This document provides an introduction to anatomy by defining key terms and concepts. It discusses the different disciplines of anatomy, including macroscopic, microscopic, developmental, and neuroanatomy. It also describes the anatomical position, anatomical planes, and terms used to describe directions in the body. The document outlines the major components of the skeletal system, including different bone types. It provides examples of bone markings and functions. Finally, it introduces the different types of cartilage in the body.

1. Introduction of Anatomy
By
Dr, Noura El Tahawy
Associate professor of Anatomy
Batterjee Medical College

2. Anatomy
• Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome)
• Disciplines of anatomy
– Macroscopic
– Microscopic
– Developmental
– Neuroanatomy
• Approach to study of gross anatomy
Upper extremity Back
Head and neck Thorax
Abdomen Pelvis and perineum
Lower extremity

3. Anatomical Position
• Body erect
• Head, eyes, toes directed forward
• Limbs at sides of body
• Palms directed forward

5. Anatomical Planes
• Median = vertical, front to back in midline
• Frontal (coronal) = vertical, perpendicular
to median
• Horizontal (transverse) = parallel to floor,
perpendicular to median, coronal
• Sagittal = vertical, parallel to median

7. Median plane
Of body
Sagittal plane
Of hand
Of foot

8. Transverse
plane Coronal
plane
Coronal plane

9. Terms of Directions
• Medial = closer to median plane
• Lateral = further from median plane
• Anterior (ventral) = towards front of body
• Posterior (dorsal) = towards back of body
• Superior (cephalic) = towards head
• Inferior (caudal) = towards bottom of feet
• Superficial = towards surface of body
• Deep = towards center of body
• Proximal = nearer origin or attachment
• Distal = further from origin or attachment

10. Terms of Movements

13. Terms of movements
• Flexion • Opposition
• Extension • Elevation
• Abduction • Depression
• Adduction • Lateral bending
• Pronation • Rotation
• Supination • Inversion
• Circumduction • Eversion
• Protraction • Hyperextension
• Retraction

14. Skeleton
• Rigid support for body and its parts
• Components of skeleton:
– Bone
– Joints
– Structures associated with joints
– Cartilage

15. Skeleton
1- The Axial Skeleton
Bonyframework of the body
consisting of :
-Skull ( head )
-Vertebral column
-Ribs and Sternum
(ear ossicles and hyoid bone also)

16. Skeleton
2 - The Appendicular Skeleton
* Bones of the Upper Limb
shoulder girdles (clavicle and
scapula), and the upper limbs (
upper extremities)
*Bones of the Lower Limb
the pelvic girdles (coxal,
innominate or hip bone) and the
lower extremities.

17. Types of Bones
• Long bones
– Diaphysis = shaft
– Metaphysis = shaft adjacent to epiphysis
– Epiphysis = contain ossification center/s
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones
• Sesamoid bones

18. Types of Bones
• Long bone (Fig. A .humerus.
• E. Femur)
• Short bone: carpus and tarsus.
• Irregular bone: vertebrae, skull base,
and (Fig. B .calcaneum)
• Flat bone: Skull, sternum, scapula (Fig.
C. in the skull the two parietal bones
separated by the sagittal suture)
•Pneumatic bone: paranasal sinuses
• Sesamoid bone (Fig. D. patella)

19. Bone - Functions
• Protection
• Support
• Movement
• Calcium storage
• Housing blood-forming cells

20. Structure of adult long bone
• Articular cartilage
• Epiphyseal line
• Periosteal membrane
• Compact Bone
• Spongy Bone
• The shaft has a central
medullary cavity which
is filled with bone
marrow.
• Central canal
containing:
Nutrient vessels and
nerves

21. Blood Supply of long Bones
* Epiphysial
* Nutrient artery
Metaphysial arteries
* Periosteal
vessels

22. Bone Markings
• Lines, ridges, crests
• Rounded elevations
– Tuberosity, trochanter, tubercle
– Protuberance
– Malleolus
• Spines, processes
• Fossae, notches, grooves
• Foramina
• Canals
• Meatuses
• Heads and condyles
• Epicondyles

23. Greater tubercle
Spine of
scapula
Coracoid
process
Crest of
lesser tubercle
Spiral groove
Lateral supracondylar
ridge
Medial epicondyle

24. MCQ
• 1. Regarding the long bone all are true except
one:
• A. It consists of diaphysis, epiphysis& metaphysis
• B. It is supplied by articular, nutrient, epiphyseal&
metaphyseal arteries
• C. The metaphysis is the area that is responsible for
bone growth in length
• D. It has a medullary cavity that contains osteoblasts

25. MCQ
• Regarding the shapes of bones all are
true except one:
• A. The short bone is formed of cancellous bone with a
covering thin compact bone
• B. An Example of short bones is the carpal bones at the
wrist
• C. The best example of flat bone is the base of the skull
• D. The flat bone is formed of two laminae of compact bone
with a layer of spongy bone in between

26. MCQ
Regarding the Skeleton are true except one:
• A. There are two main subdivisions: Axial&
appendicular skeletons
• B. The appendicular skeleton is formed of bones
of the limbs
• C. The axial skeleton is formed of skull only
• D. The axial skeleton is formed of skull, vertebral
column, sternum& ribs

27. The bones have the following functions
except one
a. Give the shape& framework of the body
b. Provide attachment to muscles
c. Secrete some hormones
d. Protect important vital structures

28. Cartilages

29. Cartilages
PROPERTIES OF CARTILAGE
• Cartilage is a type of hard connective tissue.
It is tough and resilient, It is devoid of nerves, blood vessels
and lymphatics.
• It consists of cells termed chondrocytes (mature cartilage
cells) and Matrix of connective tissue rich of fibres.
• It resists compressive forces as well as long-term effects of
pressure and friction (therefore it covers articular surfaces).
• Cartilage has a high capacity of growth by multiplication of
the chondroblasts.

30. 1) Hyaline cartilage
Costal Cartilages Laryngeal cartilages

31. 2) White fibrocartilage:
• Intervertebral disc
• Symphysis pubis
• Articular discs

32. Example of
White fibro cartilage
* Intervertebral Disc

33. 3) Yellow elastic fibrocartilage:
Ear Pinna

34. • Regarding cartilage the following statements
are true except one:
• A. It is tough & resilient connective tissue that
contain chondrocytes
• B. It does not resist compressive forces
• C. It has a high capacity of growth& regeneration
• D. It is devoid of nerves, blood vessels &
lymphatics

35. • Regarding the cartilage types the following
statements are true except one:
• A. The hyaline cartilage is translucent, glossy&
cover the articular surfaces of bones
• B. The Intervertebral disc is a hyaline a type of
cartilage
• c. The ear pinna is yellow elastic fibrocartilage
that is rich in elastic fibers
• C. An example of white fibrocartilage is the
symphysis pubis

36. Thanks