The document discusses operating systems and utility programs. It defines an operating system as a set of programs that coordinate computer hardware resources. Operating systems provide functions like starting up and shutting down computers, managing memory, configuring devices, and establishing network connections. There are different types of operating systems including stand-alone operating systems designed for personal computers, server operating systems that manage networks, and embedded operating systems used in mobile devices. The document also briefly describes some common operating systems and their uses.

1. BAIT1003 IT
Fundamentals
Chapter 6
Operating Systems and
Utility Programs

2. Objectives
System Software
Operating System
Operating System
Functions
Types of
Operating System
Utility Programs

3. System Software
• When purchase a personal computer, it usually
has system software installed on its hard disk.
• System software consists of the programs that
control or maintain the operations of the
computer and its devices.
 2 types of system software:
1. Operating systems
2. Utility programs

4. Operating Systems
• An operating system (OS) is a
set of programs containing
instructions that work together
to coordinate all the activities
among computer hardware
resources.
• Different sizes of computers
typically use different operating
system because operating
systems generally are written to
run on a specific type of
computer.

5. Operating System Functions
start the computer
provide a user
interface
manage
programs
administer
security
manage
memory
control a
network
provide file management
and other utilities
monitor
performance
establish an
Internet
connection
schedule jobs
and configure
devices

6. Operating System Functions –
Starting & Shutting Down a Computer
• The process of starting or restarting a computer
is called booting.
Cold boot
• Turning on
a computer
that has
been
powered off
completely
Warm boot
• Using the
operating
system to
restart a
computer

7. Operating System Functions –
Starting & Shutting Down a Computer
• A boot drive is the drive from which your
computer boots/ starts.
– sometimes a hard disk becomes damaged and the
computer cannot boot from the hard disk; in this
case, you can boot from special disk called boot disk/
recovery disk.
» A recovery disk contains a few
system files that will start the
computer

8. Operating System Functions –
Starting & Shutting Down a Computer
• An operating system includes various
shut down options:
Sleep mode saves any open
documents and programs to
RAM, turns off all unneeded
functions, and then places
the computer in a lowpower state
To conserve
power & let the
computer “rest”
Hibernate saves any open
documents and programs to
a hard disk before removing
power from the computer
To speeds up
the boot-up
time

9. Operating System Functions –
Providing a User Interface
• A user interface controls how you enter data and
instructions and how information is displayed on
the screen.
• Two type of user interfaces are:
1. Graphical user interface
2. Command-line user interface

10. Operating System Functions –
Providing a User Interface
Graphical user interface
With a graphical user interface
(GUI), you interact with menus and
visual images
Command-line user
interface
With a command-line
interface, a user uses the
keyboard to enter data and

11. Operating System Functions –
Providing a User Interface
Command line interface
– A user types command or presses special keys on
keyboard to enter data and instructions.
– To configure devices, manage system resources, and
troubleshoot network connections, network
administrators and other advance users work.
– Disadvantage: Difficult to use because they require
exact spelling, grammar, and punctuation.

12. Operating System Functions –
Managing Programs
• How an operating system handles programs
directly affects your productivity?
Single user and
multiuser
Single tasking
and
multitasking
Preemptive
multitasking
Foreground and
background
Multiprocessing

13. Operating System Functions –
Managing Programs
Single user/ single tasking
– OS allows only one user to run one program at a
time.
– Example:
• If you are working in graphics program and want to check
e-mail message, you must quit the graphics program before
you can run the email program.

14. Operating System Functions –
Managing Programs
Single user/ multitasking
– OS allows a single user to work on two or more programs that
reside in memory at the same time.
– When a computer is running multiple program concurrently, one
program is in the foreground and the others are in the
background.
• Foreground is the active program, currently are using.
• The other programs running but not in use are in the
background.

15. Operating System Functions –
Managing Programs

16. Operating System Functions –
Managing Programs
• Some OS use preemptive multitasking to
prevent any one process from monopolizing the
computer’s resources.
• With the preemptive multitasking, the OS
interrupts a program that is executing and
passed control to other program waiting to be
executes.
Advantage
OS regains control if one program stops operating
properly.

17. Operating System Functions –
Managing Programs

18. Operating System Functions –
Managing Programs
Multiuser
• OS enables two or more users to run programs
simultaneously.
Example:
Network, servers, mainframes, and
supercomputers allow hundreds to thousands of
user to connect at the same time.

19. Operating System Functions –
Managing Programs
fault-tolerant computer
Has duplicate
components such as
processors, memory,
and disk drives
• A fault- tolerant computer continues to operate when one of
its components fails, ensuring that no data is lost .

20. Operating System Functions –
Managing Memory
• Memory management is to optimizes the use of RAM.
• Virtual memory is a portion of a storage medium
functioning as additional RAM.
– The area of hard disk for virtual memory is called a swap file.
– A page is the amount of data and program instructions that
can swap at given time.
– The technique of swapping items between memory and
storage is called paging.
– When an OS spends much of its time paging, instead of
executing application, it said to be thrashing.

21. Operating System Functions –
Managing Memory

22. Operating System Functions –
Coordinating Tasks
The OS determines the order in which tasks are processed.
Example:
If the processor sends 5 documents to a printer, the
printer can print only one document at a time and store as
many documents as its memory can handle.
• Buffer – is a segment of memory in which items are placed while
waiting to be transferred from an input/ output.
• Spooling – send documents to be printed to a buffer instead of
sending them immediately to the printer.

23. Operating System Functions –
Coordinating Tasks
When you enter a
PRINT command
The operating system copies
your document to a print buffer
(a free area in memory or on a
disk).
Document being printed.

24. Operating System Functions –
Configuring Devices
• A driver is a small program that tells the
operating system how to communicate with a
specific device.

25. Operating System Functions –
Configuring Devices
• Plug and Play automatically configures new
devices as you install them

26. Operating System Functions –
Establishing an Internet Connection
• Operating systems typically provide a means to
establish Internet connections

27. Operating System Functions –
Monitoring Performance
• A performance monitor is a program that assesses
and reports information about various computer
resources and devices.

28. Operating System Functions –
Providing File Management & Other Utilities
• Operating systems often provide users
with the capability of:
Managing files
Searching for
files
Viewing images
Securing a
computer
Uninstalling
programs
Cleaning up
disks
Defragmenting
disks
Diagnosing
problems
Backing up files
and disks
Setting up
screen savers

29. Operating System Functions –
Updating Software Automatically
• Automatic update automatically provides
updates to the program.

30. Operating System Functions –
Controlling a Network
• Some operating systems are designed to work
with a server on a network.
• A server operating system organizes and
coordinates how multiple users access and share
resources on a network
• A network administrator uses the server
operating system to:
– Add and remove users, computers, and other devices
– Install software and administer network security

31. Operating System Functions –
Administering Security
Each user has a user account
– A user name, or user ID, identifies a specific user
– A password is a private combination of characters
associated with the user name

32. Types of Operating Systems

33. Types of Operating Systems –
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
• A stand-alone operating system is a
complete operating system that works
on a desktop computer, notebook
computer, or mobile computing device
Windows
7
Mac OS X
UNIX
Linux

34. Types of Operating Systems –
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
• Windows 7 is Microsoft’s fastest, most
efficient operating system to date and is
available in multiple editions:
Windows 7
Starter
Windows 7
Home
Premium
Windows 7
Ultimate
Windows 7
Professional

35. Types of Operating Systems –
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
• Windows 7 provides programs such as:
Windows
Firewall
Windows DVD
Maker
Windows
Media Player
Desktop
Gadget Gallery

36. Types of Operating Systems –
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
• The Macintosh operating system has set
the standard for operating system ease
of use
• Latest version is Mac OS X

37. Types of Operating Systems –
Stand-Alone Operating Systems
UNIX is a multitasking
operating system developed
in the early 1970s
Linux is an open-source,
popular, multitasking UNIXtype operating system.

38. Types of Operating Systems –
Server Operating Systems
• Server operating system typically resides
on a server. The client computers on the
network rely on the server(s) for
resources.
• Examples:
Windows
Server 2008
Linux
Solaris
UNIX
Netware

39. Types of Operating Systems –
Server Operating Systems
Windows Server 2008 is an upgrade to
Windows Server 2003
– Part of the Windows Server 2008 family
– Multiple editions
Most editions include Hyper-V, is a virtualization
technology
– Virtualization is the practice of sharing or pooling computing
resources, such as servers

40. Types of Operating Systems –
Embedded Operating Systems
• An embedded operating system resides
on a ROM chip on a mobile device or
consumer electronic device
Windows
Embedded CE
Windows
Phone 7
Palm OS
iPhone OS
BlackBerry
Google
Android
Embedded
Linux
Symbian OS

41. Types of Operating Systems –
Embedded Operating Systems
The sewing machine uses Windows
Embedded CE to assist with
stitching
quilts, garments, crafts, decorations
, and embroidery.
The iPhone
OS runs an
Apple’s
iphone.

42. Utility Programs
• A utility program is a
type of system
software that allows a
user to perform
maintenance-type
tasks, usually related to
managing a
computer, its
devices, or its
programs.

43. Utility Programs –
File Manager
• A file manager is a
utility that performs
functions related to
file management
– Displaying a list of files
– Organizing files in
folders
– Copying, renaming, del
eting, moving, and
sorting files and folders
– Creating shortcuts

44. Utility Programs –
Search Utility
• A search utility is a program that attempts
to locate a file on your computer based on
criteria you specify.

45. Utility Programs –
Image Viewer
• An image viewer allows users to
display, copy, and print the contents of a
graphics file, such as photo

46. Utility Programs –
Uninstaller
• An uninstaller removes a program, as well
as any associated entries in the system
files

47. Utility Programs –
Disk Cleanup
• A disk cleanup utility searches for and
removes unnecessary files
– Downloaded program files
– Temporary Internet files
– Deleted files
– Unused program files

48. Utility Programs –
Disk Defragmenter
• A disk defragmenter
reorganizes the files
and unused space on
a computer’s hard
disk so that the
operating system
accesses data more
quickly and programs
run faster

49. Utility Programs –
Backup & Restore Utilities
• A backup utility
allows users to copy
files to another
storage medium
• A restore utility
reverses the process
and returns backed up
files to their original
form

50. Utility Programs –
Screen Saver
• A screen saver causes a display device’s
screen to show a moving image or
blank screen if no activity occurs for a
specified time

51. Utility Programs –
Personal Firewall
• A personal firewall detects and protects a
personal computer from unauthorized
intrusions.

52. Utility Programs –
Antivirus Programs
A virus describes a potentially damaging computer
program that affects a computer negatively.
A worm copies
itself
repeatedly in
memory or
over a network
A Trojan horse
hides within or
looks like a
legitimate
program
An antivirus
program
protects a
computer
against viruses

53. Utility Programs –
Antivirus Programs

54. Utility Programs –
Spyware & Adware Removers
Spyware is a program placed on
a computer without the user’s
knowledge that secretly collects
information about the user
• A spyware remover detects
and deletes spyware and
other similar programs
Adware displays an online
advertisement in a banner or
pop-up window
• An adware remover is a
program that detects and
deletes adware

55. Utility Programs –
Internet Filters
• Filters are programs that remove or block
certain items from being displayed.
Web
filters
Anti-spam
programs
Phishing
filters
Pop-up
blockers

56. Utility Programs –
File Compression
• A file compression utility shrinks the size of a file(s).
A compressing files frees up room on the storage
media.
• Two types of compression are lossy & lossless
compression.
1. Lossy – quality of a file decreases slightly
2. Lossless – a compressed file can be returned to
its exact original state.
• Compressed files sometimes are called zipped files
–
Can be uncompressed or unzip, to restore it to its
original form.

57. Utility Programs –
Media Player
• A media player allows you to view images and
animation, listen to audio, and watch video files on
your computer.

58. Utility Programs –
Disc Burning
• Disc burning software writes
text, graphics, audio, and video files on a
recordable or rewritable optical disc

59. Utility Programs –
Personal Computer Maintenance
• A personal computer
maintenance utility identifies
and fixes operating system
problems, detects and repairs
disk problems, and includes the
capability of improving a
computer’s performance

60. Summary
System Software
Operating System
Utility Programs
Operating System Functions
Types of Operating System
File Manager
Starting & Shutting down
Stand-alone
Search Utility
Providing user interface
Server
Image Viewer
Managing Programs
Embedded
Uninstaller
Managing Memory
Disk Cleanup
Coordinating Tasks
Disk Defragmenter
Configuring Devices
Backup & Restore
Establishing Internet connection
Screen Saver
Monitoring Performance
Personal Firewall
Providing file management
Antivirus Programs
Updating software automatically
Spyware & Adware
Controlling network
Internet Filters
Administering Security
File Compression
Media Player
Disc Burning
Personal Computer Maintenance