This document provides information about Group No. 2's project on air compressors. It discusses various types of compressors including reciprocating, rotary vane, screw, and centrifugal compressors. It describes the working principles, classifications, advantages and disadvantages of different compressors. It also covers topics like compressor efficiency, multi-stage compression, selection of compressors, and industrial applications of compressed air.

1. Group No:2
M SOHAIB 2015-CH-705
M KAMRAN 2015-CH-722
M AKBAR 2015-CH-728
FARHAN MASOOD 2015-CH-727
MUDASSER HUSSAIN 2015-CH-723
M BILAL 2015-CH-709

2. Topics:
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF GASES THAT COMPRESSOR CAN
HANDLE
EFFICIENCY
CLASSIFICATION
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
COMPARISON
CHOICE OF SELECTION
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

3. Air compressor
 Pneumatics: A system which uses
compressed air is called
pneumatics.
 It deals with the study of behavior &
application of compressed air
 A basic pneumatic system consist
of a source of compressed air,
control valves, pipelines & pipe
fittings and pneumatic accessories
like filter, regulator and lubricator

4. Introduction to compressors
 An air compressor is a mechanical
device that increases the pressure
of air by reducing volume.
 Air is compressible, the compressor
reduces the volume of air and
induces pressure in the air
 An air compressor converts
electrical energy into kinetic
energy in the form of the air
Instead, a single motor on the
compressor converts the electrical
energy into kinetic energy.

5. Introduction to compressors
 The compressed air is stored in the
air receiver and can be used for
cleaning under pressure,
generating torque and develop
force using actuators
 This source is free of cost, safe,
flexible and convenient
 Air compressor has very few parts
hence maintenance is very low

6. OUR COMPRESSORS CAN HANDLE THE FOLLOWING
GASES;
• AIR • ARGON •
BIOGAS •
CARBON DIOXIDE • HELIUM •
HYDROGEN • METHANE
• NATURAL GAS •
NITROGEN (BOTH COMPRESSION AND GENERATION)

7. Compressor Efficiency
THE RATIO OF THEORETICAL WORK ( FLUID POWER)
TO ACTUAL WORK ( TOTAL POWER INPUT ) .FOR
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS, IT IS 90 %. 85%, FOR
RECIPROCATING.

8. Vacuum pumps:
COMPRESSOR THAT TAKES SUCTION AT PRESSURE
BELOW ATMOSPHERIC AND DISCHARGE AGAINST
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE , CALLED VACUUM PUMP.
ANY COMPRESSOR CAN BE MADE BY ACCEPTING
VERY LOW DENSITY GAS AT THE SUCTION.

9. Jet ejector:
IMPORTANT KIND OF VACUUM PUMP THAT DOES
NOT USE MOVING PARTS IS THIS IN WHICH FLUID TO
BE MOVED IS ENTRAINED IN HIGH VELOCITY STREAM
OF SECOND FLUID.

10. Isothermal
Compression:
WHEN COOLING DURING COMPRESSION IS
COMPLETE , TEMPERATURE REMAINS CONSTANT,
PROCESS IS CALLED ISOTHERMAL.

11. Classification of air compressor
 Air compressors are classified
according to method of energy
transfer and pressure generation i.e.
positive displacement and
dynamic compressors
 Positive displacement compressors
work on the principle of increasing
the pressure of air by reducing the
volume of air in an enclosed
chamber

12. Classification of air compressor
 Dynamic compressors works on the
principle of imparting the energy
by rotating vanes of impeller on air
flowing through casing that
increases pressure in air

13. Classification of air compressor
 According to number of stages
Single stage, double stage, three
stage of multiple stage
 According to action
Single acting or double acting
 According to position of cylinder
w.r.t. crankshaft
Cylinders inline, vertical, radial
position, V-type cylinder
arrangement

14. Classification of air compressor
 According to prime mover
Electric motor drive or IC engine
drive, Gas turbine drives
 According to cooling medium
Air cooled, water cooled air
compressors

15. What are positive displacement compressors?
Positive displacement compressors causes movement by trapping a fixed
amount of air then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge
pipe.
It can be further classified according to the mechanism used to move air.
Rotary Compressor
Reciprocating compressor

16. Reciprocating Air compressors

17. Reciprocating Air compressors
 Reciprocating air compressors are
positive displacement type of air
compressors.
 These are piston & diaphragm type,
vane type, gear type, screw type
compressors.

18. Reciprocating Air compressors
 The principle of operation is same
but according to stages the
delivery pressure is different in each
compressor.

19. Reciprocating Air compressors
 A reciprocating air compressor
consist of a piston which is
enclosed within a cylinder and
equipped with suction and
discharge valve
 The piston receives power from
electric motor or IC engine.

20. Reciprocating Air compressors
 The compression of air is done by
first drawing a volume of air into the
cylinder through suction valve
during suction stroke of piston and
then compressed and discharged
through delivery valve during
delivery stroke

21. Single stage Reciprocating Air
compressors
 In this type the entire compression is
carried out in a single cylinder

22. Single stage reciprocating air
compressor

23. Single stage Reciprocating Air
compressors
 When piston starts moving
downwards, the pressure inside the
cylinder falls below atmospheric
pressure that opens suction valve.
 The pressure of the air in the
cylinder rises during compression
and at the end of compression,
delivery valve opens and
discharges the compressed air into
the receiver tank.

24. Single stage Reciprocating Air
compressors
 Single stage air compressor develop
pressure upto 7 bar.
 For higher pressures multistage compressors
are suitable
 Single-stage compressors are generally used
for pressures of 70 psi (pounds per square
inch) to 135 psi.

25. Double stage Reciprocating Air
compressors
 It consist of two cylinders – low
pressure cylinder and high pressure
cylinder
 Piston, crankcase, piston rod,
crank, crankshaft, oil, fins etc.

26. Double stage reciprocating air
compressor

27. Double stage Reciprocating Air
compressors
 The fresh air is drawn inside the L.P.
cylinder through inlet suction filter.
 This air is compressed by piston
 As the piston moves towards the
end of cylinder, the air compression
took place.

28. Video for double acting compressor

29. Double stage Reciprocating Air
compressors
 The delivery valve opens and this
compressed air from L.P. cylinder is
directed to enter inside the high
pressure cylinder.
 In high pressure cylinder this
pressurised air is further compressed
to higher pressure.

30. Double stage Reciprocating Air
compressors
 The high pressure air from H.P.
cylinder is then delivered to
receiver through discharge valves.
 In this compressor, a pressure of air
delivered is upto 13 bar.

31. Advantages
 Simple in design
 Lower initial cost
 Easy to install
 Higher effeiciency

32. Disadvantages
 Number of moving parts are more
 Higher maintenance cost
 Heavy foundation is required as it
has vibration problem
 Cannot run at full capacity

33. Diaphragm type:
DIAPHRAGM COMPRESSORS (FIGURE 5) ARE A VARIATION OF
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS. THE DIAPHRAGM
COMPRESSOR DEVELOPS PRESSURE THROUGH A
RECIPROCATING OR OSCILLATING ACTION OF A FLEXIBLE
DISC ACTUATED BY AN ECCENTRIC. SINCE A SLIDING SEAL IS
NOT REQUIRED BETWEEN MOVING PARTS, THIS DESIGN IS NOT
LUBRICATED. DIAPHRAGM COMPRESSORS ARE OFTEN
SELECTED

34. when no contamination is allowed in the
output air or atmosphere, such as hospital
and laboratory applications. Diaphragm
compressors are limited in output and
pressure and they are used most often for
light-duty applications

35. Rotary vane compressor

36. Rotary vane compressor
 It is positive displacement type
compressor.
 It provides higher efficiency and
flow rates over a wide range of
pressure
 Rotary vane compressor consist of
rotor with a number of vanes
inserted in the radial slots cut in
rotor.

37. Rotary vane compressor
 The rotor is mounted eccentric in a
casing.
 The vanes slides radially in and out
of the rotor.
 As the rotor rotates at higher
speed, centrifugal force throws the
vanes outward keeping the end of
vane in contact with the stator ring.

38. Rotary vane compressor
 As the rotor turns, compression is
achieved as the volume goes from
a maximum at intake port to
minimum at the exhaust port.
 An oil is injected into the air intake
and along the stator walls to cool
the air and lubricate bearing and
vanes and to provide a seal
between the vane and stator wall
to reduce internal leakage.

39. Advantages:
 Simple design
 Compact in size
 Light in weight
 Easy to install
 Low cost
 Low maintenance cost
 Longer life
 Few moving parts
 Low rotational speed
 Expensive foundation not required

40. Disadvantages:
 Lower efficiency
 Difficulty with higher pressure
above 200 psi
 Oil injected designs have oil
carryover

41. Vane type rotary
compressor

43. Video of rotary compressor

44. Screw compressor
 It consist of two screws - one with
convex and the other with
concave contour mostly called
male and female rotor respectively.
 These two screws gets rotating by
means of gear trips there by
sucking the air through an inlet port
in chamber and then compressing
the same

45. Screw compressor

46. Screw compressor
 The helix of the male and female
rotor screw is designed to permit
complete charging of the inter lobe
space before the re-mesh.
 On completion of the filling
operation the inlet end of male and
female lobes begins to re-engage
thus reduces the volume of air
continuously.

47. Screw Compressor

48. Screw compressor
 Thus compression begins and air is
discharged at the end of other
side.
 There is no contact between male
and female rotors and casing.
Hence no lubrication require but oil
may injected for the purpose of
cooling.

49. Details of Screw
Compressor

50. Details of Screw
Compressor

51. Video of screw compressor

52. Twin lobe compressor
 It is used in applications where
higher flow at comparatively low
pressure is required.

53. Twin lobe compressor
 Here two lobes are placed in a casing
 The air is transferred from suction side
to the delivery side with continuous
rotation of two lobes
 The lobes are precisely maintained
and the casing also maintained to
close tolerances
 It has limited compression ratio @ 1.7

55. Centrifugal compressor
 It is dynamic compressor.
 It consist of a rotating impeller which rotates
at higher speed (upto 60000 rpm)
 An impeller fitted inside casing force the air
to the rim of impeller, increasing velocity of
air.

56. Centrifugal compressor

57. Centrifugal Supercharger

58. Centrifugal compressor
 A diffuser (divergent shape of
casing) section converts the
velocity of air to cause an increase
in pressure. This process is called
dynamic compression.
 These compressors are used for
continuous, stationary services in
industries like oil refineries, chemical
and petrochemical plants, natural
gas processing plants.

59. Centrifugal compressor
 These are also used in IC engine
superchargers and turbochargers.
 In gas turbine plants
 It can provide extremely high
output pressures greater than
10000psi.

60. Axial flow compressorAxial flow compressor
Working fluid principally flows parallel to the axis of rotation.
 The energy level of air or gas flowing through it is increased by the
action of the rotor blades which exert a torque on the fluid
Have the benefits of high efficiency and
large mass flow rate
Require several rows of airfoils to achieve
large pressure rises making them complex and
expensive

61. Advantages and Disadvantages of dynamic compressors
Advantages Disadvantages
Dynamic
Compressors
Centrifugal •Wide operating range
•High reliability
•Low Maintenance
•Instability at reduced flow
•Sensitive to gas composition
change
Axial •High Capacity for given
size
•High efficiency
•Heavy duty
•Low maintenance
•Low Compression ratios
•Limited turndown

62. Multistage compressor
 Multi stage compressor is use to develop
pressures more than 35 kg/cm2
.
 For preparation of mineral water bottle,
air pressure more than 40 kg/cm2
is
required to produce desired shape of
bottle at bottom side.
 Here two stage compressor is not used as
it produces pressure up to 35 kg/cm2
.
 Three stage compressor is use as it
produces pressure up to 85 kg/cm2
.
 Above four stage compressor is used.

63. Multistage compressor
 The working is same as that of
double stage compressor.
 In three stage compressor fresh air
from atmosphere enters first stage
cylinder through air cleaner.
 Here it is compressed by piston to 4
kg/cm2
and then delivered to
second stage cylinder through
intercooler for further compression.

64. Multistage compressor
 In second stage cylinder low
pressure air is compressed upto 14
kg/cm2
and discharge to third stage
cylinder through second intercooler
to increase air pressure up to
desired delivery pressure i.e. 35 to
85 kg/cm2

65. Selection of compressors
 Selection of air compressor for given
application is governed by several
factors as below
 Pressure
 Flow rates or capacity
 Geometry of cylinder
 Speed of piston
 The layout of pipe line, system
requirement and the distance of user
machine from compressor plant

66. Selection of compressors
 Pressure :
 The discharge pressure from the
compressor should be decided first
considering the needs of the cylinder,
air motor & pressure drop in the circuit.
 Most of pneumatic systems and tools
are designed for pressure of 6 – 7 bar.
 A compressor used should meet the
requirement.

67. Selection of compressors
 Pressure :
 Pneumatic circuit requiring air at high
pressure can be supplied with air by a
separate high pressure compressor
 While any low pressure can be met by
availing a reducing valve.
 For huge air flow rates at pressures
below 2 bar, a turbo-blower or low
pressure rotary compressor may be
used.

68. Selection of compressors
 Flow rates or capacity:-
 Volume of air required per minute is
also an important factor for selection.
 The capacity should be adequate
enough to supply air to all devices
operating simultaneously.
 In many plants where pneumatic tools
are operated intermittently, in such
cases maximum instantaneous
demand of the compressed air has to
be find first.

69. Selection of compressors
 Geometry of cylinder:-
 For single cylinder geometric fashion :-
vertical-single acting or double
acting
horizontal- single or double acting
 For two cylinders geometric fashion:-
- vertical inline, single or double
acting
- V-type, single or double acting
- horizontal duplex, double acting

70. Selection of compressors
 Speed of piston:-
 The speed of piston inside the cylinder
must also be considered.
 For small capacity compressor, the piston
speed 300 m/min, whereas for large
capacity compressor piston speed 250
m/min.
 The layout of pipe line, system
requirement and the distance of user
machine from compressor plant

71. Advantages of
Air Power
WHEN THERE ARE A DOZEN OR MORE FORMS OF ENERGY TO
CHOOSE FROM, WHAT ADVANTAGES DOES AIR POWER
OFFER? HERE, COMPRESSED AIR STACKS UP AGAINST TWO OF
ITS COMPETITORS – ELECTRICITY

72. Air Power versus
Electric Power
COST: AIR TOOLS HAVE FEWER MOVING PARTS AND ARE
SIMPLER IN DESIGN, PROVIDING LOWER COST MAINTENANCE
AND OPERATION THAN ELECTRIC TOOLS.

73. .SAFETY: AIR-POWERED EQUIPMENT ELIMINATES THE DANGERS
OF ELECTRIC SHOCK AND FIRE HAZARD. AIR TOOLS ALSO RUN
COOLER THAN ELECTRIC TOOLS AND HAVE THE ADVANTAGE
OF NOT BEING DAMAGED FROM OVERLOAD OR STALLING.

74. .WEIGHT: AIR TOOLS ARE LIGHTER IN WEIGHT THAN ELECTRIC
TOOLS, ALLOWING FOR A HIGHER RATE OF PRODUCTION PER
MAN-HOUR WITH LESS WORKER FATIGUE.

75. Application of compressed air
 For operating pneumatic tools such
as drills, screw drivers, hammers,
chiessels
 For pneumatic cranes
 For pneumatic brakes of
automobiles, railways and presses
 For agricultural accessories such as
dusters and sprayers

76. Application of compressed air
 For drive of CNC machine tools
 For pneumatic conveying of
materials
 For pneumatic gauging, inspection
and low cost automation systems

77. What are its applications?
Hydraulic compressors for industrial
machines
Air compressors for industrial manufacturing

78. What are its applications?
Compressors have many everyday uses, such as in :
Air conditioners, (car, home)
Home and industrial refrigeration
Refrigeration compressor

79. Applications:
THE APPLICATIONS FOR OIL-FREE COMPRESSED AIR AND GAS
ARE WIDE-RANGING AND CONTINUALLY EXPANDING.
COMPRESSED AIR IS FREQUENTLY USED TO POWER OPERATING
TOOLS, PROCESS CONTROL AUTOMATION, AND CHEMICAL
PRODUCTION PROCESSES. THE FOLLOWING LIST DETAILS SOME
EXAMPLES OF INDUSTRIES AND APPLICATIONS WHERE
COMPRESSED AIR AND GAS ARE INTEGRAL.

80. The usage of compressed air is not limited only to industries,
but they are also used in manufacturing, welding,
constructions, power plants, ships, automobile plants,
painting shops, and for filling breathing apparatus too. Thus
there are so many types of air compressors used specifically
for the above purposes. Let us discuss on various types of
air compressors.

81. Aerospace
TURBO-AIR® and MSG® compressors
are a great match for the aerospace
industry. Our compressors are capable
of providing a wide range of flow

82. Automotive
We have worked closely with the automotive industry for over 50 years, tailoring
our standardized products along the way to maximize our value...

83. Cement
TURBO-AIR and MSG compressors provide reliable operation in demanding
cement manufacturing environments.

84. Electronics
TURBO-AIR and MSG centrifugal compressors are ideally designed for the
manufacturing of electronics.

85. Food and
Beverage
TURBO-AIR and MSG compressors are designed to meet strict food and
beverage industry regulations.

86. Glass
TURBO-AIR and MSG compressors trusted by glass manufacturing companies
worldwide for reliable operation in the demanding environment

87. Mining
Mining has many diverse applications for compressed air, and requires a safe
and reliable source.

88. Pharmaceutical
TURBO-AIR and MSG compressors provide 100% oil-free compressed air for
pharmaceutical applications.

89. Plastics and
Rubber
TURBO-AIR and MSG compressors provide 100% oil-free compressed air for
applications in plastic and/or rubber manufacturing environments.

90. Power Generation
TURBO-AIR and MSG compressors provide reliable operation in many different types of
power generation applications.