The document discusses various topics related to computer applications and history. It provides information on: 1) How computers are used in different areas of business like marketing, stock exchanges, banks, payroll, inventory etc. 2) A brief history of computing from abacuses before 1500s to the development of modern computers. 3) The five generations of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation using artificial intelligence. 4) Types of computers like analog, digital and hybrid computers, and classifications based on size like microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes and supercomputers.

1. M. Raihan
Email: rianku11@gmail.com

2. Computer applications, History,
Generation and classification of computer

3. Computer Application in Business
Marketing: Business organization can use computers for marketing
their products.
Stock Exchange: Many stock exchanges are using computers for
conducting bids. Stock brokers are using computers to perform all
business functions in stock exchange.
Banks: Banks are incomplete without computers. Banks are using
computers to record Daily Customer Transactions. Every bank is using a
customized software like Accounts Maintenance System. Accounts
Maintenance System manages all customer financial dealing records
through bank. The use of computers in banks has provided many
benefits. It saves a lot of time and provides convenience for the
customer. 10-Jul-17 3

4. Continue
Email: E-Mail stands for Electronic Mail.
Send and receive messages.
Attach files of different types with email message.
Faster and cheaper way of communication.
Payroll system: Computerized pay roll system is used in different
organizations to maintain pay accounts of employees, easily and
quickly.
Stock system: Computerized stock system is used to record
number of items in stock of any organization efficiently.
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5. Continue
Fax: Computers can be used to send and receive faxes. Different
Fax Software are available in market for this purpose.
Documentation: Word processor software like MS Word is used to
prepare different types of documents like letters, applications and
other documents.
Graphics: Graphics software like Adobe Photoshop or Corel Draw
are used for image editing and preparing posters and cards etc.
Presentation: MS PowerPoint, Prezi, iWork etc.
Spreadsheet: MS Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, OpenOffice etc.
Accounts department: Balance sheet, Ledger, Worksheet etc.10-Jul-17 5

6. History Of Computing
Before the 1500s, in Europe, calculations were made with
an abacus
Invented around 500BC, available in many cultures (China,
Mesopotamia, Japan, Greece, Rome, etc.)
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7. Computer Generations
First Generation: The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum
tube based.
Second Generation: The period of second generation: 1959-1965.
Transistor based.
Third Generation: The period of third generation: 1965-1971.
Integrated Circuit based.
Fourth Generation: The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI
microprocessor based.
Fifth Generation: The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards.
Artificial Intelligence.
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8. First Generation Computer
Vacuum tube technology
Unreliable
Supported Machine language only
Very costly
Generate lot of heat
Slow input/output device
Huge size
Need of A.C.
Non-portable
Consumed lot of electricity
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9. Continue
Some computers of this generation were:
ENIAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC
IBM-701
IBM-650
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10. Second Generation
Use of transistors.
Reliable as compared to First generation computers.
Smaller size as compared to First generation computers.
Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers.
Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation
computers.
Faster than first generation computers.
Still very costly.
A.C. needed.
Support machine and assembly languages. 10-Jul-17 10

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Some computers of this generation were:
IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC 1108
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12. Third Generation
The main features of Third Generation are:
IC used
More reliable
Smaller size
Generate less heat
Faster
Lesser maintenance
Still costly
A.C. needed
Consumed lesser electricity
Support high-level language
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Some computers of this generation were:
IBM-360 series
Honeywell-6000 series
PDP(Personal Data Processor)
IBM-370/168
TDC-316
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14. Fourth Generation
The main features of Fourth Generation are:
VLSI technology used
Very cheap
Portable and reliable
Use of PC's
Very small size
Pipeline processing
No A.C. needed
Concept of internet was introduced
Great developments in the fields of networks
Computers became easily available
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Some computers of this generation were:
DEC 10
STAR 1000
PDP 11
CRAY-1 (Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)
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16. Fifth Generation
Combinations of some or all of the following technologies:
extremely large scale integration
parallel processing
high speed logic and memory chips
high performance, micro-miniaturization
voice/data integration; knowledge-based platforms
artificial intelligence, expert systems
virtual reality generation
satellite links
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17. Continue
Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence
In May,1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue
defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess
match.
AI language: LISP, prolog
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18. Types of Computers
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19. Analog Computers
The word “Analog” means continuously varying in quantity.
An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the
continuously-changeable aspects of physical phenomena.
Electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the
problem being solved. Like the voltage, current, sound,
speed, temperature, pressure etc. values are examples of
analog data.
The arithmetic functions performed by the computing
units of analog machines are very complex.
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20. Analog Computers (Continue)
The analog computers have low memory size and have fewer
functions.
These are very fast in processing but output return is not very
accurate.
These are used in industrial units to control various processes and
also used in different fields of engineering.
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21. Digital Computers
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The word “Digital” means discrete. It refers to binary system, which consists of only
2 digits, i.e., 0 and 1.
Digital data consists of binary data represented by OFF (low) and ON (high)
electrical pulses. These pulses are increased and decreased in discontinuous form
rather than in continuous form.
A computer that stores data in terms of digits (numbers) and proceeds in discrete
steps from one state to the next.
In digital computers, quantities are counted rather than measured. A digital
computer operates by counting numbers or digits and gives output in digital form.
A digital computer represents the data in digital signals 0 and 1 and then processes
it using arithmetic and logical operations.
Today most of the computers used in offices and homes are digital computers.
The main features of the computers are: accurate result.

22. Digital Computers (Continue)
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23. Hybrid Computers
The hybrid computers have best features of both analog and digital
computers.
These computers contain both the digital and analog components.
In hybrid computers, the users can process both the continuous
(analog) and discrete (digital) data.
These are special purpose computers.
These are very fast and accurate.
These are used in scientific fields.
In hospitals, these are used to watch patient’s health condition in ICU
(Intensive Care Unit). These are also used in telemetry, spaceships,
missiles etc. 10-Jul-17 23

24. Hybrid Computers (Continue)
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25. Types of Computers based on size
Microcomputers (Personal Computers)
Minicomputers
Mainframe computers
Super computers
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26. Microcomputers
A microcomputer is a computer with a microprocessor as
its central processing unit.
Monitors, keyboards and other devices for input and
output may be integrated or separate.
Computer memory in the form of RAM, and at least one
other less volatile, memory storage device are usually
combined with the CPU on a system bus in one unit.
It can only approximate a continuum by assigning large
numbers of digits to a state description and by proceeding
in arbitrarily small steps. 10-Jul-17 26

27. Continue
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Microcomputers

28. Minicomputers
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A midsized computer.
In size and power, minicomputers lie between workstations and mainframes.
In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small
mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small
minicomputers and workstations.
But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting
from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously.

29. Mainframe computers
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A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even
thousands, of users simultaneously.
Mainframes are powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical
applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer
statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.
Mainframe computers have abilities defined by :
- their redundant internal engineering and resulting high reliability and security,
- extensive input-output facilities,
- strict backward compatibility with older software, and
- high utilization rates to support massive throughput.

30. Continue
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Mainframe computers (IBM 704)

31. Super computers
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The fastest and most powerful type of computer
Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for
specialized applications that require immense amounts of
mathematical calculations.
Example: weather forecasting requires a supercomputer.
The chief difference between a supercomputer and a
mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power
into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a
mainframe uses its power to execute many programs
concurrently.

32. Super computers (Continue)
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33. Thank You
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