Lecture13 ie321 dr_atifshahzad -algorithmic thinking
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Lecture13 ie321 dr_atifshahzad -algorithmic thinking
- 1. 9/27/2018 1 Dr.AtifShahzad DR ATIF SHAHZAD Fundamentals of Computer Systems IE-321 LECTURE #13
- 2. 9/27/2018 2 Dr.AtifShahzad WhatWe have seenLogic Logical variables Conditional, Negation, Contrapositive,Biconditional AND, OR,NOT,XOR Logic gates TruthTables BooleanAlgebra Examples Q&A MicrosoftVisio Microsoft Project Spreadsheet Concepts: Using Microsoft Excel Creating Charts in Microsoft Excel Debugging Concepts Using Microsoft Excel Presentation Concepts Using Microsoft PowerPoint Image Concepts Memory Memory Cell CPU Register Program Counter Fetch-Execute Cycle Q&A File Management Word Processing Basics Using MicrosoftWord MicrosoftWord Layout and Graphics Features Making and using compressed Files WinZip, 7Zip Notepad++ Wordpad Adobe acrobat Sumatra PDF MathType Database Flat & Relational Database DBMS Tables & Fields Creating Tables in Access Design view and Data Sheet View Primary Key & Foreign key Relationships & ER Diagram Queries &Simple SQL Cyber Security Security Problems Interception Spoofing Falsification Repudiation Security Technologies Encryption MAC
- 3. 9/27/2018 3 Dr.AtifShahzad TODAY Data Model Algorithm Ingredients Variables Constructs Pseudocode Flowchart Symbols Flowcharting examples Q&A
- 4. 9/27/2018 4 Dr.AtifShahzad Fundamentals of Computer Systems IE321
- 5. 9/27/2018 5 Dr.AtifShahzad Data Processor Model I really hate this damned machine I wish that they would sell it. It never does quite what I want But only what I tell it. ~Anon
- 8. 9/27/2018 8 Dr.AtifShahzad Figure 1-3 Same program, different dataSame Program, Different Data
- 9. 9/27/2018 9 Dr.AtifShahzad Figure 1-4 Same data, different programs Same Data, Different Program
- 10. 9/27/2018 10 Dr.AtifShahzad Figure 1-5 von Neumann model von Neumann Model
- 11. 9/27/2018 11 Dr.AtifShahzad Figure 1-6 Program and data in memoryProgram and Data in Memory
- 12. 9/27/2018 12 Dr.AtifShahzad Figure 1-7 Program made of instructions Program instructions
- 13. 9/27/2018 13 Dr.AtifShahzad How computers carry out program instructions based on algorithms A day in the life of a computer
- 15. 9/27/2018 15 Dr.AtifShahzad How is algorithm organized? 9/27/2018 Title
- 16. 9/27/2018 16 Dr.AtifShahzad How is algorithm organized? Title Ingredients Steps Exceptions Servings 16
- 17. 9/27/2018 17 Dr.AtifShahzad How is algorithm organized? Title Ingredients Steps Exceptions When to stop Servings D.A. Clements, UW Inform ation School 17
- 18. 9/27/2018 18 Dr.AtifShahzad How is algorithm organized? 9/27/2018 Title Ingredients Steps Servings
- 19. 9/27/2018 19 Dr.AtifShahzad How is algorithm organized?
- 20. 9/27/2018 20 Dr.AtifShahzad Five Ingredients of Algorithm • Data to be transformed during the computation to produce the output • Must specify type, amount, and form of dataInput specified • Data resulting from the computation—intended result • It is possible to have no outputOutput specified • Specify the sequence of events • Details of each step, including how to handle errorsDefiniteness • The operations are do-ableEffectiveness • Must eventually stopFiniteness
- 21. 9/27/2018 21 Dr.AtifShahzad Computational Problem A computational problem specifies an input- output relationship What does the input look like? What should the output be for each input?
- 22. 9/27/2018 22 Dr.AtifShahzad Computational Problem: Exps Example 1: Input: A list of names of people Output: The same list sorted alphabetically Example 2: Input: A picture in digital format Output: An English description of what the picture shows
- 23. 9/27/2018 23 Dr.AtifShahzad Algorithm An algorithm is an exact specification of how to solve a computational problem There can be many different algorithms for each computational problem.
- 24. 9/27/2018 24 Dr.AtifShahzad Designing Algorithm There is no single recipe for inventing algorithms Understand your problem well – may require much mathematical analysis! Use existing algorithms (reduction) or algorithmic ideas
- 25. 9/27/2018 25 Dr.AtifShahzad What is the following ALGORITHM used for ? WHAT SUMWILL BE PRINTED IF N = 2 ?
- 26. 9/27/2018 26 Dr.AtifShahzad • X =50 • X=X + 5 X is the variable Algorithms andVariables
- 27. 9/27/2018 27 Dr.AtifShahzad N = 5 SUM 0 count 0n 5
- 28. 9/27/2018 28 Dr.AtifShahzad N = 5 SUM 5 count 1n 5
- 29. 9/27/2018 29 Dr.AtifShahzad N = 5 SUM 10 count 2n 5
- 30. 9/27/2018 30 Dr.AtifShahzad N = 5 SUM 15 count 3n 5
- 31. 9/27/2018 31 Dr.AtifShahzad N = 5 SUM 20 count 4n 5
- 32. 9/27/2018 32 Dr.AtifShahzad N = 5 SUM 25 count 5n 5 25 How many instructions were processed?
- 33. 9/27/2018 33 Dr.AtifShahzad Task: Complete the worksheet using the algorithm.Fundamentals of Computer –IE321 Name:Student Name KAUID:######## Complete the table using the algorithm. The first one is done for you. n sum count Output Time taken 20 0 0 20 20 1 20 40 2 20 60 3 60 1 minute 2 24 2.5 1 0 500 15
- 34. 9/27/2018 34 Dr.AtifShahzad aka Structured English is an internal design that uses A limited set of words consistently throughout the design Indentation to indicate selection and iteration • More on those later Goes into greater detail than the algorithm Pseudo Code
- 35. 9/27/2018 35 Dr.AtifShahzad Notice several standards within the pseudo code Commands (Display, Input) begin with a capital letter Makes them easy to distinguish Same commands used consistently We don’t use:Show msg or Print msg we always use Display Static text enclosed in double quotes Pseudo Code
- 36. 9/27/2018 36 Dr.AtifShahzad By following standards, the pseudocode is Easier to understand Consistency makes things easier to recognize In real world, traffic light always has Red light on top Green light on bottom Created faster Designer doesn’t have to think up words/commands to use Pseudo Code
- 37. 9/27/2018 37 Dr.AtifShahzad Are internal design diagrams that use Symbols/Shapes to represent the type of operation to be preformed Sequential process Input/output Decision Text that further defines the exact operation to be performed Arrows to show the order in which the operations must be performed Flow Charts (FC)
- 38. 9/27/2018 38 Dr.AtifShahzad Begin and end with an oval with the text Start and Stop Start Stop Other symbols Flow Charts (FC)
- 39. 9/27/2018 39 Dr.AtifShahzad Input and output operations indicated with a parallelogram Sequential processes indicated with a rectangle Display “What’s your name?” msg = “Hi ”, name Flow Charts (FC)
- 40. 9/27/2018 40 Dr.AtifShahzad So the FC to define the program would be: Display “What’s your name?” Input name msg = “Hi ”, name Display msg Start Stop Flow Charts (FC)
- 41. 9/27/2018 41 Dr.AtifShahzad Flowchart Symbols Basic Oval Parallelogram Rectangle Diamond Hybrid Name Symbol Use in Flowchart Denotes the beginning or end of the program Denotes an input operation Denotes an output operation Denotes a decision (or branch) to be made. The program should continue along one of two routes. (e.g. IF/THEN/ELSE) Denotes a process to be carried out e.g. addition, subtraction, division etc. Flow line Denotes the direction of logic flow in the program
- 42. 9/27/2018 42 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-6 Three constructs
- 43. 9/27/2018 43 Dr.AtifShahzad Algorithm Representation Flowcharts for three constructs
- 44. 9/27/2018 44 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-8 Pseudocode for three constructs
- 45. 9/27/2018 45 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-2 Finding the largest integer among five integers
- 46. 9/27/2018 46 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-3 Defining actions in FindLargest algorithm
- 48. 9/27/2018 48 Dr.AtifShahzad Example PRINT “PASS” Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4 Step 2: GRADE ← (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 Step 3: if (GRADE <50) then Print “FAIL” else Print “PASS” endif START Input M1,M2,M3,M4 GRADE←(M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 IS GRADE<50 PRINT “FAIL” STOP YN
- 49. 9/27/2018 49 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 2 Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to convert the length in feet to centimeter. Pseudocode: Input the length in feet (Lft) Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by multiplying LFT with 30 Print length in cm (LCM)
- 50. 9/27/2018 50 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 2 Algorithm Step 1: Input Lft Step 2: Lcm ← Lft x 30 Step 3: Print Lcm START Input Lft Lcm ← Lft x 30 Print Lcm STOP Flowchart
- 51. 9/27/2018 51 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 3 Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will read the two sides of a rectangle and calculate its area. Pseudocode Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W Print A
- 52. 9/27/2018 52 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 3 Algorithm Step 1: InputW,L Step 2: A ← L x W Step 3: PrintA START Input W, L A ← L xW Print A STOP
- 53. 9/27/2018 53 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 4 Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will calculate the roots of a quadratic equation Hint: d = sqrt ( ), and the roots are: x1 = (–b + d)/2a and x2 = (–b – d)/2a 2 0ax bx c+ + = 2 4b ac−
- 54. 9/27/2018 54 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 4 Pseudocode: Input the coefficients (a, b, c) of the quadratic equation Calculate d Calculate x1 Calculate x2 Print x1 and x2
- 55. 9/27/2018 55 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 4 Algorithm: Step 1: Input a, b, c Step 2: d ← sqrt ( ) Step 3: x1 ← (–b + d) / (2 x a) Step 4: x2 ← (–b – d) / (2 x a) Step 5: Print x1, x2 START Input a, b, c d ← sqrt(b x b – 4 x a x c) Print x1 ,x2 STOP x1 ←(–b + d) / (2 x a) X2 ← (–b – d) / (2 x a) 4b b a c× − × ×
- 56. 9/27/2018 56 Dr.AtifShahzad DECISION STRUCTURES The expression A>B is a logical expression it describes a condition we want to test if A>B is true (if A is greater than B)we take the action on left print the value of A if A>B is false (if A is not greater than B)we take the action on right print the value of B
- 57. 9/27/2018 57 Dr.AtifShahzad DECISION STRUCTURES is A>B Print BPrint A Y N
- 58. 9/27/2018 58 Dr.AtifShahzad IF–THEN–ELSE STRUCTURE The structure is as follows If condition then true alternative else false alternative endif
- 59. 9/27/2018 59 Dr.AtifShahzad IF–THEN–ELSE STRUCTURE The algorithm for the flowchart is as follows: If A>B then print A else print B endif is A>B Print BPrint A Y N
- 60. 9/27/2018 60 Dr.AtifShahzad Relational Operators Relational Operators Operator Description > Greater than < Less than = Equal to ≥ Greater than or equal to ≤ Less than or equal to ≠ Not equal to
- 61. 9/27/2018 61 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 5 Write an algorithm that reads two values, determines the largest value and prints the largest value with an identifying message. ALGORITHM Step 1: InputVALUE1,VALUE2 Step 2: if (VALUE1 >VALUE2) then MAX ←VALUE1 else MAX ←VALUE2 endif Step 3: Print“The largest value is”,MAX
- 62. 9/27/2018 62 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 5 MAX ←VALUE1 Print “The largest value is”,MAX STOP Y N START Input VALUE1,VALUE2 MAX ←VALUE2 is VALUE1>VALUE2
- 63. 9/27/2018 63 Dr.AtifShahzad NESTED IFS One of the alternatives within an IF–THEN– ELSE statement may involve furtherIF–THEN–ELSE statement
- 64. 9/27/2018 64 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 6 Write an algorithm that reads three numbers and prints the value of the largest number.
- 65. 9/27/2018 65 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 6 Step 1: Input N1, N2, N3 Step 2: if (N1>N2) then if (N1>N3) then MAX ← N1 [N1>N2, N1>N3] else MAX ← N3 [N3>N1>N2] endif else if (N2>N3) then MAX ← N2 [N2>N1, N2>N3] else MAX ← N3 [N3>N2>N1] endif endif Step 3: Print“The largest number is”,MAX
- 66. 9/27/2018 66 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 6 Flowchart: Draw the flowchart of the above Algorithm.
- 67. 9/27/2018 67 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 7 Write and algorithm and draw a flowchart to a) read an employee name (NAME), overtime hours worked (OVERTIME), hours absent (ABSENT) and b) determine the bonus payment (PAYMENT).
- 68. 9/27/2018 68 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 7 Bonus Schedule OVERTIME – (2/3)*ABSENT Bonus Paid >40 hours >30 but ≤ 40 hours >20 but ≤ 30 hours >10 but ≤ 20 hours ≤ 10 hours $50 $40 $30 $20 $10
- 69. 9/27/2018 69 Dr.AtifShahzad Step 1: Input NAME,OVERTIME,ABSENT Step 2: if (OVERTIME–(2/3)*ABSENT > 40) then PAYMENT ← 50 else if (OVERTIME–(2/3)*ABSENT > 30) then PAYMENT ← 40 else if (OVERTIME–(2/3)*ABSENT > 20) then PAYMENT ← 30 else if (OVERTIME–(2/3)*ABSENT > 10) then PAYMENT ←20 else PAYMENT ← 10 endif Step 3: Print “Bonus for”, NAME “is $”, PAYMENT
- 70. 9/27/2018 70 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 7 Flowchart: Draw the flowchart of the above algorithm?
- 72. 9/27/2018 72 Dr.AtifShahzad NEVER hesitate to contact should you have any question Dr.Atif Shahzad
- 73. 9/27/2018 73 Dr.AtifShahzad Help the designer generate the diagrams GUI to drag and drop symbols Automatically generate start/stop symbols Based on FC, may create pseudo code or source code Flow Charts Tools
- 74. 9/27/2018 74 Dr.AtifShahzad Structured Flow Chart editor (SFC) is free software to create and modify flow charts Flowgorithm and Raptor are flow chart editors and executers Flow Charts Tools
- 75. 9/27/2018 75 Dr.AtifShahzad Welcome window displayed Click OK button
- 76. 9/27/2018 76 Dr.AtifShahzad Click File, New and enter a title for diagram (Exa mple), your name, click OK
- 77. 9/27/2018 77 Dr.AtifShahzad Lots of options This is where the flow chart is defined and d isplayed This is where the pseudocode is dis played
- 78. 9/27/2018 78 Dr.AtifShahzad To insert into diagram, click on location (a circle b etween symbols) to insert then, Edit, Insert
- 80. 9/27/2018 80 Dr.AtifShahzad Here’s a link to a video (6 mins) on using SFC http://web.fscj.edu/Janson/COP1000/FirstProgram.mov Often further options You must be consistent!
- 81. 9/27/2018 81 Dr.AtifShahzad Flowgorithm Flowcharts Doesn't have modules, has functions Creating the main method is standard Create new flow chart (File, New) Flowgorithm puts “”Main” text in Start oval and "End" text in the Finish oval Add I/O symbols and text to display then double click on arrow between I/O symbols… 81
- 82. 9/27/2018 82 Dr.AtifShahzad82 … then click Call symbol
- 83. 9/27/2018 83 Dr.AtifShahzad Module Call 83 Display “Howdy” main() showCustAddress() Display “See ya” End Display “Joe Custo mer” showCustAddress() Display “Enid OK, 56565” Return Display “1 Main Str eet
- 84. 9/27/2018 84 Dr.AtifShahzad Flowgorithm The variable/value to return The return value type Function name
- 85. 9/27/2018 85 Dr.AtifShahzad Flowgorithm Then add function s tatements
- 88. 9/27/2018 88 Dr.AtifShahzad88 Flowgorithm Method Call In flowchart, double click Call symbol and enter name of method followed by ()
- 89. 9/27/2018 89 Dr.AtifShahzad89 Flowgorithm Function Definition Click Add Function button Specify Func tion name
- 90. 9/27/2018 90 Dr.AtifShahzad90 Flowgorithm Method Definition showCustAddress FC created and displayed Simply add symbols to showCustAddress To display Functions cl ick drop down arrow a nd select
- 91. 9/27/2018 91 Dr.AtifShahzad91 Flowgorithm Method Definition Run
- 92. 9/27/2018 92 Dr.AtifShahzad Practice Problem Create the flowchart on the left using SFC and call it Name Display “What’s your name?” Input name msg = “Hi ”, name Display msg
- 93. 9/27/2018 93 Dr.AtifShahzad Sample 1: Write a program that calculates the sum of two input numbers and display the result. Sample 2: Write a program to calculate the area of a circle and display the result. Use the formula:A=πr 2 where Pi is approximately equal to 3.1416. Sample 3: Write a program that computes the average of three input quizzes, and then display the result. Flow Charts (FC)
- 94. 9/27/2018 94 Dr.AtifShahzad Sample 4: Write a program that converts the input Fahrenheit degree into its Celsius degree equivalent. Use the formula: C= (5/9)*F-32. Sample 5: Create a program to compute the volume of a sphere. Use the formula:V= (4/3)* πr 3 where is pi equal to 3.1416 approximately. The r 3 is the radius. Display result. Sample 6: Write a program that converts the input Celsius degree into its equivalent Fahrenheit degree. Use the formula: F= (9/5) * C+32. Flow Charts (FC)
- 95. 9/27/2018 95 Dr.AtifShahzad Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) • Which you are all familiar with • Use mouse to tell program what to do • Click buttons, choose list options, enter data into text boxes Command Line Interface (CLI) • Enter English-like commands and data to tell the computer to do stuff User Interface
- 96. 9/27/2018 96 Dr.AtifShahzad Run the application program (java OilCalc) Enter info at command prompt (250), press the Enter key Program displays the result Windows Command Prompt
- 97. 9/27/2018 97 Dr.AtifShahzad GUI Input Run the program Enter info, click Calc button Program displays the result GUI
- 98. 9/27/2018 98 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 1 Write an algorithm in pseudocode that finds the average of two numbers
- 99. 9/27/2018 99 Dr.AtifShahzad AverageOfTwo Input: Two numbers 1. Add the two numbers 2. Divide the result by 2 3. Return the result by step 2 End Solution
- 100. 9/27/2018 100 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 2 Write an algorithm to change a numeric grade to a pass/no pass grade.
- 101. 9/27/2018 101 Dr.AtifShahzad Pass/NoPassGrade Input: One number 1. if (the number is greater than or equal to 60) then 1.1 Set the grade to “pass” else 1.2 Set the grade to “nopass” End if 2. Return the grade End Solution
- 102. 9/27/2018 102 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 3 Write an algorithm to change a numeric grade to a letter grade.
- 103. 9/27/2018 103 Dr.AtifShahzad LetterGrade Input: One number 1. if (the number is between 90 and 100, inclusiv e) then 1.1 Set the grade to “A” End if 2. if (the number is between 80 and 89, inclusive) then 2.1 Set the grade to “B” End if Continues on the next slide Solution
- 104. 9/27/2018 104 Dr.AtifShahzad 3. if (the number is between 70 and 79, inclusive) then 3.1 Set the grade to “C” End if 4. if (the number is between 60 and 69, inclusive) then 4.1 Set the grade to “D” End if Letter grade (continued) Continues on the next slide
- 105. 9/27/2018 105 Dr.AtifShahzad 5. If (the number is less than 60) then 5.1 Set the grade to “F” End if 6. Return the grade End Letter grade (continued)
- 106. 9/27/2018 106 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 4 Write an algorithm to find the largest of a set of numbers. You do not know the total number of numbers.
- 107. 9/27/2018 107 Dr.AtifShahzad FindLargest Input: A list of positive integers 1. Set Largest to 0 2. while (more integers) 2.1 if (the integer is greater than Largest) then 2.1.1 Set largest to the value of the integer End if End while 3. Return Largest End Find largestSolution
- 108. 9/27/2018 108 Dr.AtifShahzad Example 5 Write an algorithm to find the largest of 100 0 numbers. Solution See Algorithm 8.5 on the next slide.
- 109. 9/27/2018 109 Dr.AtifShahzad FindLargest Input: 1000 positive integers 1. Set Largest to 0 2. Set Counter to 0 3. while (Counter less than 1000) 3.1 if (the integer is greater than Largest) then 3.1.1 Set Largest to the value of the integer End if 3.2 Increment Counter End while 4. Return Largest End Algorithm 8.5: Find largest of 1000 numbers
- 110. 9/27/2018 110 Dr.AtifShahzad MORE FORMA DEFINITION •Ordered set •Unambiguous steps •Effectiveness •Termination 8.4
- 112. 9/27/2018 112 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-9 Concept of a subalgorithm
- 113. 9/27/2018 113 Dr.AtifShahzad FindLargest Input: A list of positive integers 1. Set Largest to 0 2. while (more integers) 2.1 FindLarger End while 3. Return Largest End Algorithm 8.6: Find largest
- 114. 9/27/2018 114 Dr.AtifShahzad FindLarger Input: Largest and current integer 1. if (the integer is greater than Largest) then 1.1 Set Largest to the value of the integer End if End Subalgorithm: Find larger
- 119. 9/27/2018 119 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-13: part I Example of selection sort
- 120. 9/27/2018 120 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-13: part II Example of selection sort
- 121. 9/27/2018 121 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-14 Selection sort algorithm
- 123. 9/27/2018 123 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-16: part I Example of bubble sort
- 124. 9/27/2018 124 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-16: part II Example of bubble sort
- 126. 9/27/2018 126 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-18: part I Example of insertion sort
- 127. 9/27/2018 127 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-18: part II Example of insertion sort
- 128. 9/27/2018 128 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-19 Search concept
- 129. 9/27/2018 129 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-20: Part I Example of a sequential sort
- 130. 9/27/2018 130 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-20: Part II Example of a sequential sort
- 131. 9/27/2018 131 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-21 Example of a binary sort
- 133. 9/27/2018 133 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-22 Iterative definition of factorial
- 134. 9/27/2018 134 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-23 Recursive definition of factorial
- 135. 9/27/2018 135 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 8-24 Tracing recursive solution to factorial problem
- 136. 9/27/2018 136 Dr.AtifShahzad Factorial Input: A positive integer num 1. Set FactN to 1 2. Set i to 1 3. while (i is less than or equal to num) 3.1 Set FactN to FactN x I 3.2 Increment i End while 4. Return FactN End Algorithm 8.7: Iterative factorial
- 137. 9/27/2018 137 Dr.AtifShahzad Factorial Input: A positive integer num 1. if (num is equal to 0) then 1.1 return 1 else 1.2 return num x Factorial (num – 1) End if End Algorithm 8.8: Recursive factorial
- 140. 9/27/2018 140 Dr.AtifShahzad Have a vision of computer language evolution. Distinguish between machine, assembly, and high-level languages. Understand the process of creating and running a program. After reading this chapter,the reader should be able to: OBJECTIVES Distinguish between the different categories of languages: procedural, object-oriented, functional, declarative, and special. Become familiar with elements of the procedural language C.
- 142. 9/27/2018 142 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 9-1 Evolution of computer languages
- 143. 9/27/2018 143 Dr.AtifShahzad 00000000 00000100 0000000000000000 01011110 00001100110000100000000000000010 11101111 000101100000000000000101 11101111 10011110 0000000000001011 11111000 10101101 11011111 0000000000010010 0110001011011111 0000000000010101 11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000010111 11110100 1010110111011111 0000000000011110 0000001110100010 11011111 0000000000100001 11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000100100 01111110 11110100 10101101 11111000 10101110110001010000000000101011 0000011010100010 11111011 0000000000110001 11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000110100 00000100 0000000000111101 00000100 0000000000111101 Program 9.1 Program in machine language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
- 144. 9/27/2018 144 Dr.AtifShahzad The only language understood by a computer is machine language. Note:
- 145. 9/27/2018 145 Dr.AtifShahzad Entry main, ^m<r2> subl2 #12,sp jsb C$MAIN_ARGS movab $CHAR_STRING_CON pushal -8(fp) pushal (r2) calls #2,read pushal -12(fp) pushal 3(r2) calls #2,read mull3 -8(fp),-12(fp),- pushal 6(r2) calls #2,print clrl r0 ret Program 9.2 Program in symbolic language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
- 146. 9/27/2018 146 Dr.AtifShahzad /* This program reads two integer numbers from the keyboard and prints their product. */ #include <iostream.h> int main (void) { // Local Declarations int number1; int number2; int result; // Statements cin >> number1; cin >> number2; result = number1 * number2; cout << result; return 0; } // main Program 9.3 Program in C++ language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
- 148. 9/27/2018 148 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 9-2 Building a program
- 150. 9/27/2018 150 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 9-3 Program execution
- 152. 9/27/2018 152 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 9-4 Categories of languages
- 153. 9/27/2018 153 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 9-5 Function in a functional language
- 154. 9/27/2018 154 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 9-6 Extracting the third element of a list
- 155. 9/27/2018 155 Dr.AtifShahzad Table 9.1 Common tags Meaning ---------------------------- document document head document body document title different header levels boldface Italic underlined subscript superscript centered line break ordered list unordered list an item in the list an image an address (hyperlink) BeginningTag ---------------- <HTML> <HEAD> <BODY> <TITLE> <Hi> <B> <I> <U> <SUB> <SUP> <CENTER> <BR> <OL> <UL> <LI> <IMG> <A> EndingTag ---------------- </HTML> </HEAD> </BODY> </TITLE> </Hi> </B> </I> </U> </SUB> </SUP> </CENTER> </OL> </UL> </LI> </A>
- 156. 9/27/2018 156 Dr.AtifShahzad <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE> Sample Document </TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> This is the picture of a book: <IMG SRC="Pictures/book1.gif" ALIGN=MIDDLE> </BODY> </HTML> Program 9.4 HTML Program
- 159. 9/27/2018 159 Dr.AtifShahzad Table 9.2 Arithmetic operators Example ---------------------- 3 + 5 2 − 4 Num * 5 Sum / Count Count % 4 ----------------------- Count ++ Count −− Operator ---------------- + − ∗ / % −−−−−−−−−− ++ −− Definition ---------------- Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division (quotient) Division (remainder) ----------------------- Increment Decrement
- 160. 9/27/2018 160 Dr.AtifShahzad Table 9.3 Relational operators Example ---------------------- Num1 < 5 Num1 <= 5 Num2 > 3 Num2 >= 3 Num1 == Num2 Num1 != Num2 Operator ---------------- < <= > >= == != Definition ---------------- Less than Less than or equal to Greater than Greater than or equal to Equal to Not equal to
- 161. 9/27/2018 161 Dr.AtifShahzad Table 9.4 Logical operators Example ---------------------- ! ( Num1 < Num2 ) (Num1 < 5 ) && (Num2 > 10 ) (Num1 < 5 ) || (Num2 > 10 ) Operator ---------------- ! && || Definition ---------------- NOT AND OR
- 162. 9/27/2018 162 Dr.AtifShahzad Table 9.5 Assignment operators Meaning ---------------------- Store 5 in Num Num = Num + 5 Num = Num − 5 Num = Num * 5 Num = Num / 5 Num = Num % 5 Operator ---------------- == += −= *= /= %= Example ---------------- Num = 5 Num += 5 Num −= 5 Num *= 5 Num /= 5 Num %= 5
- 164. 9/27/2018 164 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 9-9 Side effect of a function
- 165. 9/27/2018 165 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 9-10 Function declaration
- 166. 9/27/2018 166 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 9-11 if-else statement
- 167. 9/27/2018 167 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 9-12 switch statement
- 170. 9/27/2018 170 Dr.AtifShahzadFigure 9-15 do-while loop
- 196. 9/27/2018 196 Dr.AtifShahzad NEVER hesitate to contact should you have any question Dr.Atif Shahzad