The document discusses operator overloading in C++. It explains that functions are identified by their name, parameters, and const qualifiers rather than return type. Operator overloading allows classes to define operations like + and - by overloading functions like operator+. The document provides examples of overloading operators for a Complex number class to allow mathematical operations on Complex objects. It discusses overloading operators as member and non-member functions and considerations like const-correctness and precedence when overloading operators.
This presentation is Unary operator overloading(prefix).
Here ,I try to describe how to Unary operator overloaded and its types with example. may be you can happily read this.
This presentation is Unary operator overloading(prefix).
Here ,I try to describe how to Unary operator overloaded and its types with example. may be you can happily read this.
In computer programming, operator overloading, sometimes termed operator ad hoc polymorphism, is a specific case of polymorphism, where different operators have different implementations depending on their arguments. Operator overloading is generally defined by a programming language, a programmer, or both.
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In computer programming, operator overloading, sometimes termed operator ad hoc polymorphism, is a specific case of polymorphism, where different operators have different implementations depending on their arguments. Operator overloading is generally defined by a programming language, a programmer, or both.
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This presentation explains about operator overloading in C++.
It explains how to overload using member functions and friend functions. It discusses about the operators which can be overloaded only using member function and the operators which cannot be overloaded.
The term overloading means ‘providing multiple definitions of’. Overloading of functions involves defining distinct functions which share the same name, each of which has a unique signature. Function overloading is appropriate for:
Defining functions which essentially do the same thing, but operate on different data types.
Providing alternate interfaces to the same function.
Function overloading is purely a programming convenience.
Operators are similar to functions in that they take operands (arguments) and return a value. Most of the built-in C++ operators are already overloaded. For example, the + operator can be used to add two integers, two reals, or two addresses. Therefore, it has multiple definitions. The built-in definitions of the operators are restricted to built-in types. Additional definitions can be provided by the programmer so that they can also operate on user-defined types. Each additional definition is implemented by a function.
Introduction to C Language - Version 1.0 by Mark John LadoMark John Lado, MIT
The C programming language is a general-purpose, high – level language (generally denoted as structured language). C programming language was at first developed by Dennis M. Ritchie at At&T Bell Labs.
C is one of the most commonly used programming languages. It is simple and efficient therefore it becomes best among all. It is used in all extents of application, mainly in the software development.
Many software's & applications as well as the compilers for the other programming languages are written in C also Operating Systems like Unix, DOS and windows are written in C.
C has many powers, it is simple, stretchy and portable, and it can control system hardware easily. It is also one of the few languages to have an international standard, ANSI C.
(7) cpp abstractions inheritance_part_iiNico Ludwig
- C++11: Explicit Overrides and final Methods
- Run Time Type Identification (RTTI) and dynamic_cast
- protected Members
- Abstract Types with pure virtual Member Functions
- Virtual Destructors
- Inheritance and Operators
Belajar dasar-dasar bahasa mandarin untuk percakapan (bagian 2) di restoran.
Slide ini merupakan perangkat ajar untuk Pelajaran Bahasa Mandarin Paket C - Taiwan.
Disunting oleh: Hadziq Fabroyir 哈明飛
Belajar dasar-dasar bahasa mandarin untuk percakapan (bagian 1).
Slide ini merupakan perangkat ajar untuk Pelajaran Bahasa Mandarin Paket C - Taiwan.
Disunting oleh: Hadziq Fabroyir 哈明飛
This slide elaborates how to inquiry courses and select courses at National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST). All the things are done online.
Terinspirasi dari presentasi Randy Pausch (Profesor dari Carnegie Mellon University) tentang Time Management.
Slide dapat diunduh sebagai dokumen PDF yang telah dilengkapi "Presentation Notes" di pojok kiri masing-masing slide.
Tulisan di dalamnya campuran bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris . :]
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
#OOP_D_ITS - 5th - C++ Oop Operator Overloading
1. C++ OOP :: Operator Overloading 06/10/2009 1 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS
2. Function Signatures A function signature is what the compiler and linker use to identify a function. In C , functions are identified only by their name In C++ , a function’s signature includes its name, parameters, and (for member functions) const. It does NOT include the return type. 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 2
3. Ex: C++ swap( ) Function We still need separate functions, but they can all have the same name. For Examples: void swap (int& a, int& b); void swap (double& a, double& b); void swap (struct bob& a, struct bob& b); 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 3
4. Operator Overloading Overview Many C++ operator are already overloaded for primitive types. Examples: + - * / << >> It is often convenient for our classes to imitate the operations available on primitive types (e.g., + or - ). Then we can use the same concise notation for manipulating our objects. 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 4
5. Ex: Complex Number Class class Complex {public: Complex (int real = 0, int imagine = 0); int getReal ( ) const; int getImagine ( ) const; void setReal (int n); void setImagine (int d); private: int real; int imagine; }; 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 5
6. Using Complex Class It makes sense to want to perform mathematical operations with Complex objects. Complex C1 (3, 5), C2 (5, 9), C3; C3 = C1 + C2; // addition C2 = C3 * C1; // subtraction C1 = -C2; // negation 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 6
7. Operators Are Really Functions For user-defined types, when you use an operator, you are making a function call. Consider the expression: C2 + C1 This is translated into a function call. The name of the function is “operator+” The call is: C2.operator+(C1); 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 7
8. Declaring operator+As a Member Function class Complex { public: const Complex operator+ (const Complex &operand) const; … }; Note all of the const’s! 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 8
10. Using operator+ We can now write C3 = C2 + C1; We can also use cascading operators. C4 = C3 + C2 + C1; And we can write C3 = C2 + 7; But C3 = 7 + C2 is a compiler error. (Why?) 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 10
11. operator+ As aNon-member, Non-friend const Complex operator+ (const Complex &lhs, // extra parameter const Complex &rhs) // not const { // must use accessors and mutators Complex sum; sum.setImagine (lhs.getImagine( ) + rhs.getImagine( ) ); sum.setReal (lhs.getReal ( ) + rhs.getReal( ) ); return sum; } // is now commutative 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 11
12. Printing Objects Each object should be responsible for printing itself. This guarantees objects are always printed the same way. It allows us to write intuitive output code: Complex C5 (5, 3);cout << C5 << endl; 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 12
13. Operator<< The insertion operator << is a function and can (and should) be overloaded. We can do operator>>, too. << is a binary operator. The left-hand operand is of type ostream& Therefore, operator<< cannot be a member function. It must be a non-member. 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 13
14. operator<< ostream& operator<< (ostream& out, const Complex& c) { out << c.getReal( ); int imagine = c.getImagine( ); out << (imagine < 0 ? “ - ” : “ + ” ) out << imagine << “i”; return out; } 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 14
15. Operator<<Returns Type ‘ostream &’ Why? So we can write statements such as cout << C5 << “is a complex number” OR cout << C3 << endl << C2 << endl; << associates from left to right. 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 15
16. Overloading Unary Operators Complex C1(4, 5), C2; C2 = -C1; is an example of a unary operator (minus). We can and should overload this operator as a member function. 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 16
18. Overloading = Remember that assignment performs a memberwise (shallow) copy by default. This is not sufficient when a data member is dynamically allocated. =must be overloaded to do a deep copy. 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 18
19. Restrictions Most of operators can be overloaded. You can’t make up your own operators. You can’t overload operators for primitive types (like int). You can’t change the precedence of an operator. You can’t change the associativity of an operator. 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 19
20. Converting between Types Cast operator Convert objects into built-in types or other objects Conversion operator must be a non-static member function. Cannot be a friend function Do not specify return type For user-defined class A A::operator char *() const; // A to char A::operator int() const; //A to int A::operator otherClass() const; //A to otherClass When compiler sees (char *) s it calls s.operator char*() 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 20
21. Good Programming Practices Overload operators so that they mimic the behavior of primitive data types. Overloaded binary arithmetic operators should return const objects by value be written as non-member functions when appropriate to allow commutativity be written as non-friend functions (if data member accessors are available) Overload unary operators as member functions. Always overload << Always overload = for objects with dynamic data members. 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 21
22. Another Example Vectors in the Plane Suppose we want to implement vectors in 2D and the operations involving them. 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 22
23. For your practice … Exercise Vector2D Class Properties: double X, double Y Method (Mutators): (try) all possible operators that can be applied on Vector 2D (define methods of) the remains operation that can’t be overloaded Lab Session for lower order (Senin, 15.00-17.00) Lab Session for upper order (Senin, 19.00-21.00) Please provide: the softcopy(send it by email – deadline Sunday 23:59) the hardcopy(bring it when attending the lab session) 06/10/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 23
24. ☺~ Next: C++ OOP :: Inheritance ~☺ [ 24 ] Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 06/10/2009
Editor's Notes
All but . .* ?: ::Good Programming Practices:Overload operators so that they mimic the behavior of primitive data types.Overloaded binary arithmetic operators shouldreturn const objects by valuebe written as non-member functions when appropriate to allow commutativitybe written as non-friend functions (if data member accessors are available)Overload unary operators as member functions.Always overload <<Always overload = for objects with dynamic data members.