1. The document discusses the relationship between the Catholic Church and political leaders in medieval Europe. As the weak central governments of feudal Europe left a power vacuum, the Church grew as a powerful institution that shaped people's lives and expanded its political role. 2. There was an ongoing power struggle between the Church and emperors over who held supreme authority. Pope Gelasius I introduced the concept of separating the Church and state, with the pope wielding the "religious sword" and emperors the "political sword". 3. Conflicts arose as the Church sought to assert its independence from secular rulers, such as between Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over who had the power to

1. SOCIAL SCIENCE III

2.  Church and politics clashed
 Church leaders and political
leaders competed for power
and authority.
 Amid the weak central
governments in feudal
Europe, Church remained a
powerful institution.
▪ CHURCH- shaped the lives of
people from all social classes
▪ CHURCH- expanded its
political role

3. CHURCH VERSUS EMPERORS

4.  Ideally, before the crowning of
Charlemagne…
 GELASIUS I- a pope who
introduced the concept on the
separation of the church and
state.
 “There are two powers by
which this world is cheifly
ruled: The sacred authority of
the priesthood and the
authority of the kings.”

5. RELIGIOUS SWORD POLITICAL SWORD
 Held by the emperors
 Emperors should bow to
 Held by the pope the pope in religious
 Pope should bow to the matters
emperor in political
matters

7.  Church has its own  Bishops- settle
organization disputes over Church
teachings and religious
 It consisted of different practices
ranks of clergy
(religious officials)  Priests- people’s main
contact with the
 POPE- Bishops- Priests Church.

8.  People looked up to  PROMISE OF
the church as a SALVATIOIN- an
provider of security everlasting life.
and religious Sacraments and or
community to which religious ceremonies
they could belong. paved the way for
achieving salvation.

16. EXCOMMUNICATION INTERDICT
 Banishment from the  Under the interdict, many
Church. sacraments and religious
 Used by popes to wield services could not be
power over political performed in the king’s
rulers. lands.
 If a king is  Belief: without the
excommunicated, all of his sacraments, people might
vassals will be freed from be doomed to eternal
their duties to him. suffering in hell.

17.  Remember the first emperor of the Roman
Empire? Charlemagne. (erratum: Roman
Empire not Holy Roman Empire)
 Crowned by Pope Leo III after winning the favor of
the pope.
 Charlemagne’s death led to the creation of the
Holy Roman Empire set the stage for future
conflicts between emperors and popes.

18.  Otto the Great- greatly inspired
by his “boyhood hero”
Charlemagne.
 Copied Charlemagne in many
aspects (ex. Limited nobles’ strength,
sought help from the clergy, invaded
Italy on the pope’s behalf.)
 He tried to revive Charlemagne’s
Roman Empire and made it the Holy
Roman Empire (aka Roman Empire
of the German Nation), the strongest
state in Europe until 1100.

19.  RESENTMENT grew from the Italian nobles
towards the German rule.
 FEAR transpired among the popes over the
growing political power that the German
emperors held over Italy.
 Ban of lay investiture (a ceremony in which the kings
and nobles appointed church officials); powerful
clergies such as the bishops must not be under the
power of any king.
 Story of Henry IV, a young German emperor, and
Pope Gregory VII.

20. POPE GREGORY VII HENRY IV
 Bishops must not be under
the power of kings/ nobles.
The church must not be
undermined by them.
 Ban of lay investiture  After meeting with some German
bishops he appointed, called
Gregory a “false monk, not pope”.
 After bishops and princes sided
 With Henry’s vicious reply, the pope, Henry asked for the
Gregory had him pope’s forgiveness.
excommunicated.  THIS BEGINS A SHOWDOWN IN
CANOSSA.

21.  “There, having laid aside all the belongings of
royalty, wretchedly, with bare feet and clad in
wool, he (Henry IV) continued for three days
to stand before the gate of the castle. Nor did
he desist from imploring with many tears the
aid and consolation of the apostolic mercy
until he had moved all of those who were
present there…” – Pope Gregory in Basic
Documents in Medieval History

22.  Monastic revival and church reforms were
made to restore and expand the power and
authority of the church; Began the Age of
Faith
 Church suffered severe problems
 Priests could barely read prayers
 Popes were men of questionable morals
 Bishops cared more about their position as feudal
lords

23.  FIRST: village priests marrying and having
families
 STOPPED BY POPE LEO IX
 SECOND: simony where positions of the
Church are sold by bishops
 STOPPED BY POPE LEO IX
 THIRD: lay investiture should be apponted by
the Church.

24.  Preaching friars- example Francis of Assisi
 Dominicans (emphasized scholarship) and Franciscans
(treating creatures as if they were their spiritual
brothers and sisters)
 Religious orders for women
 Examples: Poor Clares and a Benedictine convent
founded by Hildegard of Bingen, Germany
 New church architecture
 Gothic- thrusting upward as if reaching the heavens.
In contrast of the previous Romanesque churches
which were heavy and gloomy.

29.  Holy War 3. Pope wants to reclaim
 What caused the launching of Palestine and reunite
the Crusades? Christendom
1. Muslims control over the 4. Pope appeals to Christian
Palestine (the Holy Land) and knights
threaten Constantinople (seat 5. Knights feel religious zeal
of the Byzantine Empire) (assurance of heaven if died
during the Crusades) and want
lands, riches (non-eldest male
2. Byzantine emperor (Alexius sons), and adventure
Comnenus) calling the Pope 6. Italian cities desiring
(Urban II) for help commercial power (merchants
financing Crusades to win
control key trade routes to
India, SE Asia, and China from
Muslim traders.

30.  First and second crusades
 Crusaders were French (mostly), Germans, Englishmen, Scots, Italians, and
Spaniards
 Ill-prepared for the holy war; no knowledge of the geography, climate, and
culture of the Holy Land.
 No strategy to capture Jerusalem
 Jerusalem fell to the Muslim leader Saladin.
 Muslims were the victors
 Third and fourth crusades
 Led by three powerful European monarchs Philip Augustus of France, Frederick
Barbarossa, and Richard the Lion hearted.
 Barbarossa drowned, Philip fought with Richard resulting in the former’s
retreat, Richard was the only one left.
 Richard fought with Saladin which resulted in a truce. Jerusalem remained
under the control of the Muslims.
 The fourth crusade = looting of Constantinople.

31.  Children’s crusades
 Belief that God would give children Jerusalem.
 Many died due to cold weather and starvation.
 Others were either drowned or sold into slavery.
 Spanish crusade
 Reconquista and the Inquisition

32.  Byzantine Empire weakened
 Pope’s power declined due to the failure of
later Crusades
 Feudal nobles’ power weakened; many
knights died and lost their fortunes
 Italian cities expanded trade and grew rich
 Trade grew between Europe and Middle
Ages.

33. SALADIN
 Most famous Muslim
leader of the 11oos
 Most devout man
 Christians called him
honest and brave
 Captured Jerusalem in the
Second Crusade

34. RICHARD THE LION-HEARTED
 Good-looking
 Charming
 Brave , graceful, gay (?),
and ruthless
 Responsible for the
slaughtering of 3,000
Muslim survivors

35.  The Crusades left behind good and bad
legacies. One of those bad legacies is the
feeling of bitterness and hatred as displayed
by the intolerance and prejudice of the
Christians. There’s still a clear dispute
between Christians and Muslims even up to
now.
 As social scientists, how can we put into
rest this so-called religious discrimination?

36. THE CHURCH CRUSADES FARMING
TRADE AND
THE BUBONIC EUROPEAN TOWNS
PLAGUE MIDDLE AGES
HUNDRED
EDUCATION GOVERNMENT
YEARS’ WAR

37. 1. What is the bubonic plague? How did it start? How
did this weaken the manorial economy?
2. In what years did Europe’s first universities develop?
Why were they created? Who were the usual
students in these universities?
3. Why was there a shift of population from farms into
towns? What was the relationship of towns to trade?
4. How did the Hundred Years’ War weakened feudal
power?
5. Describe the emerging central governments in
England and France during the medieval time.
6. How did farming increase population in the Medieval
Ages?

38.  SUBMISSION OF HISTORY JOURNALS
 Cs – Nov 16
 Sr – Nov 17
 Be, K, Na- Nov 18
 Open notes Quiz within the week. Be prepared.