This document contains lecture notes on fundamentals of computer systems. It discusses topics like logic, flow charts, memory, file management, databases, algorithms, sorting, searching, and recursion. Examples of pseudocode for algorithms are provided, such as finding the largest number in a list or calculating the factorial of a number recursively. Flowcharts demonstrating sorting algorithms like selection sort and binary search are also included.

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DR ATIF SHAHZAD
Fundamentals of
Computer Systems
IE-321
LECTURE #14

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WhatWe have seen
Logic
Logical variables
Conditional, Negation, Contrapositive,Biconditional
AND, OR,NOT,XOR
Logic gates
TruthTables
BooleanAlgebra
Examples
Q&A
MicrosoftVisio
Microsoft Project
Spreadsheet Concepts:
Using Microsoft Excel
Creating Charts in Microsoft Excel
Debugging Concepts Using Microsoft Excel
Presentation Concepts Using Microsoft PowerPoint
Image Concepts
Memory
Memory Cell
CPU
Register
Program Counter
Fetch-Execute Cycle
Q&A
File Management
Word Processing Basics Using MicrosoftWord
MicrosoftWord Layout and Graphics Features
Making and using compressed Files
WinZip, 7Zip
Notepad++
Wordpad
Adobe acrobat
Sumatra PDF
MathType
Database
Flat & Relational
Database
DBMS
Tables & Fields
Creating Tables in
Access
Design view and Data
Sheet View
Primary Key &
Foreign key
Relationships & ER
Diagram
Queries &Simple SQL
Cyber Security
Security Problems
Interception
Spoofing
Falsification
Repudiation
Security Technologies
Encryption
MAC
Data Model
Algorithm
Ingredients
Variables
Constructs
Pseudocode
Flowchart
Symbols
Flowcharting
examples
Q&A

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TODAY
FlowChartTools
Execution of
FlowCharts
Example Problems
Sorting
• Selection
• Insertion
• Bubble
Searching
• Sequential
• Binary
Recursion

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Fundamentals of
Computer Systems
IE321

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Help the designer generate the diagrams
GUI to drag and drop symbols
Automatically generate start/stop symbols
Based on FC, may create pseudo code or
source code
Flow Charts Tools

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Structured Flow Chart
editor (SFC) is free
software to create and
modify flow charts
Flowgorithm and
Raptor are flow chart
editors and executers
Flow Charts Tools

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Welcome window displayed
Click OK button

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Click File, New and enter a title for diagram (Exa
mple), your name, click OK

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Lots of options
This is where the flow
chart is defined and d
isplayed
This is where the
pseudocode is dis
played

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To insert into diagram, click on location (a circle b
etween symbols) to insert then, Edit, Insert

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]
]

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Here’s a link to a video (6 mins) on using SFC
http://web.fscj.edu/Janson/COP1000/FirstProgram.mov
Often further options
You must be consistent!

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Flowgorithm Flowcharts
 Doesn't have modules, has functions
 Creating the main method is standard
Create new flow chart (File, New)
Flowgorithm puts “”Main” text in Start oval and
"End" text in the Finish oval
 Add I/O symbols and text to display
then double click on arrow between I/O
symbols…
13

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 … then click Call symbol

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Module Call
15
Display “Howdy”
main()
showCustAddress()
Display “See ya”
End
Display “Joe Custo
mer”
showCustAddress()
Display “Enid OK,
56565”
Return
Display “1 Main Str
eet

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Flowgorithm
The variable/value to return
The return value type
Function name

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Flowgorithm
Then add function s
tatements

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Flowgorithm
Finished function

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Flowgorithm
When run

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Flowgorithm Method Call
 In flowchart, double click Call symbol and
enter name of method followed by ()

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Flowgorithm Function Definition
 Click Add Function button
 Specify Func
tion name

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Flowgorithm Method Definition
 showCustAddress FC
created and displayed
 Simply add symbols to
showCustAddress
 To display Functions cl
ick drop down arrow a
nd select

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Flowgorithm Method Definition
 Run

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Practice Problem
Create the flowchart on the left
using SFC and call it Name
Display
“What’s your name?”
Input name
msg = “Hi ”, name
Display msg

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Sample 1: Write a program that calculates the
sum of two input numbers and display the result.
Sample 2: Write a program to calculate the area
of a circle and display the result. Use the
formula:A=πr 2 where Pi is approximately equal
to 3.1416.
Sample 3: Write a program that computes the
average of three input quizzes, and then display
the result.
Flow Charts (FC)

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Sample 4: Write a program that converts the
input Fahrenheit degree into its Celsius degree
equivalent. Use the formula: C= (5/9)*F-32.
Sample 5: Create a program to compute the
volume of a sphere. Use the formula:V= (4/3)*
πr 3 where is pi equal to 3.1416 approximately.
The r 3 is the radius. Display result.
Sample 6: Write a program that converts the
input Celsius degree into its
equivalent Fahrenheit degree. Use the formula:
F= (9/5) * C+32.
Flow Charts (FC)

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Example 1
Write an algorithm in pseudocode that
finds the average of two numbers

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AverageOfTwo
Input: Two numbers
1. Add the two numbers
2. Divide the result by 2
3. Return the result by step 2
End
Solution

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Example 2
Write an algorithm to change a numeric
grade to a pass/no pass grade.

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Pass/NoPassGrade
Input: One number
1. if (the number is greater than or equal to 60)
then
1.1 Set the grade to “pass”
else
1.2 Set the grade to “nopass”
End if
2. Return the grade
End
Solution

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Example 3
Write an algorithm to change a numeric
grade to a letter grade.

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LetterGrade
Input: One number
1. if (the number is between 90 and 100, inclusiv
e)
then
1.1 Set the grade to “A”
End if
2. if (the number is between 80 and 89, inclusive)
then
2.1 Set the grade to “B”
End if Continues on the next slide
Solution

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3. if (the number is between 70 and 79, inclusive)
then
3.1 Set the grade to “C”
End if
4. if (the number is between 60 and 69, inclusive)
then
4.1 Set the grade to “D”
End if
Letter grade (continued)
Continues on the next slide

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5. If (the number is less than 60)
then
5.1 Set the grade to “F”
End if
6. Return the grade
End
Letter grade (continued)

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Example 4
Write an algorithm to find the largest of a
set of numbers. You do not know the total
number of numbers.

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FindLargest
Input: A list of positive integers
1. Set Largest to 0
2. while (more integers)
2.1 if (the integer is greater than Largest)
then
2.1.1 Set largest to the value of the integer
End if
End while
3. Return Largest
End
Find largestSolution

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Example 5
Write an algorithm to find the largest of 1000
numbers.

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FindLargest
Input: 1000 positive integers
1. Set Largest to 0
2. Set Counter to 0
3. while (Counter less than 1000)
3.1 if (the integer is greater than Largest)
then
3.1.1 Set Largest to the value of the integer
End if
3.2 Increment Counter
End while
4. Return Largest
End
Find largest of 1000 numbers
Solution

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-9
Concept of a subalgorithm

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FindLargest
Input: A list of positive integers
1. Set Largest to 0
2. while (more integers)
2.1 FindLarger
End while
3. Return Largest
End
Algorithm 8.6: Find largest

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FindLarger
Input: Largest and current integer
1. if (the integer is greater than Largest)
then
1.1 Set Largest to the value of the integer
End if
End
Subalgorithm: Find larger

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-10
Summation
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-11
Product
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-12
Selection sort
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-13: part I
Example of selection sort
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-13: part II
Example of selection sort
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-13: part II
Example of selection sort
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-14
Selection sort
algorithmBASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-15
Bubble sort
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-16: part I
Example of bubble sort
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-16: part II
Example of bubble sort
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-16: part II
Example of bubble sort
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-17
Insertion sort
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-18: part I
Example of insertion sort
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-18: part II
Example of insertion sort
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-18: part II
Example of insertion sort
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-19
Search concept
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-20: Part I
Example of a sequential search
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-20: Part II
Example of a sequential search
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-20: Part II
Example of a sequential search
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-21 Example of a binary sort
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-21 Example of a binary sort
BASIC
ALGORITHMS

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Develop a
flowchart for
generalTower of
Hanoi algorithm
using Flowgorithm
SUBMISSION
DEADLINE:
31-July-2018(BEFORE
LECTURE)
HomeWork–Tower of Hanoi

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RECURSION

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-22
Iterative definition of factorial

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-23
Recursive definition of factorial

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Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-24
Tracing recursive solution to factorial problem

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Factorial
Input: A positive integer num
1. Set FactN to 1
2. Set i to 1
3. while (i is less than or equal to num)
3.1 Set FactN to FactN x I
3.2 Increment i
End while
4. Return FactN
End
Iterative factorial

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Factorial
Input: A positive integer num
1. if (num is equal to 0)
then
1.1 return 1
else
1.2 return num x Factorial (num – 1)
End if
End
Recursive factorial

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Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)
• Which you are all familiar with
• Use mouse to tell program what to do
• Click buttons, choose list options, enter data
into text boxes
Command Line Interface (CLI)
• Enter English-like commands and data to tell
the computer to do stuff
User Interface

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Run the application program (java OilCalc)
Enter info at command prompt (250), press the Enter key
Program displays the result
Windows Command Prompt

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GUI Input
Run the program
Enter info, click Calc button
Program displays the result
GUI

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NEVER hesitate to
contact should you
have any question
Dr.Atif Shahzad