Design of an Aerodynamic Lens for PM2.5 Chemical Composition AnalysisFa-Gung Fan
The Nanojet as an aerosol sample inlet, concentrator, and transfer line to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometer (MS).
Design of an Aerodynamic Lens for PM2.5 Chemical Composition AnalysisFa-Gung Fan
The Nanojet as an aerosol sample inlet, concentrator, and transfer line to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometer (MS).
Combination Of The Non-Destructive Methods For Evaluating The Quality Of Conc...IJERA Editor
The study is aboutthe use and comparison of three non-destructive methods (dynamic auscultation, sclerometric auscultation and auscultation by RADAR (Radio Detecting and Ranging) to monitor and assess the quality of concrete. Samples of reinforced concrete panels, dimensions 200x100x30 cm of concrete dosed at 350 kg/m3 with diverse E/C ratio were achieved, conserved in the laboratory and subjected to various non-destructive test. The synthesis of the results obtained by auscultation RADAR shows a decrease in the propagation speed of the electromagnetic wave with an increase of the E/C ratio and a decrease in resistance of concrete values measured and confirmed by other non-destructive techniques (sclerometric and dynamic auscultations). This shows that more the dielectric constant is high, morethe concrete resistance is reduced, and conversely the opposite.
Gas chromatography- “It is a process of separating component(s) from the given crude drug by using a gaseous mobile phase.”
Principle- The principle of separation in GC is “partition.”
The mixture of components to be separated is converted to vapor and mixed with the gaseous mobile phase.
The component which is more soluble in the stationary phase travels slower and eluted later.
The component which is less soluble in the stationary phase travels faster and eluted out first.
No two components have the same partition coefficient conditions.
So the components are separated according to their partition coefficient.
The partition coefficient is “the ratio of solubility of a substance distributed between two immiscible liquids at a constant temperature.’
It involves a sample being vaporized and injected onto the head of the chromatographic column.
The sample is transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile phase.
The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid.
Two major types:
1. gas-solid chromatography: Here, the mobile phase is a gas while the stationary phase is a solid.
Used for separation of low molecular gases,
e.g., air components, H2S, CS2, CO2, rare gases, CO, and oxides of nitrogen.
2.Gas-liquid chromatography: The mobile phase is a gas while the stationary phase is a liquid retained on the surface as an inert solid by adsorption or chemical bonding.
Advantages-
Both qualitative and quantitative analyses are possible.
The instrument is simple, time of analysis is short.
High sensitivity.
The method is applicable to about 60% of organic compounds.
Very small sample sizes can be used.
Analysis can be highly accurate and precise.
Applications-
Quality control and analysis of drug products like antibiotics (penicillin), antivirals (amantadine), general anesthetics (chloroform, ether), sedatives/hypnotics (barbiturates), etc.
Assay of drugs – purity of a compound can be determined for drugs like :
Atropine sulfate
Clove oil
Stearic acid
In determining the levels of metabolites in body fluids like plasma, serum, urine, etc
Estimation of spoilage components, such as histamine and carbonyls, that cause rancidity.
Validation of a Model for Ice Formation around Finned TubesIJERA Editor
Phase change materials although attaractive option for thermal storage applications its main drawback is the slow thermal response during charging and discharging processes due to their low thermal conductivity. The present study validates a model developed by the authors some years ago on radial fins as a method to meliorate the thermal performance of PCM in horizontal storage system. The developed model for the radial finned tube is based on pure conduction, the enthalpy approach and was discretized by the finite difference method. Experiments were realized specifically to validate the model and its numerical predictions.
Optimization of Turning Parameters Using Taguchi MethodIJMER
Abstract: Today in manufacturing and metal industries customer satisfaction is very important to
make own place in competitive market and also to make mirror image with faith in the heart of
customer, because customer gives preference to buy good quality product. In the metal and
manufacturing industries for the product low surface roughness is very important. Lowest surface
roughness assures not only good quality but also reduces manufacturing cost. In this paper the main
objective is to study effect of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on surface roughness of mild steel
in turning operation and as a result of that the combination of optimum level of factors was obtained to
get lowest surface roughness. Experiments have been conducted using Taguchi’s experimental design
technique. An orthogonal array, signal to noise ratio, and analysis of variance are employed to
investigate cutting characteristics of mild steel using high speed steel. Experimental results show that
among the cutting parameter cutting speed is the most significant machining parameter for surface
roughness followed by feed rate and depth of cut.
Combination Of The Non-Destructive Methods For Evaluating The Quality Of Conc...IJERA Editor
The study is aboutthe use and comparison of three non-destructive methods (dynamic auscultation, sclerometric auscultation and auscultation by RADAR (Radio Detecting and Ranging) to monitor and assess the quality of concrete. Samples of reinforced concrete panels, dimensions 200x100x30 cm of concrete dosed at 350 kg/m3 with diverse E/C ratio were achieved, conserved in the laboratory and subjected to various non-destructive test. The synthesis of the results obtained by auscultation RADAR shows a decrease in the propagation speed of the electromagnetic wave with an increase of the E/C ratio and a decrease in resistance of concrete values measured and confirmed by other non-destructive techniques (sclerometric and dynamic auscultations). This shows that more the dielectric constant is high, morethe concrete resistance is reduced, and conversely the opposite.
Gas chromatography- “It is a process of separating component(s) from the given crude drug by using a gaseous mobile phase.”
Principle- The principle of separation in GC is “partition.”
The mixture of components to be separated is converted to vapor and mixed with the gaseous mobile phase.
The component which is more soluble in the stationary phase travels slower and eluted later.
The component which is less soluble in the stationary phase travels faster and eluted out first.
No two components have the same partition coefficient conditions.
So the components are separated according to their partition coefficient.
The partition coefficient is “the ratio of solubility of a substance distributed between two immiscible liquids at a constant temperature.’
It involves a sample being vaporized and injected onto the head of the chromatographic column.
The sample is transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile phase.
The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid.
Two major types:
1. gas-solid chromatography: Here, the mobile phase is a gas while the stationary phase is a solid.
Used for separation of low molecular gases,
e.g., air components, H2S, CS2, CO2, rare gases, CO, and oxides of nitrogen.
2.Gas-liquid chromatography: The mobile phase is a gas while the stationary phase is a liquid retained on the surface as an inert solid by adsorption or chemical bonding.
Advantages-
Both qualitative and quantitative analyses are possible.
The instrument is simple, time of analysis is short.
High sensitivity.
The method is applicable to about 60% of organic compounds.
Very small sample sizes can be used.
Analysis can be highly accurate and precise.
Applications-
Quality control and analysis of drug products like antibiotics (penicillin), antivirals (amantadine), general anesthetics (chloroform, ether), sedatives/hypnotics (barbiturates), etc.
Assay of drugs – purity of a compound can be determined for drugs like :
Atropine sulfate
Clove oil
Stearic acid
In determining the levels of metabolites in body fluids like plasma, serum, urine, etc
Estimation of spoilage components, such as histamine and carbonyls, that cause rancidity.
Validation of a Model for Ice Formation around Finned TubesIJERA Editor
Phase change materials although attaractive option for thermal storage applications its main drawback is the slow thermal response during charging and discharging processes due to their low thermal conductivity. The present study validates a model developed by the authors some years ago on radial fins as a method to meliorate the thermal performance of PCM in horizontal storage system. The developed model for the radial finned tube is based on pure conduction, the enthalpy approach and was discretized by the finite difference method. Experiments were realized specifically to validate the model and its numerical predictions.
Optimization of Turning Parameters Using Taguchi MethodIJMER
Abstract: Today in manufacturing and metal industries customer satisfaction is very important to
make own place in competitive market and also to make mirror image with faith in the heart of
customer, because customer gives preference to buy good quality product. In the metal and
manufacturing industries for the product low surface roughness is very important. Lowest surface
roughness assures not only good quality but also reduces manufacturing cost. In this paper the main
objective is to study effect of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on surface roughness of mild steel
in turning operation and as a result of that the combination of optimum level of factors was obtained to
get lowest surface roughness. Experiments have been conducted using Taguchi’s experimental design
technique. An orthogonal array, signal to noise ratio, and analysis of variance are employed to
investigate cutting characteristics of mild steel using high speed steel. Experimental results show that
among the cutting parameter cutting speed is the most significant machining parameter for surface
roughness followed by feed rate and depth of cut.
The Effects of Vehicle Speeds on Accident Frequency within Settlements along ...IJMER
Literature provides overwhelming evidence that a strong relationship exist between
vehicle speed and accident risk, and an outcome severity in the event of an accident. Excessive speed
is said to be a major causal factor of road accidents on trunk roads; contributing 60% of all vehicular
accidents. However, speed rationalization measures implemented on a number of trunk roads in
Ghana have realized very little success. This study therefore investigated the effects of vehicle speeds
on accident frequency within settlements along trunk roads. Data was collected on accidents, vehicle
speeds and other road and environment-related features for ninety-nine (99) settlements delineated
from four (4) trunk roads. Correlation analysis was employed to establish useful relationships and
provided insight into the contributions of relevant road and environmental-related variables to the
occurrence of road traffic accidents. Using the Negative Binomial error structure within the
Generalized Linear Model framework, core (flow-based) models were formulated based on accident
data and exposure variables (vehicle mileage, daily pedestrian flow and travel speed). Incremental
addition of relevant explanatory variables further expanded the core models into comprehensive
models. Findings indicate the main risk factors are number of accesses, daily pedestrian flow and
total vehicle kilometers driven, as vehicle speed did not appear to influence the occurrence of road
traffic accidents within settlements along trunk roads. In settlement corridors, mitigating accident
risks should not focus only on traffic calming but rather on measures that reduce pedestrian and
vehicular conflict situations as well as improve conspicuity around junctions
An Inclusive Analysis on Various Image Enhancement TechniquesIJMER
Digital Image enhancement is the process of adjusting digital images so that the results are
more suitable for display or further image analysis. It provides a multitude of choices for improving the
visual quality of images or to provide a “better transform representation for future automated image
processing. The enhancement technique differs from one field to another field. The existing techniques
of image enhancement can be classified into two categories: Spatial Domain and Frequency domain
enhancement. Many images like satellite images, medical images, aerial images and even real life
photographs suffer from poor contrast and noise. It improves the quality (clarity) of images for human
viewing by eradicating blurs, noise, increasing contrast, and revealing image details.
Swarm Intelligence: An Application of Ant Colony OptimizationIJMER
Swarm intelligence, a branch of artificial intelligence is a part which discusses the collective
behaviour of social animals such as ants, fishes, termites, birds, bacteria. The collective behaviour of
animals to achieve target can be used in practical applications. One of the applications is ant colony
optimization. Ongoing research of ACO, there are diverse applications namely data mining, image
processing, power electronic circuit design etc. One of that is network routing. By using ACO, we can
find the shortest path in network routing
Testing of Already Existing and Developing New Compaction Equations during C...IJMER
Powder Metallurgy (P/M) processing of materials to produce conventional P/M parts
involve the compaction of the pre-determined mass of individual elemental, mixed elemental metal
powders or alloy powders and or composite powders into green compacts and sintering them under
reducing atmosphere and or under other protective coatings, thus, after sintering producing
products after mild machining operations. Therefore, compaction represents one of the most
important stages in the production of engineering components using the P/M route. However, the
physical properties such as density and the stress distribution in the green compacts are determined
not only by the properties of the constituents of the powder or the powder blend, but, also by the
pressing modes and schedules. Thus, the present investigation pertains to generate experimental
data on the compaction behaviour of Fe-1.05% graphitesystems with two different iron particle size
ranges and two different powder masses in order to highlight the various aspects of compaction and
also testing out the already existing compaction equations and search for the new ones. Powder
blends of two different iron powder particle size ranges, namely, -106+53µm and -150+106µm
respectively were blended with the required amount of graphite powder of 3 – 5 µm sizes for a
period of 32 hours. Compaction studies have been carried out for two different amounts of both
powder blends. The two amounts taken were 65g and 85g respectively. However, the main attempt
was made to record the load and the corresponding heights and the top punch displacements for
every two tons (0.02MN) of load which was applied in the steps of 0.02MN. Various equations for
compaction were attempted empirically and the already existing ones were also tested. Critical
analysis of the experimental data and the calculated parameters have resulted into several
compaction equations which were arrived at empirically. The regression coefficient ‘R2
’ in each
case where compactions equations were empirically obtained was in very much close proximity to
unity. However, it has been also confirmed that the data of the present investigation were well
taken up by the earlier compactions equations, thus, validating them comprehensively.
Impact of Mechanical System in Machining Of AISI 1018 Using Taguchi Design o...IJMER
The imperative objective of the science of metal cutting is the solution of practical problems
associated with the efficient and precise removal of metal from work piece. Optimization of process
parameters is done to have great control over quality, productivity and cost aspects of the process.
Taguchi method stresses the importance of studying the response variation using the signal–to–noise
(S/N) ratio, resulting in minimization of quality characteristic variation due to uncontrollable
parameter. Orthogonal array was adopted in order to planning the (L9) experimental runs in turning of
AISI 1018 by taking the help of software Minitab 16. The MRR and time
Crack Detection of Ferromagnetic Materials through Non Destructive Testing Me...IJMER
The real components have so many defects in the material, which acts as a crack. In fact,
manufacturing of a component is not ideal. In manufacturing several kinds of defects are generated
like voids and inclusions. Thus, it must be check all the critical components through non-destructive
techniques (NDT) to detect the potential dangerous cracks. In Certain crucial components such as
Airplanes, Space Vehicles, Nuclear Plants, Heavy Machinery, Dams, Concrete etc., online monitoring
of defects is necessary. Concrete is different from other construction materials. Concrete can be made
from combination of different materials. Its final properties depend on its treatment at construction
site. To achieve this, sophisticated technologies are used. Ferromagnetic Composite Iron (FCI) is
used in power generating devices and DC brushless Motors. Laminations can be substituted by
Ferromagnetic Composite Iron (FCI) materials which offer a great manufacturing advantage. Non
Destructive testing (NDT) is a major part of quality control. In Non-Destructive testing (NDT)
different materials are tested for surface, volumetric and internal defects present in it. Non
Destructive testing (NDT) is also an assurance that the proposed product is good and reliable. To
apply these techniques, a certain level of skills is very necessary so that maximum amount of
information is fetched related to the proposed product during testing. This paper deals with the Non
Destructive Testing Methodology Used for crack detection in ferromagnetic materials.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Health Risk Assessment of Radon-222 Concentration in Some Imported Cosmetics ...Dr. Mohamed Saad Seoud
Abstract
The health hazards of the radioactive gas radon on general public are well known. In this paper, I studied
the concentration of radon gas in some imported cosmetics samples in order to understand the level and distribution
of 222Rn concentrations in imported cosmetics samples from different origins (original & non-original famous brands)
from local beauty centers in Kuwait by using alpha-emitters registrations that emitted from radon gas in CR-39 nuclear
track detector. The obtained results have shown that the highest value of radon gas concentration in imported cosmetics
samples which recorded (17.83 Bq.m-3) for FLORMAR - (Loose Powder) sample, while the lowest value of radon gas
concentration in imported cosmetics samples was (3.66 Bq.m-3) for MAX FACTOR X - (Translucent Loose Face Powder)
sample. The present results show that the radon gas concentration in all imported cosmetics samples is below the allowed
limit from International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP) agency.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Influence of chimney effect on the radon effective dose of the lung simulated...IOSR Journals
One of the well-known radon prone areas of the world is Ramsar in Iran, which is surrounded by the
Alborz Mountain in its southern part and Caspian Sea on the north. The annual effective dose in the district of
Talesh-Mahalleh is higher than the annual dose limits for radiation workers. In this study, the indoor radon
level and effective dose of the lung were estimated using a Prassi portable radon gas survey meter in a model
house containing top soil samples from different parts of Ramsar. For the extremely hot samples, the effective
dose of the lung in winter season was 27.75±2.55mSv, when the windows and exhaust part of chimney were
closed. However, when the chimney was turned on and the exhaust part of chimney was open, the effective dose
of the lung was reduced to 1.27±0.23mSv. Also the seasonal radon effective doses of the lung with other samples
were reduced to low values. The results suggest by using chimney effect and chimney heaters a significant
lessening of the radon seasonal effective dose in dwellings of Ramsar can be achieved.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on thermal ageing evaluation of epoxy ...eSAT Journals
Abstract This research concentrates on the thermal ageing of a full 3-coat system with sacrificial pigment (zinc rich) primer on mild steel where the temperature dependence test is conducted to explore the correlation between the coating resistances with the corrosion rate underneath the coating. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is introduced over a range of temperature to extract activation energies for the rate of controlling processes in the corrosion reactions. It is expected that the zinc rich primer does not form a barrier coating for the metal substrate rather it will be the most active component of the substrate in the electrochemistry. Full 3-coat system with zinc rich primer show the extracted activation energy from coating resistance is significantly lower than the activation energy extracted from the charge transfer resistance. This suggested that the coating resistance from EIS cannot be controlling the corrosion reaction. The activation energies generated for the corrosion process here (78–97 kJmol-1) are very much higher than those of ion transport through the coating (19–37 kJmol-1) during early immersion. Further interesting findings come from the activation energy trends over time particularly for the corrosion process which shown that the value is decreasing where at the end of exposure, the activation energy values for coating and charge transfer resistance become quite similar. It is suggested that at this stage ion transport in the coating might be controlling the corrosion process unlike at the beginning; the activation energy is getting smaller due to coating degradation. Index Terms: epoxy coating, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, thermal effect, zinc rich primer
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Similar to Measurement Of Rn222 Concentrations In The Air Of Peshraw & Darbandikhan Tunnels Located In Sulaimani Governorate Of Kurdistan Region-Iraq. (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Measurement Of Rn222 Concentrations In The Air Of Peshraw & Darbandikhan Tunnels Located In Sulaimani Governorate Of Kurdistan Region-Iraq.
1. International
OPEN
Journal
ACCESS
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
Measurement Of Rn222 Concentrations In The Air Of Peshraw &
Darbandikhan Tunnels Located In Sulaimani Governorate Of
Kurdistan Region-Iraq.
1
1
Kamal O. Abdullah, 2Ali H. Ahmed
Physic Dep.-Faculty of Science and Science Education- University of Sulaimani-Kurdistan region-Iraq
2
Physic Dep.-College of Science- University of Salahaddin- Erbil-Kurdistan region-Iraq
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to measure the radon concentration in the air inside
Darbandikhan and Peshraw tunnels located at Sulaimani governorate. The concentration of Rn 222 have been
determined using CR-39 Solid–State Nuclear Track Detector Technique. It was found that the range of
radon concentration inside Darbandikhan tunnel was (305.8 - 391.34) Bq/m3 , and that of Peshraw tunnel
was (2042.9 - 4277.89) Bq/m3. A concentration of several thousand Bq/m3 was observed at the inner most
area of the Peshraw tunnel towards southern geographic which indicates that the radon concentration in the
tunnel is basically governed by diffusion and mixing of radon gas with air.
Keywords: Radon-222 , SSNTD , activity , CR-39
I. INTRODUCTION
Radon is a naturally occurring noble gas (z=86) and all of its isotopes are radioactive. Because of its
chemical inertness it does not bond to the surface of material, in marked contrast to its heavy metal daughters.
From a health physics point of view, the main hazard is the alpha radiation dose to the lungs. This dose is
mainly due to direct radiation from inhaled dust particles on which the radon daughter nuclide ions have become
attached [1], therefore it’s necessary to study this type of gas in the tunnels and in closed positions. Due to its
long half life time (3.82d) relative to other isotopes, radon (Rn 222) (a gas member in the uranium decay series) is
considered to be the most significant isotope of radon problem in the environmental studies. the SSNTD (Solid
State Nuclear Track Detector) technique, make a popular and well-established method of measurement in a
large number of fields of radioactivity or nuclear interactions. The basis of this technique lies when heavy
charged particle traverse a dielectric medium, they are able to leave long – lived trails of damage that may be
observed either by transmission electron microscopy or under an ordinary optical microscope after etching the
medium using NaOH for 6 hrs at 70 Co temperature [2, 3].
The plastic SSNTD detectors are most widely used because they are more sensitive than crystal and
glass. The type of CR-39 polymer (a polly allydiglycol) Carbonate can record all charged nucleons (protons)
[2]. Cellulose nitrate and acetates can record alpha particles .The lexan ploy carbonate is one of the earliest
plastic SSNTD to be used which can record the nuclei of charge (z>6). The shape and type of damage position
on the film plastic detector depend on the mass, energy, the charge of the incident particle and on the type of
solid state detector [2, 4]. The damage volumes of these positions depend upon the above factors adding on the
type and concentration with temperature and time of chemical etching [3].
The interactions of radiation with these types of polymers occur due to degradation or molecular crossLinking with each other, these effects causing to change the polymer properties. Therefore, when radiation falls
(incident) on these polymers, it causes excitation and ionization, as well as causing to cut the bond and
producing damage traces on the polymer at the normal condition [5]. These traces have the capability to
interacting with alkaline solution like (NaOH) comparing with the undamaged regions. Due to this interaction
these regions have more energy than the others, then the chemical solution penetrate easily the radiate position
causing bracing with high depth and diameter which can observe by optical microscope [3].
In Sulaimani governorate, till now there is no base line data concerning the radon concentration
measurements in closed areas, especially for the Darbanikhan tunnel (located East-Southern of Sulaimani city,
constructed before 50 years ago) and for the Peshraw tunnel (at Northern of Sulaimani city which was
constructed before 4 years ago) where some ambiguities on their quality and health characteristics have been
mentioned. Therefore, this work has been adopted to assess the radon levels inside both of the tunnels in
comparison to the standard international values.
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 |
www.ijmer.com
| Vol. 4 | Iss. 1 | Jan. 2014 |68|
2. International
OPEN
Journal
ACCESS
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
II. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE & CALCULATION
In this work, Solid-State Nuclear Track Detector techniques has been employed by using CR-39
detectors which were fixed inside the steel chambers in a form of 1X1.5 cm plastic detector pieces, (Fig. 1). The
designed dosimeters have been suspended on the walls of tunnels at different positions along the tunnel. After
60 days of exposure the suspended dosimeters were collected.
Fig. (1): The designed dosimeter.
To calculate radon concentration using a dosimeter chamber, it’s necessary to determine the diffusion constant
(K) characteristic for the system using the relation [6]:
ρ = K Ca T
…………..(1)
Where Ρ- Track density Trcm2
K- Diffusion constant
Ca - Rn concentration in air space inside the steel chamber (Bqcm3)
T- Exposure time ( 60 days )
Then K can be calculated for the specified dimensions of the steel chamber [7]:
K = 1/4 (r)[2cos θt - rRα ] ……………….(2)
Where
r - chamber radius for the diffusion volume ( 3.25 cm)
θt - Threshold angle for the CR-39 detector (35o ) ,[7]
Rα - Range of α- particle in air from Rn
Rα can be calculated from this relation [8]:
R = (0.005 Eα + 0.285) Eα3/2 …………………..(3)
= 4.019cm (for alpha energy of 5.489 MeV)
Substituting these values in eq. (2), the diffusion constant is found to equal 0.058244 Tr.cm-2.hr-1/ Bq.m-3
For the present dosimeter
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Tables 1 & 2 presents the track density of α–particles on the CR-39 detectors within the dosimeters and
the measured Rn-concentrations for both tunnels:
Table 1 (Darbandikhan tunnel)
Position (m) at side of Sulaimany ρ(Tr/cm²)
Ca (Bq/m³)
---------------------------------------------------0
905.4
259.0824806
60
1153.8
330.1627635
120
1068.9
305.8684156
180
1134.9
324.7544811
240
1344.3
384.6748163
300
1316.7
376.7770071
360
1222.3
349.7642103
420
1120
320.4908088
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 |
www.ijmer.com
| Vol. 4 | Iss. 1 | Jan. 2014 |69|
3. International
OPEN
Journal
ACCESS
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
480
1079.3
308.8444017
540
1320.4
377.8357714
600
1367.6
391.3421697
660
1251.3
358.0626331
720
1210
346.2445345
780
1173.6
335.8285832
840
1350.6
386.4775771
Table 2 (Peshraw tunnel)
(Peshraw Tunnel)
at side of Sulaimany position (m)
---------------------------------0
Ρ(Tr/cm²)
--------11334.1
Ca(Bq/m³)
-----------3243.281139
100
9353.4
2676.498867
200
10516.6
3009.351464
300
14949.7
4277.894146
400
11805.7
3378.230662
500
10584.5
3028.781219
600
11719.2
3353.47847
700
14462.4
4138.452029
800
13450.9
3849.008768
900
12253.7
3506.426985
1000
14564.5
4167.6682
1100
10998.9
3147.362818
1200
7762.5
2221.258842
1300
8294.8
2373.577822
1400
8897.5
2546.041939
1500
8205.8
2348.110249
1600
9088.7
2600.754298
1700
9931.8
2842.009477
1800
8182.2
2341.35705
1900
8756
2505.551359
2000
7139.3
2042.928599
2100
7860
2249.158712
2200
5378
1538.928187
From Table 1, the radon concentration at the gates of Darbandikhan tunnel were 259.08 Bq/m3 and
386.48 Bq/m3, and along the tunnel length (800m) were ranges between (305.8 – 391.3) Bq/m3. From Table 2,
the radon concentration at the gates of Peshraw tunnel were 3243.28 Bq/m3 and 1538.93 Bq/m3, and along the
tunnel length (2200m) were ranges between (2042.93 – 4277.89) Bq/m3. In both tables, a higher radon
concentration have been recorded at one of the tunnel gates (386.48 Bq/m3 for Darbandikhan and 3243.28
Bq/m3 for Peshraw tunnel). This may be referred to the regional wind currents that are lower in compare to the
other side which exposes to higher air currents. The distribution of radon concentration within Darbandikhan
and Peshraw tunnels are shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively.
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 |
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| Vol. 4 | Iss. 1 | Jan. 2014 |70|
4. International
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Journal
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Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
Figure (2): Variation of Radon Concentration with distances from gate of Darbandikhan tunnel.
Figure (3): Variation of Radon Concentration with distances from gate of Peshraw tunnel.
In both figures, and in the same manner, two peaks have been appeared at approximately same
distances from the tunnel ends. This phenomenon reveals that the radon concentration decreases with distance
from inside to outside of the tunnel. At the center of the tunnel, the radon emanation from the rocks was directed
toward the lower concentration regions at the ends, but the air directed inside of the tunnel from the gates retards
this translation and causing accumulation at the indicated regions. Furthermore, these observations lead to the
conclusion that the variation of the radon concentration in the tunnel air is mainly caused by a convection
current due to stack effect induced by the temperature difference between the tunnel air and the outside air [9].
In general, the ventilation in both of the tunnels not exists. So the radon concentration levels were
higher than those recorded for a tunnel in Korea 95.1 Bq/ m 3 [10], while they are still lower than those recorded
for a tunnel in Japan 6500 Bq/m3 [9]. Nevertheless, it is necessary for the tunnels to have good ventilation for
decreasing high radon concentrations and the other none desired gas concentrations.
From the results, it was clear that the radon concentration in Peshraw tunnel was higher than that of
Darbandikhan tunnel which is attributed mainly to the length excess of Peshraw tunnel over that of
Darbandikhan tunnel (about three times) that causes more trapping of radon gas to higher concentrations.
On the other hand, the operations of making tunnels involve drilling of the mountains with different
geological formations and then covering the walls inside the tunnels with a large nugget of cement. In this work,
the geology of the area is predominantly characterized by metamorphic rocks, these kinds of rocks usually rich
in uranium minerals which is also be a radon source [11].
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 |
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| Vol. 4 | Iss. 1 | Jan. 2014 |71|
5. International
OPEN
Journal
ACCESS
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
IV. CONCLUSION
In this work, the concentration of Rn was found very high in the Peshraw tunnel comparing to
Darbandikhan tunnel due to the length difference. Both of the tunnels left without ventilation which causes
higher radon concentration comparing to that of Korea but they are smaller than that of Japan due to geology
and environmental formations.
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Radiation measurement ,vol. 22,(1-4) , pp(281-282),1993.
Michael F. L’ Annun Ziata “Radioactivity ( Introduction and History) “ 2007. Elsevier.
Muramatsu H., Tashiro Y., Hasegawa N. Misawa C., Minami M.” Seasonal Variation of Rn 222 concentrations in
the air of a tunnel located in Nagano city” , Environ Radioactive , Vol. 60 , No. 3 ,
pp (263 -274), 2002 .
Sangjun C. , Seonghin L. , Sanghguk Y., “ Subway Workers Exposure to Radon in Korea” Womju Institute for
Occupational and Environmental health, Korea , June 25-2012.
S. Verdelocco , D. Walker , P. Turkowsky, “Radon concentration in the Tunnels of a hydroelectric power station
under construction in Italy” Radioactivity in the Environment, Vol. 7, pp (215 – 220), 2005.
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