Operator overloading is a technique by which operators used in a programming language are implemented in user-defined types with customized logic that is based on the types of arguments passed.
Operator overloading is a technique by which operators used in a programming language are implemented in user-defined types with customized logic that is based on the types of arguments passed.
C++ and OOPS Crash Course by ACM DBIT | Grejo JobyGrejoJoby1
The slides from the C++ and OOPS Crash Course conducted for ACM DBIT by Grejo Joby.
Learn the concepts of OOPS and C++ Programming in the shortest time with these notes.
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Я расскажу о том, что такое feature flags, как они нам в Badoo помогают разрабатывать большие фичи итерационно, силами нескольких разработчиков, и не переживать из-за кода, уходящего в релизы.
И вы узнаете о том, как система таргетированной раскладки фич переросла в систему a/b-тестирования и как все это выглядит со стороны iOS-клиента
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Many Scala programmers have embraced functional programming, but the syntax and semantics of programming languages in the Haskell family remains a mystery. In this talk, Scala developers (and to some extent, Java developers) will see how the types, data structures, traits / interfaces, packages, and so forth translate into their PureScript counterparts.
Я расскажу о нестандартных особенностях языка для реальных проектов. Речь пойдет о том, зачем усложнять себе жизнь и какие преимущества это может дать.
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Halogen is a popular choice for building front-end user-interfaces with PureScript. Often described as a purely functional version of React, Halogen allows building user-interfaces by composing declarative, self-contained components, including effectful components those built from third-party Javascript libraries.
In this presentation, John presents a high-level summary of where Halogen has come from, how it works right now, and what are the main drawbacks to both FRP and React. John then suggests that incremental computation should be the foundation for the next major version of Halogen, and sketches out a possible way of achieving that in a declarative fashion.
The Easy-Peasy-Lemon-Squeezy, Statically-Typed, Purely Functional Programming...John De Goes
Maybe you've played around with functional programming before, but don't consider yourself a functional programmer. Or maybe you program functionally, but only in a dynamically-typed programming language. Or MAYBE you just like workshops with really long, ridiculously-sounding titles!
No matter, this workshop that teaches the super hot programming language PureScript is guaranteed to cure what ails you!
Come, learn about functions, learn about types, learn about data, and learn about how to smash them all together to build beautiful programs that are easy to test, easy to combine, and easy to reason about.
Become the functional programmer you were born to be!
C++ and OOPS Crash Course by ACM DBIT | Grejo JobyGrejoJoby1
The slides from the C++ and OOPS Crash Course conducted for ACM DBIT by Grejo Joby.
Learn the concepts of OOPS and C++ Programming in the shortest time with these notes.
Cocoaheads Meetup / Kateryna Trofimenko / Feature developmentBadoo Development
Я расскажу о том, что такое feature flags, как они нам в Badoo помогают разрабатывать большие фичи итерационно, силами нескольких разработчиков, и не переживать из-за кода, уходящего в релизы.
И вы узнаете о том, как система таргетированной раскладки фич переросла в систему a/b-тестирования и как все это выглядит со стороны iOS-клиента
All Aboard The Scala-to-PureScript Express!John De Goes
Many Scala programmers have embraced functional programming, but the syntax and semantics of programming languages in the Haskell family remains a mystery. In this talk, Scala developers (and to some extent, Java developers) will see how the types, data structures, traits / interfaces, packages, and so forth translate into their PureScript counterparts.
Я расскажу о нестандартных особенностях языка для реальных проектов. Речь пойдет о том, зачем усложнять себе жизнь и какие преимущества это может дать.
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- Когда и зачем использовать обобщения и вложенные типы
- Настоящее и будущее Swift
Halogen is a popular choice for building front-end user-interfaces with PureScript. Often described as a purely functional version of React, Halogen allows building user-interfaces by composing declarative, self-contained components, including effectful components those built from third-party Javascript libraries.
In this presentation, John presents a high-level summary of where Halogen has come from, how it works right now, and what are the main drawbacks to both FRP and React. John then suggests that incremental computation should be the foundation for the next major version of Halogen, and sketches out a possible way of achieving that in a declarative fashion.
The Easy-Peasy-Lemon-Squeezy, Statically-Typed, Purely Functional Programming...John De Goes
Maybe you've played around with functional programming before, but don't consider yourself a functional programmer. Or maybe you program functionally, but only in a dynamically-typed programming language. Or MAYBE you just like workshops with really long, ridiculously-sounding titles!
No matter, this workshop that teaches the super hot programming language PureScript is guaranteed to cure what ails you!
Come, learn about functions, learn about types, learn about data, and learn about how to smash them all together to build beautiful programs that are easy to test, easy to combine, and easy to reason about.
Become the functional programmer you were born to be!
This presentation is Unary operator overloading(prefix).
Here ,I try to describe how to Unary operator overloaded and its types with example. may be you can happily read this.
Operator Overloading
The keyword Operator
Overloading Unary Operator
Operator Return Type
Overloading Assignment Operator (=)
Rules for Overloading Operators
Inheritance
Reusability
Types of Inheritance
Virtual Base Classes
Object as a Class Member
Abstract Classes
Advantages of Inheritance
Disadvantages of Inheritance
This presentation explains about operator overloading in C++.
It explains how to overload using member functions and friend functions. It discusses about the operators which can be overloaded only using member function and the operators which cannot be overloaded.
The term overloading means ‘providing multiple definitions of’. Overloading of functions involves defining distinct functions which share the same name, each of which has a unique signature. Function overloading is appropriate for:
Defining functions which essentially do the same thing, but operate on different data types.
Providing alternate interfaces to the same function.
Function overloading is purely a programming convenience.
Operators are similar to functions in that they take operands (arguments) and return a value. Most of the built-in C++ operators are already overloaded. For example, the + operator can be used to add two integers, two reals, or two addresses. Therefore, it has multiple definitions. The built-in definitions of the operators are restricted to built-in types. Additional definitions can be provided by the programmer so that they can also operate on user-defined types. Each additional definition is implemented by a function.
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Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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2. Operator Overloading
An operator function is created using the keyword operator. Operator
functions can be either members or nonmembers of a class.
Nonmember operator functions are almost always friend functions of
the class
3. Creating a Member Operator Function
A member operator function takes this general form:
ret-type class-name::operator#(arg-list)
{
// operations
}
• Operator functions return an object of the class
they operate on,
• But ret-type can be any valid type.
• The # is a placeholder. When you create an
operator function, substitute the operator for the #.
4. First example of operator overloading.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class loc {
int longitude, latitude;
public:
loc() {}
loc(int lg, int lt) {
longitude = lg;
latitude = lt; }
void show() {
cout << longitude << " ";
cout << latitude << "n";
}
loc operator+(loc op2);
};// Overload + for loc.
loc loc::operator+(loc op2)
{
loc temp;
temp.longitude = op2.longitude +
longitude;
temp.latitude = op2.latitude + latitude;
return temp;
}
int main()
{
loc ob1(10, 20), ob2( 5, 30);
ob1.show(); // displays 10 20
ob2.show(); // displays 5 30
ob1 = ob1 + ob2;
ob1.show(); // displays 15 50
return 0;
5. Creating a Member Operator Function
• Operator+() has only one parameter even though
it overloads the binary + operator.
• The reason that operator+() takes only one
parameter is that the operand on the left side of the
+ is passed implicitly to the function through The
this pointer.
• The operand on the right is passed in the
parameter op2.
• It is common for an overloaded operator function to
return an object of the class it operates upon.
• (ob1+ob2).show(); // displays outcome of ob1+ob2
• In this situation, ob1+ob2 generates a temporary
object that ceases to exist after the call to show()
terminates.
6. The next program adds three additional
overloaded operators to the loc class: the –,
the =, and the unary ++.
• Operator+() has only one parameter even though
it overloads the binary + operator.
• The reason that operator+() takes only one
parameter is that the operand on the left side of the
+ is passed implicitly to the function through The
this pointer.
• The operand on the right is passed in the
parameter op2.
• It is common for an overloaded operator function to
return an object of the class it operates upon.
• (ob1+ob2).show(); // displays outcome of ob1+ob2
• In this situation, ob1+ob2 generates a temporary
7. Overloading Constructor Functions:
The next program adds three additional overloaded operators to the loc
class: the –, the =, and the unary ++.
class loc {
int longitude, latitude;
public:
loc() {} // needed to
construct temporaries
loc(int lg, int lt) {
longitude = lg;
latitude = lt;
}
void show() {
cout << longitude << " ";
cout << latitude << "n";
loc operator+(loc op2);
loc operator-(loc op2);
loc operator=(loc op2);
loc operator++();
};// Overload + for loc.
loc loc::operator+(loc op2)
{
loc temp;
temp.longitude = op2.longitude +
longitude;
temp.latitude = op2.latitude + latitude;
return temp;
}
// Overload - for loc.
loc loc::operator-(loc op2)
{
loc temp;
// notice order of operands
temp.longitude = longitude -
op2.longitude;
9. loc operator++(int x);
If the ++ precedes its operand, the operator++() function is called. If the ++
follows its operand, the operator++(int x) is called and x has the value
zero.
Here are the general forms for the prefix and postfix ++ and – – operator
functions.
Creating Prefix and Postfix Forms of the
Increment and Decrement Operators
// Prefix increment
type operator++( ) {
// body of prefix
operator
}
// Postfix increment
type operator++(int x) {
// body of postfix
operator
// Prefix decrement
type operator– –( ) {
// body of prefix
operator
}
// Postfix decrement
type operator– –(int x) {
// body of postfix
operator
10. Overloading the Shorthand Operators
loc loc::operator+=(loc op2)
{
longitude = op2.longitude + longitude;
latitude = op2.latitude + latitude;
return *this;
}
When overloading one of these operators, keep in mind that you are simply
combining an assignment with another type of operation.
11. Operator Overloading Restrictions
There are some restrictions that apply to operator overloading.
You cannot alter the precedence of an operator.
You cannot change the number of operands that an operator takes.
operator functions cannot have default arguments. Finally,these
operators cannot be overloaded:
. : : .* ?
12. Operator Overloading Using a Friend Function
You can overload an operator for a class by using a nonmember function,
which is usually a friend of the class. Since a friend function is not a
member of the class, it does not have a this pointer.
You can overload an operator for a class by using a nonmember function,
which is usually a friend of the class. Since a friend function is not a
member of the class, it does not have a this pointer
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class loc {
int longitude, latitude;
public:
loc() {} // needed to construct
temporaries
loc(int lg, int lt) {
longitude = lg;
latitude = lt;
}
void show() {
cout << longitude << " ";
cout << latitude << "n";
}
friend loc operator+(loc op1, loc op2); //
now a friend
loc operator-(loc op2);
loc operator=(loc op2);
loc operator++();
};
// Now, + is overloaded using friend
function.
loc operator+(loc op1, loc op2)
{
loc temp;
temp.longitude = op1.longitude +
op2.longitude;
temp.latitude = op1.latitude +
op2.latitude;
13. Operator Overloading Using a Friend Function
// Overload - for loc.
loc loc::operator-(loc op2)
{
loc temp;
// notice order of operands
temp.longitude = longitude -
op2.longitude;
temp.latitude = latitude - op2.latitude;
return temp;
}
// Overload assignment for
loc loc::operator=(loc op2)
{
longitude = op2.longitude;
latitude = op2.latitude;
return *this; // i.e., return object that
generated call
// Overload ++ for loc.
loc loc::operator++()
{
longitude++;
latitude++;
return *this;
}
int main()
{
loc ob1(10, 20), ob2( 5,
30);
ob1 = ob1 + ob2;
ob1.show();
return 0;
}
14. Operator Overloading Using a Friend Function
There are some restrictions that apply
to friend operator functions.
First, you may not overload the =, ( ), [
], or –> operators by using a friend
function.
Second, as explained in the next
section, when overloading the
increment or decrement operators,
you will need to use a reference
15. Using a Friend to Overload ++ or – –
If you want to use a friend function to overload the increment or decrement operators, you
must pass the operand as a reference parameter. his is because friend functions do not
have this pointers.
The main goal of unary operator modificatin value of variable.
Normaly friend function worked as a call by value so there is no way to modifi value of
variable without passing reference.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class loc {
int longitude, latitude;
public:
loc() {}
loc(int lg, int lt) {
longitude = lg;
latitude = lt; }
void show() {
cout << longitude << " ";
cout << latitude << "n";
}
loc operator=(loc op2);
friend loc operator++(loc
&op);
friend loc operator--(loc &op);
16. Using a Friend to Overload ++ or – –
// Make op-- a friend; use reference.
loc operator--(loc &op)
{
op.longitude--;
op.latitude--;
return op;
}
int main()
{
loc ob1(10, 20), ob2;
ob1.show();
++ob1;
ob1.show(); // displays 11 21
ob2 = ++ob1;
ob2.show(); // displays 12 22
--ob2;
ob2.show(); // displays 11 21
return 0;
}
// Overload assignment for loc.
loc loc::operator=(loc op2)
{
longitude = op2.longitude;
latitude = op2.latitude;
return *this; // i.e., return object
that generated call
}
// Now a friend; use a reference
parameter.
loc operator++(loc &op)
{
op.longitude++;
op.latitude++;
return op;
}
17. Overloading new and delete
It is possible to overload new and delete. You might choose to do this if
you want
to use some special allocation method.
The skeletons for the functions that overload new and delete are
shown here:
// Allocate an object.
void *operator new(size_t size)
{
/* Perform allocation. Throw bad_alloc on failure.
Constructor called automatically. */
return pointer_to_memory;
}
// Delete an object.
void operator delete(void *p)
{
/* Free memory pointed to by p.
Destructor called automatically. */
}
18. Overloading new and delete
// new
{
void *p;
cout << "In overloaded new.n";
p = malloc(size);
if(!p) {
bad_alloc ba;
throw ba;
}
return p;
}// delete overloaded relative to loc.
void loc::operator delete(void *p)
{
cout << "In overloaded delete.n";
free(p); }
overloaded for the loc class:
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <new>
using namespace std;
class loc {
int longitude, latitude;
public:
loc() {}
loc(int lg, int lt) {
longitude = lg;
latitude = lt;
}
void show() {
cout << longitude << " ";
cout << latitude << "n";
}
void *operator new(size_t
size);
19. Overloading new and delete
p1->show();
p2->show();
delete p1;
c e
delete p2;
return 0;
}
Output from this program is shown
here.
In overloaded new.
In overloaded new.
10 20
-10 -20
In overloaded delete.
In overloaded delete.
int main()
{
loc *p1, *p2;
try {
p1 = new loc (10, 20);
} catch (bad_alloc xa) {
cout << "Allocation error for
p1.n";
return 1;
}
try {
p2 = new loc (-10, -20);
} catch (bad_alloc xa) {
cout << "Allocation error for
p2.n";
return 1;;
}
20. Overloading the nothrow Version of new and delete
// Nothrow version of new.
void *operator new(size_t size, const nothrow_t &n)
{
// Perform allocation.
if(success) return pointer_to_memory;
else return 0;
}// Nothrow version of new for arrays.
void *operator new[](size_t size, const nothrow_t &n)
{// Perform allocation.
if(success) return pointer_to_memory;
else return 0;
}void operator delete(void *p, const nothrow_t &n)
{
// free memory
}
void operator delete[](void *p, const nothrow_t &n)
{
// free memory
}