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Ethical Theories in Nursing.pptx
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- 2. Introduction Some wouldargue that public relations professionals are tasked with “doing the right thing.” But what is the right thing? The study of ethics helps identify the process public relations professionals use in order to make decisions about what course of action is the right one to take. To provide greater context in understanding the unique application within public relations, it is helpful to have a brief overview of major areas of thought.
- 3. Definition of Ethics Ethics is a Greek word and Moral is a Latin word but both mean the same thing, that is wrong or right. Ethics is the science which studies the morality of human act through the natural reasoning. (Mcfadden 1967) Ethic is generally or normally accepted in an area (Campbell, 1969)
- 4. Ethics isa philosophy based on moral values and reasoning. It contains distinct conduct rules that regulate particular choices of actions or decisions (Mappes & DeGrazia, 2001). Definition of Ethics Cont’d
- 5. Codes of Ethics Within any given profession, a code of ethics serves as a means of self regulation and a source of guidelines for individual behaviour and responsibilities.
- 6. Professional Code ofEthics These are a system of rules and principles by which that profession is expected to regulate its members and demonstrate its responsibility to society.
- 7. International Council ofNurses Codes (1993) The fundamental responsibility for the nurse is in four folds; To promote health, prevent illness, restore health, alleviate pain and suffering. The need for nursing is universal; inherent in nursing is respect for life, dignity and rights of man. Nurses render health services to the individual, family and community.
- 8. Ethical Principles Theseare the moral norms that nursing, as a profession both demands and strive to implement to everyday practice. Ethical principles the nurse should consider when making decisions are as follows; Respect for persons Autonomy Beneficence
- 9. Ethical Principles Cont’d Non-malfeasance Veracity Justice Fidelity Confidentiality
- 10. Ethical Dilemma Adilemma is defined as a situation requiring a choice between two equally desirable or undesirable alternatives. Ethical dilemma occurs when a problem exist that forces a choice between two or more ethical principles.
- 11. Ethical Dilemma Cont’d Ethical dilemmas in health care come up frequently, and they often address life and death issues. Examples of ethical dilemma; Starting/discontinuing life support Blood transfusion Abortion
- 12. Ethical Decision Making Ethical decision making entails a distinctive choice between undesirable options. Nurses must learn how to make ethical decisions, and nurse managers/leaders must direct and guide nurses in making such decisions.
- 13. Ethics- The MoralComponent Difficult personal choices arise in the context of modern health care. These choices raise fundamental questions about morally right or wrong actions in connection with the care and treatment of illnesses and the promotion of health. The ethical component of nursing is focused on matters of obligation or what ought to be done. This is essential if nurses are to make judgments and decisions with regards to how to act with each client and in each situation- the moral aspects of decision-making.
- 14. Ethics- The MoralComponent The ethical pattern of knowing in nursing requires an understanding of different philosophical positions regarding what is good, what ought to be desired, and what is right. Moral code in nursing addresses the concept of service, and respect for human life but not how to handle ethical dilemmas.
- 15. Ethics- The MoralComponent The knowledge of ethical codes will not provide answers to the moral questions involved in nursing, nor will it eliminate the necessity for having to make choices and being responsible for the choices made. It should result in greater awareness of what is involved in making moral choices.
- 16. Ethical Theories Teleology/Utilitarian Deontology Intuitionism Agapeistic or caring
- 17. Ethical Theories Cont’d Teleological theories (from the Greek word teleo, meaning goal or purpose) seek to justify moral principles in terms of some overall goal or sense of purpose in nature or human society. Man, in his view, has an in-built tendency to strive towards his fulfilment as human being of his physical, emotional and intellectual faculties. The goal, which governs this striving, is the pursuit of happiness. The rule in this case is ‘An action or principle is good if and only if it is conducive to the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people’. Looks to the consequences of an action in judging whether that action is right or wrong.
- 18. Ethical Theories Cont’d Deontology:-From the Greek word deon, meaning duty. Kant (1969) argues that is not the end or consequences of an act, which makes it right or wrong, but the moral intention of the agent. It is the good intention, the intention to perform one’s moral duty, which determines whether an action is praise worthy or not. This moral intention must be: Universal Unconditional and imperative Proposes that the mortality of a decision is not determined by its consequences. It emphasizes duty, rationality, and obedience to rules
- 19. Ethical Theories Thedifference between Teleology and Deontology can be seen when each approach is applied to the issue of abortion Example: Teleology approach/abortion: saving the mother’s life (the end, or consequence) justifies the abortion (the mean, or act) Deontology approach/abortion: consider any termination of life as a violation of the rule “do not kill” and therefore, would not abort the fetus, regardless of the consequences to the mother
- 20. Ethical Theories Intuitionism:-Perhaps,this is the purest form of subjective theories. It is the theory that we arrived at by rational introspection, by looking into our minds and grasping what we find there. Intuition means direct perception and insight. Intuitionism emphasizes two important features of moral experiences: • Our consciences are performed (educated or socialized) in some way before we come to make moral judgment for ourselves. • To be responsible moral agents, we must have internalized moral values and make them our own.
- 21. Ethical Theories Intuitionismis summarized as the notion that people inherently know what is right or wrong. Determining what is right is not a matter or rational thought or learning (e.g. the nurse inherently knows it is wrong to strike a client, the nurse does not need to be taught this or to reason it out)
- 22. Ethical Theories Agapeistic/caring:-Thisunfamiliar word comes from Greek word for ‘caring love’ and refers to those ethical theories, which seek to base moral principles and decision-making ultimately on love. In theological terms, the argument runs that God is love, and because man is made in the image of God, the most important thing about man, the most important value in human life is love.
- 23. Ethical Theories Interms of this theory, love is not only the ultimately test and justification for our moral principles. It can also be the basis on which we make specific moral judgments.That is, deciding what is the most loving thing to do in the circumstances/ This is also based on relationships. Caring is a force for protecting and enhancing client dignity. Caring is of central importance in the client-nurse relationship (e.g. nurses use trust-telling to affirm clients as a persons rather than objects and to assist them to make choices and find meaning in their illness experiences).