This document defines acids and bases according to different theories and discusses their role in physiology. It begins by explaining Arrhenius' definition of acids and bases as substances that release hydrogen and hydroxide ions in water. It then discusses Brønsted-Lowry's expanded definition of acids and bases as proton donors and acceptors and introduces conjugate acid-base pairs. Finally, it discusses the physiological pH range, sources of acid in the body like metabolism and errors, and buffering systems that maintain pH homeostasis.
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Organic compound nomenclature (ALkanes, ALKYL GROUP, ALKENE, ALKYNES)Tasneem Ahmad
for vedio click on this linkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzIxkWDlf5Q&feature=youtu.be
Organic compound nomenclature (ALkanes, ALKYL GROUP, ALKENE, ALKYNES)
The complete presentation on Organic Compound, IMPORTANCE, PROPERTIES, SOURCE, USED, Nomenclature Of Organic Compound
Nitric acid Preparation & Uses
CHILE SALTPETRE METHOD (By NaNO3/KNO3)
BRIKLAND EYDE’S METHOD BY USING AIR
Raw material:
Basis: Nitric acid (95% yields), Sodium Nitrate, Sulfuric acid
Process
The decomposition of sodium nitrate (Chili saltpetre) still remains one of the most important processes for the manufacture of nitric acid. The complete reaction shown by the equation 2NaNO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2HNO3 at a relatively low temperature (200° C.), The plant consists of
a retort,
condenser,
receiver, and
absorbing system for the oxides of nitrogen.
OSTWALD ’S METHOD BY AMMONIA SOLVEY PROCESS
This is a summary of the topic "Carboxylic Acids" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
1st year Organic Chem in Nursing-my group's powerpoint presentation. Enjoy! Not responsible for any error in information..it's been 3 years and I'm not sure if I corrected the information after we presented and were critiqued
Acids and bases buffers ARRHENIUS CONCEPT
THE LEWIS CONCEPT-THE ELECTRON DONOR ACCEPTOR SYSTEM
BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT (PROTON TRANSFER
THEORY
buffer action
ph scale
buffer capacity
acid base balance
isotonicity method
isotonic soltions
buffer solutions in pharmaceutical preparations
Organic compound nomenclature (ALkanes, ALKYL GROUP, ALKENE, ALKYNES)Tasneem Ahmad
for vedio click on this linkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzIxkWDlf5Q&feature=youtu.be
Organic compound nomenclature (ALkanes, ALKYL GROUP, ALKENE, ALKYNES)
The complete presentation on Organic Compound, IMPORTANCE, PROPERTIES, SOURCE, USED, Nomenclature Of Organic Compound
Nitric acid Preparation & Uses
CHILE SALTPETRE METHOD (By NaNO3/KNO3)
BRIKLAND EYDE’S METHOD BY USING AIR
Raw material:
Basis: Nitric acid (95% yields), Sodium Nitrate, Sulfuric acid
Process
The decomposition of sodium nitrate (Chili saltpetre) still remains one of the most important processes for the manufacture of nitric acid. The complete reaction shown by the equation 2NaNO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2HNO3 at a relatively low temperature (200° C.), The plant consists of
a retort,
condenser,
receiver, and
absorbing system for the oxides of nitrogen.
OSTWALD ’S METHOD BY AMMONIA SOLVEY PROCESS
This is a summary of the topic "Carboxylic Acids" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
1st year Organic Chem in Nursing-my group's powerpoint presentation. Enjoy! Not responsible for any error in information..it's been 3 years and I'm not sure if I corrected the information after we presented and were critiqued
Acids and bases buffers ARRHENIUS CONCEPT
THE LEWIS CONCEPT-THE ELECTRON DONOR ACCEPTOR SYSTEM
BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT (PROTON TRANSFER
THEORY
buffer action
ph scale
buffer capacity
acid base balance
isotonicity method
isotonic soltions
buffer solutions in pharmaceutical preparations
Acid base Theories
Role of the solvents
Acid base dissociation constant,
Relative strength of acids and bases
Distribution of acid base species with pH
Buffer solution
Henderson Hasselbalch equation,
Indicators, Mixed indicators
Different type of titrations (Neutralization curves)
Polyprotic systems,
Phosphoric acid system,
Polyamine and amino acid systems.
Titration of sodium carbonate
Lavoisier definition
Liebig definition
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base
Lewis Acid and Base
Solvent-system Concept
Lux-Flood Concept
Pearson’s Concept
Historically, the first of the scientific concepts of acids and bases was provided by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, circa 1776.
Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxyacids, which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, such as HNO3 and H2SO4, and he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids, HCl, HBr, and HI. From his limited knowledge,
He defined acids in terms of their content of oxygen, and he named oxygen from Greek words meaning "acid-former"
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
Arrhenius
►Arrhenius suggested that acids are compounds that contain
hydrogen and can dissolve in water to release hydrogen ions into
solution. For example, hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissolves in water as
follows:
H2O
HCl (g) → H+
(aq) + Cl-
(aq)
3. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
►Arrhenius defined bases as substances that dissolve in water to
release hydroxide ions (OH-) into solution. For example, a typical base
according to the Arrhenius definition is sodium hydroxide (NaOH):
H2O
NaOH (s) → Na+
(aq) + OH-
(aq)
4. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
►The Arrhenius definition of acids and bases explains a number of
things. Arrhenius's theory explains why all acids have similar
properties to each other (and, conversely, why all bases are similar):
because all acids release H+ into solution (and all bases release OH-).
5. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
►The Arrhenius definition also explains Boyle's observation that acids
and bases counteract each other. This idea, that a base can make an
acid weaker, and vice versa, is called neutralization.
6. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
►Neutralization: As you can see from the equations, acids release H+
into solution and bases release OH-. If we were to mix an acid and
base together, the H+ ion would combine with the OH- ion to make
the molecule H2O, or plain water:
►H+
(aq) + OH-
(aq) → H2O
8. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
►Limitations of Arrhenius
►The Arrhenius definition does not explain why some substances,
such as common baking soda (NaHCO3), can act like a base even
though they do not contain hydroxide ions.
9. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
Brǿnsted-Lowry 1923
An acid is any chemical species that donates a proton to
another chemical species (proton donor)
A base is any chemical species that accepts a proton
from another chemical species (Proton acceptor)
10. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
►The Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids is very similar to the
Arrhenius definition, any substance that can donate a hydrogen ion is
an acid (under the Brønsted definition, acids are often referred to as
proton donors because an H+ ion, hydrogen minus its electron, is
simply a proton).
11. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
►The Brønsted definition of bases is, however, quite different from the
Arrhenius definition. Arrhenius base releases hydroxyl ions whereas
the Brønsted base is defined as any substance that can accept a
hydrogen ion.
12. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
►The Brønsted-Lowry definition includes the Arrhenius bases so
►NaOH and KOH, as we saw above, would still be considered bases
because they can accept an H+ from an acid to form water.
►But it extends the concept of a base and introduces the concept of
conjugate acid-base pairs
13. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
The removal of a proton (hydrogen ion) from an acid produces its
conjugate base, which is the acid with a hydrogen ion removed, and
the reception of a proton by a base produces its conjugate acid,
which is the base with a hydrogen ion added
14. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
►The Brønsted-Lowry definition also explains why substances that do
not contain OH- ions can act like bases.
►Baking soda (NaHCO3), for example, acts like a base by accepting a
hydrogen ion from an acid as illustrated below:
►Acid Base Salt
►HCl + NaHCO3 → H2CO3 + NaCl
15. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
►Lewis definition 1923
►A substance that can accept an electron pair from a base; thus, AlCl3,
BF3, and SO3 are acids.
►The Lewis theory defines an acid as a species that can accept an
electron pair from another atom, and a base as a species that can
donate an electron pair to complete the valence shell of another
atom
16. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
pH
Under the Brønsted-Lowry definition, both acids and bases are
related to the concentration of hydrogen ions present. Acids increase
the concentration of hydrogen ions, while bases decrease the
concentration of hydrogen ions (by accepting them). The acidity or
basicity of something therefore can be measured by its hydrogen ion
concentration.
17. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Definitions
►In 1909, the Danish biochemist Sören Sörensen invented the pH
scale for measuring acidity. The pH scale is described by the formula:
►pH = -log [H+]
►Note: concentration is commonly abbreviated by using square
brackets, thus [H+] = hydrogen ion concentration. When measuring
pH, [H+] is in units of moles of H+ per litre of solution.
• If [H+] = 1 x 10 -7 M
• Then pH = 7
21. Dissociation of Weak Electrolytes
Consider a weak acid, HA
• The acid dissociation constant is given by:
• HA H+ + A-
• Ka = [ H + ] [ A - ]
____________________
[HA]
22. The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
• For any acid HA, the relationship between the pKa, the
concentrations existing at equilibrium and the
solution pH is given by:
• pH = pKa + log10
[ A¯ ]
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
[HA]
23.
24. Consider the Dissociation of Acetic Acid
Assume 0.1 eq base has been added to a fully
protonated solution of acetic acid
• The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be
used to calculate the pH of the solution:
With 0.1 eq OH¯ added:
• pH = pKa + log10
[0.1 ]
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
[0.9]
• pH = 4.76 + (-0.95)
• pH = 3.81
25. Consider the Dissociation of Acetic Acid
Another case....
• What happens if exactly 0.5 eq of base is
added to a solution of the fully protonated
acetic acid?
• With 0.5 eq OH¯ added:
• pH = pKa + log10
[0.5 ]
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
[0.5]
• pH = 4.76 + 0
• pH = 4.76 = pKa
26. Consider the Dissociation of Acetic Acid
A final case to consider....
• What is the pH if 0.9 eq of base is added to a
solution of the fully protonated acid?
• With 0.9 eq OH¯ added:
• pH = pKa + log10
[0.9 ]
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
[0.1]
• pH = 4.76 + 0.95
• pH = 5.71
29. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Physiology
More extreme/variable pH range
Digestive tract
Gastric Juice 1.0-3.0
Pancreatic Juice 8.0-8.3
Intercellular organelles
Lysosomal pH 4-5
Digestive and lysosomal enzymes function optimally at these
pH ranges
32. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Physiology
►Acid production from metabolism of food
• Sulphuric acid from metabolism of sulphur-containing amino acids of proteins
• Lactic acid from sugars
• Ketoacids from fats
33. Acid-Base Biochemistry
Physiology
►Acid production from metabolism of drugs
• Direct metabolism of drug to more acidic compound eg salicylates urates etc
• Induction of enzymes which metabolise other compounds (endogenous or
exogenous) to acids
