This document discusses the challenges posed to traditional media by new media in the online age. It defines media as both a technology that enables communication as well as the social and cultural practices surrounding that technology. It analyzes changes in the media landscape and their implications for journalism practice. Specifically, it notes that new media have blurred lines between producers and consumers of news and raised questions around objectivity, autonomy, and ethics for journalists. Citizen journalism is emerging as an addition to traditional forms.

1. (New!) Media - and journalism in the online age -

2. This lecture aims to: Build on the notions presented the previous day (convergence and web 2.0) Discuss the challenges that the emergence of new media pose to traditional media Analyze the changes in media landscape (both in terms of practice and technology) and their implication on the journalism practice

3. Media - a definition A two level definition: The technology that enables communication Set of associated “protocols” or social and cultural practices that have grown up around a specific technology Lisa Gitelman apud Jenkins, 2006 Technology

4. Communication Models The transmission model (Lasswell, 1920; Shannon & Weaver, 1949) Sender --> Receiver Sender --> Medium --> Receiver Sender <-- Medium <-- Receiver Sender <--> Medium <--> Receiver

5. The journalist’s role What is the role of the (new) media in your society? Which media: news, entertainment, arts, documentary, sports? How has the role of the media developed? Does the media fulfill this social obligation?

6. The journalistic ideology Public service journalists provide a public service (as watchdogs or n ewshounds', active collectors and disseminators of information) Objectivity journalists are impartial, neutral, objective, fair and (thus) credible Autonomy journalists must be autonomous, free and independent in their work Immediacy journalists have a sense of immediacy, actuality and speed (inherent in the concept of n ews ) Ethics journalists have a sense of ethics, validity and legitimacy (Deuze, 2005)

7. Every traditional medium fears the “new” 1929, London - first radio presence @ the Olympic Games (with restrictions imposed by the Newspaper Proprietors’ Association 2002, US - reporters of Tampa Bay Online (TBA.com) refuse to work in synergy with colleagues in other part of the organization (Deuze, 2005) 2002, EU - European multimedia news report shows little cooperation between various departments of news organizations The media competition

8. Home Media Capacity - 1975 Product Route to home Display Local storage TV stations phone TV Cassette/ 8-track broadcast TV radio broadcast radio stereo Vinyl album Local news mail Advertising newspaper delivery phone Radio Stations non-electronic Tom Wolzein, Sanford C. Bernstein & Co

9. Home Media Capacity – Today Tom Wolzein, Sanford C. Bernstein & Co

11. New media blend Watched TV news: 1994 72% 2004 60% Read a newspaper 1994 49% 2004 42% Accessed news online 1994 N/A 2004 24% Went online 1995 4% 2004 47%

12. Net loss in newspaper use and prime time broadcast TV

13. Summer 2003 Image of News Sources 8% 41% 14% 11% 15% Useful way to learn 9% 20% 10% 11% 37% Offers “news I can use” 4% 29% 24% 13% 19% Up-to-date 9% 10% 21% 19% 21% Trustworthy 12% 23% Local TV News Newspaper Internet Cable TV News National Net. News 9% 49% 9% 6% Provides news only when I want it 4% 20% 18% 12% Entertaining

14. New Media Journalism Cyberjournalism Multimedia journalism Interactive journalism We don’t know yet what the Net makes possible because we’re still asking how the journalism we’ve known and loved translates to the new medium – or doesn’t. (Rosen, apud Outing, 2001)

15. Thorston & Duffy, 2005

16. Show: EPIC movie 2015 Future of media

18. Imagine for a moment that you are a journalist in Brussels. You don’t work for a TV company or newspaper. You have no particular assignment. What would you write about? What story do you want? What will you be prepared to report, to get the truth out?

20. Citizen Journalism? Producer/consumer blurred Non-professional Hyperlinked (Ephemeral and Informal) Citizenship Critical of media Global moral code rather than ethical code Little attempt to impose a hierarchy Community value, rather than commercial Irreverent opinion

21. The Values of Citizen Journalists Politically motivated? Agenda setting? Shared resources Open source

22. How/where? Blog Videos (shared) Photos (shared) Podcasts/audio (share) Social networking Mobile phone

23. Outing’s layers of citizen journalism Open up to public comment - not only articles but other sections as well - moderate/ subscription Citizen as an add-on reporter - citizens add information to a current story (eg. Theft/Burglary - they provide the examples, photos, solutions) Open-source reporting contact with knowledgeable readers submit just to a couple of readers for suggestions Ask for readers/viewers for questions for a future interview

24. Outing’s layers of citizen journalism 4. Citizen bloghouse - blog on a story - blog for a publication - own publication’s own blogs hosting service - have an aggregator application 5. Newsroom citizen “transparency” blog - share information about the workings of the newsroom: processes, people 6. The stand-alone citizen journalism site - edited version Very local news The editor is a guide to the community Might cover what the journalist cannot reach/not mainstream

25. Outing’s layers of citizen journalism 7. The stand alone citizen journalism site - unedited version - has all the typos and misspellings but has character 8. The added print edition - put in print either 6 or 7 9. The hybrid: professional and citizen journalism - OhMyNews (70% citizen; 30% professional) - The web version dictated the print one 10. Under one roof - news is conversation not just lecture

26. Outing’s layers of citizen journalism Wiki Journalism - readers are editors (WIKI NEWS) SHOW FILM: WIKIS IN PLAIN ENGLISH

27. New(s) media types Authoritative: Created and produced by news professionals Created: News and information produced by audiences Opinionated: News and information with attitude and voice

29. Journalism (new) ideology Public service More multicultural and more multi-angled The public gets to contribute to the stories (comments, photos, videos, testimonials) The primacy of story-telling remains but there while cautiously embracing the wants and needs of the audience Objectivity More interpretations of objectivity A more active awareness of what is out there (both technologically and culturally)

30. Journalism (new) ideology online Autonomy Shared (calls for an even higher degree of integration are still out there) Immediacy “ When news happens it’s common for the first photographs not to be sent via news wire, but posted to a Flickr site.” Newsweek, April 3, 2006 Ethics Questions still remain (if the number isn’t bigger) but the answer is more complicated due to the multiculturalism, diversity and glocality of the “news” environment

31. Conclusions Media as technology and as social and cultural practices surrounding that technology New technologies lead to new forms of communication Citizen journalism is an addition to traditional journalism The journalism practice is changing, multi-skills being more and more required Reality becomes multi-faceted and multi-layered

32. Tomorrow: Practice day