Materials Different?
Different substances have different properties because:
i. They contain different elements and different combinations
of elements.
ii. They contain different types of chemical bonds.
iii. There are different sizes of the molecular units.
iv. Similar units within the solid-state structure may be
assembled in different ways—the molecular packing
arrangements may be different, or the geometry of linkage in
an extended structure may vary.

15. Properties
Structure Processing
Performance

16. Structure
The structure can be divided into four types:
1- Structure of atomic including of nucleus : (protons +neutrons)
surrounded electronic orbitals.
2- Structure of crystals : array characterization of atoms or molecules.

17. Structure (continues)
3- Microscopic: is a type of inside the material which can be viewed
through a microscope.
4- Macroscopic : can be seen with the eyes.

18. Types of Bonds Found in Solids
• Van der Waals Forces
Van der Waals forces include attraction and repulsions
between atoms, molecules; hold molecules together in the solid
state.
Associated with: low-melting solids and materials that are
soluble in organic liquids.

19. Types of Bonds Found in Solids
Covalent Bonds
• Strong bonds formed by overlap
of atomic orbitals
• Most covalently bonded
structures are electrical
insulators
Ionic Bonds
• Found mainly in the solid state;
formed by the complete transfer
of electrons from one atom to
another to give cations and
anions.

20. Types of Bonds Found in Solids
Coordinate Bonds
• Formed by donation of an
electron pair from a donor
atom with unused outer
electrons to an electron-
deficient acceptor.
Metallic Bonds
• Metallic bonding is a type of
chemical bonding that arises
from the electrostatic
attractive force between
conduction electrons and
positively charged
metal ions.

21. Properties
Materials properties respond to the environmental
• Chemical properties: such as the structural features and composition
of the compounds that make up the materials.…
• Physical properties: such as material hardness..

22. Properties (continues)
• Thermal properties: such as heat conduction efficiency….
• Electrical properties: such as electrical conductors….
• The optical properties: such as the scattering of the light
,transparency of the material….

23. Processing
• The production process is the process of processing material by either
heat or mechanical forces.
• May result a microstructure changes that can affect the material
properties of a material.
The structure is compressed and thin Strong and hardness

24. Classifications Of Materials
Metals
1 Polymers
2 Ceramic
3

25. Metals
Properties:
Good heating and electric power,
impermeable light ,strong and
tough
Such as:
Nano ferrous metals and alloys
such as Al, Zn, Cu

26. Polymers
• Properties: Good electrical insulations , some types are heat insulations,
high flexibility, light weight.
• Examples: Plastic, PVC, Rubber.
Polymerization process occurs by the small
molecules connected to form a large molecule

27. Ceramic
• Most of the ceramics are oxides , carbides and nitrides.
• Properties: Electricity and high temperature resistant
• Examples: Glass , Brick alumina , SiN, SiC , Zirconia

28. Comparisons
Hardness
M.P.
Heat conduction
Electrical conductivity
Polumer < Metals < 𝐶𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐
Polumer < Metals < 𝐶𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐
Ceramic < Polymer < 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠
Ceramic < Polymer < 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠