The document provides an overview of fundamental programming concepts including variables, data types, operators, and control statements in C programming. It addresses syntax rules for variable naming and data type declarations, as well as input/output functions like printf() and scanf(). Additionally, it includes examples and pseudo code for practical programming exercises such as comparing numbers and identifying even or odd values.

1. www.acropolis.in

2. Foundation of
Programming
By: Ajay Khatri & Narendra Pal Singh Rathore

3. Overview – Topics to be Covered
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Variable
Data Types
Comments
Input / Output
Operators
Control Statements

4. Variables
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Symbolic names given to memory location which is used to store
values.
Each variable must have a name and a type.
15
a
Variable value
Variable Name
Memory Location

5. Rules to Construct Variables
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Should start with letter or underscore.
May contain alphabets, digits & a symbol underscore( _).
Should not contain any special symbol.
blank space not allowed.
Should not more than 8 characters (may be optional).
Keyword can not used as variable.

6. Data Types
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Determines the type and size of data associated with variables.
int myVar;

7. Basic Data Type
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8. Data Types in C
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Data Type Shorthand Range Bytes Format
signed char char -128 to +127 1 %c
unsigned char unsigned char 0 to 255 1 %c
short signed int int -32768 to +32767 2 %d
short unsigned int unsigned 0 to 65535 2 %u
long signed int long -2147483648 to +2147483647 4 %ld
long unsigned int long unsigned 0 to 4294967295 4 %lu
float float -3.4e38 to +3.4e38 4 %f
double double -1.7e308 to +1.7e308 8 %lf
long double long double -1.7e4932 to +1.7e4932 10 %Lf

9. Data Types Rules
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All data types are keyword and should be written in lower case.
The data types cannot be used as variable names.
All declarations should be done before the first executable
statement.
All declarations must end with a semicolon.

10. Keywords - 32
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Note: main is not a keyword
Auto Double Int Struct
Break Else Long Switch
Case Enum Register Typeof
Char Extern Return Union
Const Float Short Unsigned
Continue For Signed Void
Default Goto Sizeof Volatile
Do If Static While

11. The Output Function
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The printf()
Displays the message on the console.
The message has no effect on the program
It returns the number of characters that are printed. If there is some error
then it returns a negative value.

12. The Input Function
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The scanf()
Accepts values from the console
It uses the format specifiers.
Code Format
% c Character
% d, % I Signed decimal integers
% f Decimal floating point
% s String of characters
% u Unsigned decimal integers
% x Unsigned hexa decimal
% p Displays a pointer
%% Prints a % sign

13. Comments
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Having comments is good programming practice.
Two types of comments
Single Line (indicated by //)
Multi Line (indicated by /* & */)
 Comments begin with /* and end with */ anything between the delimiters is ignored

14. Operators in C
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Operators
Arithmetic Relational Logical Bitwise
Unary BinaryUnaryBinaryUnaryBinaryBinary
assignment
+
-
++
--
+
-
*
/
%
<
>
<=
>=
==
!=
!
&&
||
^
~
&
|
<<
>>
Binary
=
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=

15. Arithmetic Operators
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Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations.
Short-hand operators (++, --)

16. The Control Statements

17. Sequence Control Structure
It is an uncomplicated method
The statement are executed in a serial manner
The complier executes the first line initially and then moves on to the
next.

18. The Decision Control Structure
Checks for conditions
If true then executes the
statement
Checks for conditions
If true then executes the statement
If false executes the next statement

19. Decision Controls- Variations

20. Loop Control Structure

21. The for Statement
Initializing a variable
Stays in the loop till a conditions becomes true.
Increment the loop until the condition is met.
Representations:
For(initialization; condition; increment)
Example:
main() /* main function */
{
int i; /* declaration */
for(i=0; i<=10; i++) /* for statement */
{
printf("%d", i); /* output statement */
}
}

22. The while Statement
The condition statement
The executable statement
Incrementing the loop
Example
void main() /* main function */
{
int i = 1; /* declaration */
while(i<=20) /* condition*/
{
printf("%d", i); /* executable statements */
i++; /*incrementing*/
}
}

23. The “switch” statement
/* Equivalent switch for if
else ladder */
Switch (a) {
case 1: printf(“one”);
break;
case 2: printf(“two”);
break;
case 3: printf(“three”);
break;
Case 4: printf(“four”);
break;
Case 5: printf(“five”);
break;
Default: printf(“grater than
five”);
}
/* if else ladder */
if (a = = 1) {
printf(“one”); }
else if (a = = 2) {
printf(“two”); }
else if (a = = 3) {
printf(“three”); }
else if (a = = 4) {
printf(“four”); }
else if (a = = 5) {
printf(“five”); }
else {
printf(“grater than
five”);
}

24. The Ternary Operators
It is also called as the conditional operators
It is similar to the if else statement
It has two expressions after the condition to be checked
If the condition is true the first expression is executed
If the condition is false the second is executed.
Example:
main()
{
int a, b;
printf(“enter a value for a:”);
scanf(“%d”, &a); /*accepts data from user */
b = (a > 6 ? 2 : 3); /* conditional operator */
printf(“the value of b is:%d”, b);
}

25. Practice I
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Comparing Two Variables
Pseudo Code
Take two variable a,b
Assign values in a and b
Compare the variable if a > b then
True: Print a is greater
False: Print b is greater.

26. Practice -II
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Given number is even or odd.
Algorithm
Step 1 → Take variable A
Step 2 → Assign value to the variable
Step 3 → Perform A modulo 2 and check result if output is 0
Step 4 → If true print A is even
Step 5 → If false print A is odd

27. Practice -II
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Given number is even or odd.
Pseudo Code
Take input and assign into number variable.
IF (number modulo 2) equals to 0
 PRINT number is even
ELSE
 PRINT number is odd
END IF

28. Flow Chart
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29. Practice - IV
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Largest in three numbers.
Algorithm
Step 1 → Take three variables, say A, B & C
Step 2 → Assign values to variables
Step 3 → If A is greater than B & C, Display A is largest value
Step 4 → If B is greater than A & C, Display B is largest value
Step 5 → If C is greater than A & B, Display A is largest value
Step 6 → Otherwise, Display A, B & C are not unique values

30. Practice - IV
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Largest in three numbers.
Pseudo Code
IF A is greater than B AND A is greater than C
 DISPLAY "A is the largest."
ELSE IF B is greater than A AND B is greater than C
 DISPLAY "B is the largest."
ELSE IF C is greater than A AND C is greater than B
 DISPLAY "C is the largest."
ELSE
 DISPLAY "not unique values."
END IF

31. Flow Chart
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32. Practice -V
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Print all number between two numbers
Algorithm
Step 1 → take two variable s and e.
Step 2 → take input and assign values in s and e.
Step 3 → check if s is equal to e
Step 4 → true: print numbers equal and go to step 6
Step 5 →false: print s, add 1 in s and go to step 3.
Step 6 →end

33. Practice -V
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Pseudo Code
FOR value = START to END
 DO DISPLAY value
 Increment value by 1
END FOR

34. Flow Chart
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35. Important Link
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Android App to Learn C Programming
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=in.ajaykhatri.ctutorial
Online IDE
https://ideone.com/
Download ppt
https://www2.slideshare.net/ajaykhatri

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37. Acknowledgement
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This presentation has been prepared by summarizing the content
taken from different lecture notes, presentations, books and
websites available on the web. It is really hard to recall from where
these slides exactly come from. However, I don’t want to miss the
opportunity to thank individual contributors who created such a
good piece of work. Without their contribution, this presentation
even can’t be imagined.
This presentation is solely used for education purpose. Still, if you
have copyright on any material and want to get it removed from this
presentation, please let us know, we will remove it immediately.

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