• Group 2
Radon Measurement Mitigation (part 1)
Discuss the following issues:
1. What is Radon? (best to include discussion on types of radiation)
2. Where does Radon come from? (source of Radon)
3. Why are we interested in Radon?
4. Radon testing and Radon gas measurement method
Classification either on quality or type based for groundwater can offer great advantages especially in regional groundwater management. It provides a short, quick processing, interpretation for a lot of complete hydro-chemical data sets and concise presentation of the results. There is a demonstrable need for a quality assurance, with the advanced usage of world's largest fresh water storage i.e Ground water. Its getting depleted over the years and the quality of the same degrading with a rapid pace. Ground water Quality is assessed mainly by the chemical analysis of samples. The data obtained from the chemical analysis is key for the further classification, analysis, correlation etc. Graphical and Numerical interpretation of the data is the main source for Hydro-chemical studies. In this paper we test the performance of the many available graphical and statistical methodologies used to classify water samples including: Collins bar diagram, Stiff pattern diagram, Schoeller plot, Piper diagram, Durov's Double Triangular Diagram, Gibbs's Diagram, Stuyfzand Classification. This paper explains various models which classify, correlate etc., summarizing the water quality data. The basic graphs and diagrams in each category are explained by sample diagrams. In addition to the diagrams an overall characterization of hydro-chemical facies of the water can be carried out by using plots which represents a water type and hardness domain. The combination of graphical and statistical techniques provides a consistent and objective means to classify large numbers of samples while retaining the ease of classic graphical presentation.
• Group 2
Radon Measurement Mitigation (part 1)
Discuss the following issues:
1. What is Radon? (best to include discussion on types of radiation)
2. Where does Radon come from? (source of Radon)
3. Why are we interested in Radon?
4. Radon testing and Radon gas measurement method
Classification either on quality or type based for groundwater can offer great advantages especially in regional groundwater management. It provides a short, quick processing, interpretation for a lot of complete hydro-chemical data sets and concise presentation of the results. There is a demonstrable need for a quality assurance, with the advanced usage of world's largest fresh water storage i.e Ground water. Its getting depleted over the years and the quality of the same degrading with a rapid pace. Ground water Quality is assessed mainly by the chemical analysis of samples. The data obtained from the chemical analysis is key for the further classification, analysis, correlation etc. Graphical and Numerical interpretation of the data is the main source for Hydro-chemical studies. In this paper we test the performance of the many available graphical and statistical methodologies used to classify water samples including: Collins bar diagram, Stiff pattern diagram, Schoeller plot, Piper diagram, Durov's Double Triangular Diagram, Gibbs's Diagram, Stuyfzand Classification. This paper explains various models which classify, correlate etc., summarizing the water quality data. The basic graphs and diagrams in each category are explained by sample diagrams. In addition to the diagrams an overall characterization of hydro-chemical facies of the water can be carried out by using plots which represents a water type and hardness domain. The combination of graphical and statistical techniques provides a consistent and objective means to classify large numbers of samples while retaining the ease of classic graphical presentation.
A STUDY ON OCEAN ACIDIFICATION DUE TO CARBON DIOXIDE ALONG THE COAST OF VISAK...Soma Sekhar Sriadibhatla
Extensive Data Analytics on samples to understand Ocean Acidification process, a serious damage to ecosystem, increase in production of Carbon dioxide.
Passive seismic monitoring for CO2 storage sites - Anna Stork, University of Bristol at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Geophysical modelling for CO2 storage, monitoring and appraisal, 3 November 2015
Gravity anomaly across reagional structuresAmit K. Mishra
Gravity Anomaly across continents and ocean, gravity anomaly across mid-oceanic ridges, gravity anomaly across orogenic belts, and gravity anomaly across subduction zones.
PROSPECTING TECHNIQUES AND EXPLORATION FOR COAL AT GSI CAMP AMARWARA, CHINDWARA Shivam Jain
PROSPECTING TECHNIQUES AND EXPLORATION FOR COAL AT GSI CAMP AMARWARA, CHINDWARA
for download...click on this https://dlsharefile.com/file/NzA2YTI2YTYt
https://khabarbabal.online/file/NzA2YTI2YTYt
1)Introduction and types of elements
2)Trace elements
3)Rare earth elements
4)The Oddo-Harkins rule
5)The lanthanide contraction
6)Europium anomaly
7)Cerium anomaly
8)REE partitioning among different minerals
9)Spider diagrams
10)Production and distribution of REEs
A STUDY ON OCEAN ACIDIFICATION DUE TO CARBON DIOXIDE ALONG THE COAST OF VISAK...Soma Sekhar Sriadibhatla
Extensive Data Analytics on samples to understand Ocean Acidification process, a serious damage to ecosystem, increase in production of Carbon dioxide.
Passive seismic monitoring for CO2 storage sites - Anna Stork, University of Bristol at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Geophysical modelling for CO2 storage, monitoring and appraisal, 3 November 2015
Gravity anomaly across reagional structuresAmit K. Mishra
Gravity Anomaly across continents and ocean, gravity anomaly across mid-oceanic ridges, gravity anomaly across orogenic belts, and gravity anomaly across subduction zones.
PROSPECTING TECHNIQUES AND EXPLORATION FOR COAL AT GSI CAMP AMARWARA, CHINDWARA Shivam Jain
PROSPECTING TECHNIQUES AND EXPLORATION FOR COAL AT GSI CAMP AMARWARA, CHINDWARA
for download...click on this https://dlsharefile.com/file/NzA2YTI2YTYt
https://khabarbabal.online/file/NzA2YTI2YTYt
1)Introduction and types of elements
2)Trace elements
3)Rare earth elements
4)The Oddo-Harkins rule
5)The lanthanide contraction
6)Europium anomaly
7)Cerium anomaly
8)REE partitioning among different minerals
9)Spider diagrams
10)Production and distribution of REEs
A preliminary (small) study of samples at 11 producing Marcellus gas wells in Pennsylvania to determine the actual amount of radon present. The study shows that theoretical claims by anti-drillers that Marcellus Shale gas contains high, life-threatening levels of radon are simply not true.
Environmental monitoring of soil radon in a very tectonic area in south west ...Anax Fotopoulos
Abstract
This paper focuses on the investigation of the usefulness of measuring soil radon as a trace gas in the search of earthquake precursors. A multilevel approach was followed: (a) Detailed preparatory experimentation. (b) Set-up of methods and devices. (c) Active and passive radon measurements during a very active tectonic period in Peloponnese (Greece) on 2008. This period was combined with the occurrence of two very destructive earthquakes. (d) Detailed discussion and analysis of significant collected radon signals that included two very strong radon anomalies prior to the 8/6/2008 M=6.5 earthquake which occurred 29 km from the measuring site. The two detected strong radon disturbances could be possibly related only to the 8/6/2008 earthquake. (e) Discussion on the interpretation of the detected radon anomalies. The recent (2008) asperity model is proposed as a possible explanation of these anomalies. The paper concluded that the strong radon disturbances may be linked to strong earthquakes.
This slide related to the device to measure radon in environment.
This tool is used as radon active measurement.
The price of this device is more than $5,000
Consolidate ideas of nuclear changes and the properties and uses of alpha, beta and gamma radiation, Explain why, over time, the activity of a source decreases
Radon - Potential Effect of Rogers Group Stone Quarry on Radon Levelsmtaylor6
What are the potential effects of a stone quarry on the radon levels in your home? Presented by the Americus Area Community Coalition. Learn how to protect yourself. This is part of an educational series for the citizens in Americus, Indiana who are opposed to the proposed Rogers Group stone quarry. Help us stop the stone quarry.
Water Wells and Flooding - Know Your Rightsmtaylor6
This is a presentation presented by the Education Committee of the Americus Area Community Coalition of Lafayette, IN. Our mission is to educate local residents about threats to their health, safety, or well-being. Our current mission is to oppose and stop the Rogers Group stone quarry proposed just north of Americus, IN, on Old State Road 25 North.
2 studies on radon exhalation rate from construction materials of mandya dist...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Human beings are continuously exposed to ionizing radiation from naturally occurring radioactive elements present in the earth crust and in the atmosphere. On the surface of the earth, the concentration of radionuclides varies from place to place depending on local geology and geography. Radon is a radioactive inert gas, which contribute a major portion of the radiation dose received by the world population. The 222Rn exhalation rate was studied in the samples of construction materials used in Mandya district, Karnataka state, India. The 222Rn exhalation rate in the samples of construction materials used in large amounts varied from 5.75 to 15.62 mBq kg-1 h-1. Higher 222Rn exhalation rates were observed in M-sand and crusher dust. The 222Rn exhalation rate in the samples of construction materials used in small amounts varied from below detection level to 32.73 mBq kg-1 h-1. Maximum rate of 222Rn exhalation was observed in the samples of red granite.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Radiological Implications: a review of ICR...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Measurement of Radon Exhalation Rates from the Samples of Soil and Rocksijtsrd
Radon and its daughter products are the major sources of radiation exposure and recognized as one of the health hazards for human beings. In the present work, I have reviewed 20 papers in which the soil samples are collected to different places of India and other countries. The Effective radium and radon exhalation rates in the samples of soil and rock have been used passive techniques for alpha particles emission with “Closed Can Technique”, “RRC passive Technique”, “Alpha guard equipment and Gamma tracer”. The soil samples belonging to different places of India and other countries. All the values of radium content in soil samples of study area were found to be quite lower than the permissible value of 370 BqKg 1 recommended by Organization for Economic Cooperation and development OECD1979 . The highest activity Ashima | Sandeep Kansal | Sanjay Aggarwal "Measurement of Radon Exhalation Rates from the Samples of Soil & Rocks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd32916.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nuclear-physics/32916/measurement-of-radon-exhalation-rates-from-the-samples-of-soil-and-rocks/ashima
Influence of chimney effect on the radon effective dose of the lung simulated...IOSR Journals
One of the well-known radon prone areas of the world is Ramsar in Iran, which is surrounded by the
Alborz Mountain in its southern part and Caspian Sea on the north. The annual effective dose in the district of
Talesh-Mahalleh is higher than the annual dose limits for radiation workers. In this study, the indoor radon
level and effective dose of the lung were estimated using a Prassi portable radon gas survey meter in a model
house containing top soil samples from different parts of Ramsar. For the extremely hot samples, the effective
dose of the lung in winter season was 27.75±2.55mSv, when the windows and exhaust part of chimney were
closed. However, when the chimney was turned on and the exhaust part of chimney was open, the effective dose
of the lung was reduced to 1.27±0.23mSv. Also the seasonal radon effective doses of the lung with other samples
were reduced to low values. The results suggest by using chimney effect and chimney heaters a significant
lessening of the radon seasonal effective dose in dwellings of Ramsar can be achieved.
This presentation is all about Petroleum Engineering, Prospecting oil and gas, drilling and various drilling methods, logs and its types, different Drive Mechanisms, etc......
A Study of Application of Tracers in Groundwater HydrologyAJSERJournal
Laboratory study was carried out to investigate the effect of acidic and alkaline characteristics of
groundwater medium on three tracers (rhodamine B, eosin and potassium dichromate) commonly used for
groundwater investigations. This is with the view to improving the criterion used in the selection of tracers for
groundwater investigations. The factors considered are: the maximum tracer concentration, Cmax, which could be
observed during the experiment, the time, tm, at which this occurs and the percentage of the tracer recovered during
experiment. Others are the time, ti, of first detection of the tracer and time, tf, of total disappearance of tracer from the
investigation area.A lysimeter apparatus of circular cross section with diameter, D = 45 mm was constructed and
uniformly filled with coarse sand and fine gravel (each at a time). Throughout the column, steady water discharge (2.5
ml/min) at a pH value between the ranges of 5 – 8 was maintained, to carry the tracer solution through the soil column.
Effluent from the bottom of the lysimeter were subjected to spectrometric analysis to determine tracer concentration..
The results suggest that rhodamine B is a suitable tracer for groundwater investigation in acidic medium but may not
be suitable for alkaline medium. Values obtained for eosin showed the tracer to be good for investigation in both acidic
and alkaline medium,while potassium dichromate as a tracer may be a good tracer in alkaline medium only.
New "research" by anti-drilling researchers at Johns Hopkins University that purports to show a connection between fracked shale wells in PA and an increase in radon in PA homes. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health researchers rather simplistically say that levels of radon in PA homes have been going up since 2004--when the first Marcellus Shale well was drilled in the state. They also say prior to 2004 levels of radon in PA homes was pretty much steady-state--that it did not increase. Since the "big thing" that's happened over the past decade is a lot of Marcellus drilling, voila, must be those nasty frackers are the source.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. Radon in geology
Assistant Professor
Dr. Kamal K. Ali
University of Baghdad-College of
Science – Geology Dept.
2. The geology of radon
What is Radon?
Radon is a gas produced by the radioactive decay of
the element radium within the decay of U-238 series.
Half life = 3.825 d.
When solid radium decays to form radon gas, it loses
two protons and two neutrons. These two protons
and two neutrons are called an alpha particle, which
is a type of radiation.
Radon itself is radioactive because it also
decays, losing an alpha particle and forming the
element polonium.
3. Radon
• radon (222Rn): One of the main members of
natural radioactivity of the earth crust.
• It is a noble gas and having a relatively long
life-time (3.8) days.
• It has a great mobility to reach considerable
distances in different geological environments.
• Radon is present everywhere: air, soil, water
4. Radon
• The concentrations of radon in geological
environments depend mainly on the migration
processes, and the abundance of it parent
nucleus Radium (Ra-226)
• Upward migration of radon gas in soil is
facilitated by the presence of faults.
• It reaches in the atmosphere by diffusion to
the surface, this exhalation forming the radon
flux of the earth crust
5. Radon
• Radon and radon flux from soil are used as
indicators for some applications such as:
radon risk assessment by the determination of
radon potential of the soil.
identification of the faults.
in applying migration models in soil and
geological environments
and for the transport to the atmosphere and
inside homes
6. Radon
• There are at least three different issues of great
importance in radon studies:
The first issue relates to the presence of radon
and radium in ground waters (wells, mineral
springs, geothermal waters, etc)
(In addition to the knowledge of radiation doses
received by population in using these water
sources (by ingestion, inhalation, spa treatment) ,
radon monitoring in groundwaters and
geothermal waters is a great interest in
geophysical studies.)
7. Radon
• There are at least three different issues of great
importance in radon studies:
The first issue relates to the presence of radon
and radium in ground waters (wells, mineral
springs, geothermal waters, etc)
(In addition to the knowledge of radiation doses
received by population in using these water
sources (by ingestion, inhalation, spa treatment) ,
radon monitoring in groundwaters and
geothermal waters is a great interest in
geophysical studies.)
8. Radon
• There are at least three different issues of
great importance in radon studies:
The second aspect is related to the radon
potential in soil and the flux from the earth
(soil) surface.
By this, is important that radon anomalies
indicate radioactive accumulation (U, Th) or
the presence of tectonic faults. In such areas,
radon flux from soil is significantly higher
9. Radon
• There are at least three different issues of great
importance in radon studies:
• The third aspect, is related to radon
concentrations inside homes.
• Outdoor air has an average radon concentration
of 4-8 Bq⋅m-3 that depends on the geological and
meteorological conditions.
• Inside homes, the radon concentration may
produce normal amounts of 20-80 Bq⋅m-3,
through accumulation.
10. Radon
• In case of high indoor radon levels the main
radon sources are the soil and building
materials, which contain radioactive materials
or uranium waste in uranium areas. These
zones are considered “radon-prone areas”
11. Radon
• In addition to these important aspects of
radon studies, another research field are the
applications in geophysics
• Radon considered as „trace element” or
„monitoring element”, can give information
about geophysical properties of geological
formations
12. Radon
• Another important application:
• is the use of radon monitoring techniques in
the studies of volcanic eruptions
• and of seismic activities, where the monitoring
radon concentration variations in bore-holes
and groundwater can be applied to
earthquakes forecast
13. Radon
• Another important application:
• is the use of radon monitoring techniques in
the studies of volcanic eruptions
• and of seismic activities, where the monitoring
radon concentration variations in bore-holes
and groundwater can be applied to
earthquakes forecast
14. methods of radon concentration
measurement in soil
There are two basic
method for measuring
radon in soil. Both
methods measure the
alpha particles
produced by the decay
of the radon in the air.
In the first method, a
sample of soil air is
collected from a probe
driven into the ground,
and the radon in the
sample is measured by
using electronic
equipment.
The Rn measuring start
after delay time 5 minutes.
The total time of one
measurement is no more
than 10 minutes.
the detector determines an
average Rn concentration
(corrected from the
background of the of the
cell
16. Solid state nuclear track detector
• In the other method involves putting an alphatrack detector, in the soil and leaving it open to the
soil air. This method allows long-term
measurements,. It is called Solid state nuclear
track detector
• A solid state nuclear track detector (SSNT) is a sample of a
solid material ( glass or plastic) exposed to nuclear
radiation
( charged particles), etched, and
examined microscopically.
17. Solid state nuclear track detector
• The basis of solid state nuclear track detection is that
charged particles damage the detector within nanometers
along the track in such a way that the track can be etched
many times faster than the undamaged material. Etching,
typically for several hours, enlarges the damage to conical
pits of micrometer dimensions, that can be observed with a
microscope.
• If the particles enter the surface at normal incidence, the
pits are circular; otherwise the ellipticity and orientation of
the elliptical pit mouth indicate the direction of incidence.
18. SSNTD
• SSNTDs are commonly used to study radon
concentration in houses, and the age of geological
samples.
• A material commonly used in SSNTDS is CR39. It is
a clear, colorless, rigid plastic with the chemical
formula C12H18O7. Etching is usually performed in
solutions of caustic alkalis such as sodium
hydroxide, often at elevated temperatures for
several hours.
21. Applications of radon studies in environmental
science, geology and geophysics
Radon studies with applications in risk
assessment of radon from soil: the
assessment of radon risk from soil.
• radon is the main source of natural radiation
for the population, with a contribution of
about 57 % to annual dose.
• In some areas, this can reach towards to the
annual mean exposure of 2.2 mSv. Depending
on geological and meteorological conditions,
22. Applications of radon studies in environmental
science, geology and geophysics
• In radon risk areas (”radon-prone areas”) the
concentration of radon gas in atmosphere
and indoor can reach high levels, which is due
to soil and building materials.
• The assessment of the radon risk from soil is
based on the determination of the radon
potential by measuring radon concentration
from soil and the permeability of soil.
23. Applications of radon studies in environmental
science, geology and geophysics
• models are used for risk assessment of soil
radon.
The evaluation of radon index (radon risk)
24. Applications of radon studies in environmental
science, geology and geophysics
• The soil gas radon concentration is one of the
main parameter in determining the
• radon potential of a building site. Soil
permeability is the second main parameter in
determining the radon potential of a building
site.
25. Applications of radon studies in environmental
science, geology and geophysics
• Soil permeability is the second main parameter in
determining the radon potential of a building site.
• High permeability allows an increased transport of radon
from soil and transfer to the building, thus in case of
permeable soils can be estimated an increase radon risk.
• Soil permeability can be determined by in situ
measurements, where the k permeability is given in [m2].
• In situ soil permeability measurements usually is carried
out at a depth of 0.8 m in soil, and the measurement
method consist in measuring the flow rate of the soil gas by
extraction or by pumping in soil at constant pressure.
26. Applications of radon studies in environmental
science, geology and geophysics
• According to radon risk assessment, the categories of
soil permeability are the follows:
• k < 4,0⋅10-13 m2 for low permeability;
• 4,0⋅10-13 m2 < k < 4,0⋅10-12 m2 for medium
permeability;
• and k > 4,0⋅10-12 m2 for high permeability.
• The number of in situ permeability measurements are
the same as for soil radon measurements, at least 15
measurements for a building site (≤ 800 m2 area), or
perform measurements in grids of 10x10 m for sites
with area > 800 m2.
27. The 10 point system to estimate the soil
radon potential
29. Applications of radon studies geology and
geophysics
• radon has a role of trace elements, which can indicate
accumulation of radioactive material in the crust, or
the presence of tectonic faults.
• Faults serving as pathways for the ascendant migration
of these gases towards surface.
• Detection of high thoron activities in soil gas may
indicate a fast migration mechanism from a distant
source, due to the short half-time of thoron (55 sec)
than of radon (3,82 days). This is possible only in
presence of a carrier gas (e.g., CO2) as typically occurs
along faults and fractured rocks
30. Radon Monitoring for geological
exploration
The mobilization of uranium ore body detected by
radon measurements using SSNTDs
31. Use of radon monitoring in
hydrocarbon exploration
Sketch of gas seepage from a simplified hydrocarbon
Reservoir. The gas emission at the surface of the earth is
indicated in the graph. “Reservoir” refers solely to
hydrocarbons
34. Radon Hydrologic Studies
Because of its rapid loss to air and
comparatively rapid decay, radon is used in
hydrologic research that studies the
interaction between ground water, streams
and rivers. Any significant concentration of
radon in a stream or river is a good indicator
that there are local inputs of ground water
35. Radon emission as precursor of
earthquake
•The strain changes occurring within the
earth's surface during an earthquake is
expected to enhance the radon concentration
in soil gas.
•The principle seems to be simple: Radon gas
which is trapped within the ground, is released
through small fractures resulting from many
changes taking place in the earth's crust in
that region prior to the major physical shock of
an earthquake..
36. Radon emission as precursor of
earthquake
The stress–strain developed within
earth's crust before an earthquake leads
to changes in gas transportation and rise
of volatiles from the deep earth to the
surface. As a result, remarkable
quantities of radon come out of the pores
and fractures of the rocks on surface
37. Concentration of radon
• Because the level of radioactivity is directly related
to the number and type of radioactive atoms
present, radon and all other radioactive atoms are
measured in picocuries. For instance, a house
having 4 picocuries of radon per liter of air (4
pCi/L) has about 8 or 9 atoms of radon decaying
every minute in every liter of air inside the house.
A 1,000-square-foot house with 4 pCi/L of radon
has nearly 2 million radon atoms decaying in it
every minute.
38. Concentration of radon
• Radon levels in outdoor air, indoor air, soil air, and
ground water can be very different. Outdoor air
ranges from less than 0.1 pCi/L to about 30
pCi/L, but it probably averages about 0.2 pCi/L.
Radon in indoor air ranges from less that 1 pCi/l to
about 3,000 pCi/L, but it probably averages
between 1 and 2 pCi/L. Radon in soil air (the air
that occupies the pores in soil) ranges from 20 or
30 pCi/L to more than 100,000 pCi/L
• The amount of radon dissolved in ground water
ranges from about 100 to nearly 3 million pCi/L.
39. Uranium: The source
To understand the geology of radon where it forms, how it forms, how it
moves - we have to start with its
ultimate source, uranium. All rocks
contain some uranium, although most
contain just a small amount - between 1
and 3 parts per million (ppm) of
uranium. In general, the uranium
content of a soil will be about the same
as the uranium content of the rock from The bright-yellow mineral tyuyamunite is one
which the soil was derived.
of the most common uranium ore minerals,
Pitchbend UO2, Uraninite, Granotite
Some types of rocks have higher than average uranium contents. These
include light-colored volcanic rocks, granites, dark shales, sedimentary
rocks that contain phosphate, and metamorphic rocks derived from these
rocks. These rocks and their soils may contain as much as 100 ppm
uranium.
41. Radon formation
• Just as uranium is present in all rocks and
soils, so are radon and radium because
they are daughter products formed by
the radioactive decay of uranium.
• Each atom of radium decays by ejecting
from its nucleus an alpha particle
composed of two neutrons and two
protons
42. Radon formation
• The location of the radium atom in the mineral
grain (how close it is to the surface of the grain)
and the direction of the recoil of the radon atom
(whether it is toward the surface or the interior
of the grain) determine whether or not the newly
formed radon atom enters the pore space
between mineral grains.
• If a radium atom is deep within a big grain, then
regardless of the direction of recoil, it will not
free the radon from the grain, and the radon
atom will remain embedded in the mineral.
43. Radon formation
• Even when a radium atom is near the surface
of a grain, the recoil will send the radon atom
deeper into the mineral if the direction of
recoil is toward the grain's core. However, the
recoil of some radon atoms near the surface
of a grain is directed toward the grain's
surface. When this happens, the newly
formed radon leaves the mineral and enters
the pore space between the grains or the
fractures in the rocks.
44. The recoil of the radon atom is quite strong. Often newly formed radon atoms enter
the pore space, cross all the way through the pore space, and become embedded in
nearby mineral grains. If water is present in the pore space, however, the moving
radon atom slows very quickly and is more likely to stay in the pore space. For most
soils, only 10 to 50 percent of the radon produced actually escapes from the mineral
grains and enters the pores
45. Radon movement
• Because radon is a gas, it has much greater
mobility than uranium and radium, which are fixed
in the solid matter in rocks and soils. Radon can
more easily leave the rocks and soils by escaping
into fractures and openings in rocks and into the
pore spaces between grains of soil.
• The ease and efficiency with which radon moves in
the pore space or fracture effects how much radon
enters a house. If radon is able to move easily in
the pore space, then it can travel a great distance
before it decays, and it is more likely to collect in
high concentrations inside a building.
46. Radon movement
• The method and speed of radon's
movement through soils is controlled by
the amount of water present in the pore
space (the soil moisture content), the
percentage of pore space in the soil (the
porosity), and the "interconnectedness"
of the pore spaces that determines the
soil's ability to transmit water and air
(called soil permeability).
47. Radon moves more rapidly through permeable
soils, such as coarse sand and gravel, than
through impermeable soils, such as clays.
Fractures in any soil or rock allow radon to move
more quickly.
48. • Radon in water moves slower than radon in air. The distance that radon moves
before most of it decays is less than 1 inch in water-saturated rocks or soils,
but it can be more than 6 feet, and sometimes tens of feet, through dry rocks
or soils. Because water also tends to flow much more slowly through soil pores
and rock fractures than does air, radon travels shorter distances in wet soils
than in dry soils before it decays.