The document discusses laboratory safety and accidents. It identifies several types of hazards in medical laboratories including chemical hazards from toxic substances, physical hazards from broken glass, and risks of infection, burns and cuts. Common accidents are also outlined such as infections from contaminated needles or mouth pipetting. First aid procedures are provided for different types of injuries as well as the importance of properly storing chemicals and using safety equipment to prevent accidents.
This document provides an overview of antigen-antibody reactions, including definitions, general features, measurement techniques, types of reactions such as precipitation, agglutination, neutralization, immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It describes techniques like precipitation reactions in liquids and gels, single and double diffusion, electrophoresis, latex agglutination, complement fixation, and microtitration agglutination tests. The document outlines the applications and uses of these various antigen-antibody reaction techniques.
The document discusses the inducible clindamycin resistance test (D test) which is recommended to test for inducible resistance in staphylococci, streptococcus pneumoniae, and beta-hemolytic streptococci that are erythromycin resistant but clindamycin susceptible. The D test detects resistance by observing whether the zone of inhibition around a clindamycin disk is flattened near an erythromycin disk. A positive result indicates inducible resistance and that clindamycin treatment may fail in vivo due to selection of resistant mutants. The procedure and interpretation of the D test is described along with its limitations and clinical significance when evaluating clindamycin susceptibility.
Epidemiological marker (serotyping and bacteriocin typing)Santosh Kumar Yadav
This document discusses various epidemiological marker typing methods used to differentiate bacterial strains, including serotyping, bacteriocin typing, and colicin typing. Serotyping is based on antigenic differences expressed on bacterial cell surfaces and has good reproducibility but poor discriminatory power. Bacteriocin typing examines bacteriocin production and susceptibility patterns to distinguish strains. It has fair reproducibility and discriminatory power but some strains are non-typeable. Colicin typing specifically examines colicin production in E. coli strains using a spot culture method with indicator strains. These typing methods can help epidemiological studies and hospital infection control.
This document summarizes various serological tests used to detect antigens and antibodies. It describes primary, secondary and tertiary serological tests including ELISA, immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay and more. It also details different types of agglutination tests like qualitative and quantitative tests. Additional tests covered are precipitation tests, complement fixation tests, passive hemagglutination and sandwich ELISA. The document provides information on applications and procedures for many antibody and antigen detection techniques.
The lecture was presented to the students of Saudi board of Community Medicine to help them know about the various serological methods applicable in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in general with attention upon the specificity and sensitivity of various diagnostic modalities. The lecture covers the basic principles of each test and the clinical applications with the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Complement fixation tests (CFT) detect antibodies that do not agglutinate or precipitate by measuring their ability to fix complement. CFT involves incubating patient serum with antigen and complement, then determining if complement is still available to lyse indicator cells. If complement is fixed in the antigen-antibody complex, it cannot lyse the indicator cells, indicating antibody presence. CFT can detect antibody levels below 1 microgram/mL, but it is time-consuming and not sensitive enough for immunity screening due to occasional nonspecific reactions. Interpretation involves whether indicator cell lysis occurs, indicating the absence or presence of antibodies in the patient serum.
This document provides an overview of antigen-antibody reactions, including definitions, general features, measurement techniques, types of reactions such as precipitation, agglutination, neutralization, immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It describes techniques like precipitation reactions in liquids and gels, single and double diffusion, electrophoresis, latex agglutination, complement fixation, and microtitration agglutination tests. The document outlines the applications and uses of these various antigen-antibody reaction techniques.
The document discusses the inducible clindamycin resistance test (D test) which is recommended to test for inducible resistance in staphylococci, streptococcus pneumoniae, and beta-hemolytic streptococci that are erythromycin resistant but clindamycin susceptible. The D test detects resistance by observing whether the zone of inhibition around a clindamycin disk is flattened near an erythromycin disk. A positive result indicates inducible resistance and that clindamycin treatment may fail in vivo due to selection of resistant mutants. The procedure and interpretation of the D test is described along with its limitations and clinical significance when evaluating clindamycin susceptibility.
Epidemiological marker (serotyping and bacteriocin typing)Santosh Kumar Yadav
This document discusses various epidemiological marker typing methods used to differentiate bacterial strains, including serotyping, bacteriocin typing, and colicin typing. Serotyping is based on antigenic differences expressed on bacterial cell surfaces and has good reproducibility but poor discriminatory power. Bacteriocin typing examines bacteriocin production and susceptibility patterns to distinguish strains. It has fair reproducibility and discriminatory power but some strains are non-typeable. Colicin typing specifically examines colicin production in E. coli strains using a spot culture method with indicator strains. These typing methods can help epidemiological studies and hospital infection control.
This document summarizes various serological tests used to detect antigens and antibodies. It describes primary, secondary and tertiary serological tests including ELISA, immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay and more. It also details different types of agglutination tests like qualitative and quantitative tests. Additional tests covered are precipitation tests, complement fixation tests, passive hemagglutination and sandwich ELISA. The document provides information on applications and procedures for many antibody and antigen detection techniques.
The lecture was presented to the students of Saudi board of Community Medicine to help them know about the various serological methods applicable in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in general with attention upon the specificity and sensitivity of various diagnostic modalities. The lecture covers the basic principles of each test and the clinical applications with the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Complement fixation tests (CFT) detect antibodies that do not agglutinate or precipitate by measuring their ability to fix complement. CFT involves incubating patient serum with antigen and complement, then determining if complement is still available to lyse indicator cells. If complement is fixed in the antigen-antibody complex, it cannot lyse the indicator cells, indicating antibody presence. CFT can detect antibody levels below 1 microgram/mL, but it is time-consuming and not sensitive enough for immunity screening due to occasional nonspecific reactions. Interpretation involves whether indicator cell lysis occurs, indicating the absence or presence of antibodies in the patient serum.
This document discusses non-spore forming anaerobic bacteria. It begins by introducing anaerobic bacteriology and some of the challenges associated with culturing and identifying anaerobes. It then covers the different types of anaerobes including obligate, aerotolerant, and microaerophilic bacteria. The document discusses the classification of various anaerobic bacteria and some of the human infections they can cause. It also touches on methods for diagnosing anaerobic infections and techniques for anaerobic culture.
The document discusses ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), a blood test used to detect antibodies. There are several types of ELISA that detect antibodies through an antigen-antibody reaction, with detection via an enzyme conjugate. ELISA can detect antibodies related to HIV, Lyme disease, syphilis, and other infectious diseases. The test involves drawing blood, linking an antigen to an enzyme, and detecting if the sample causes a color change indicating the presence of antibodies. The document also discusses the VDRL test, a non-treponemal test for syphilis detection that detects antibodies reaction to cardiolipin antigen.
Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial infections involves specimen collection and direct detection methods like microscopy and molecular techniques to identify the causative agent. Specimen collection depends on the type of infection and aims to collect samples before antibiotics are started. Direct detection methods include staining techniques like Gram stain and acid-fast stain to visualize bacteria under microscopy. Laboratory diagnosis helps guide treatment and control of bacterial infections.
The document discusses antigen-antibody reactions. It begins by introducing antigens and antibodies and how they specifically combine in antigen-antibody reactions. The reactions occur in three stages: formation of an antigen-antibody complex, leading to visible events like precipitation or agglutination, and destruction or neutralization of the antigen. Key features of antigen-antibody reactions are their specificity, the formation of immune complexes, antigen binding sites called epitopes, and the binding force between antigens and antibodies. Common types of antigen-antibody reactions include precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation, ELISA, and immunofluorescence.
Serological techniques and immune assayseman youssif
This document discusses various serological and immune assay techniques. It begins by defining serological assays and immune assays. It then describes different types of serological reactions including agglutination (direct, indirect, conglutination, latex agglutination) and precipitation (ring precipitation test, slide precipitation, gel diffusion precipitation, immunoelectrophoresis, countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis). The document also discusses immune assays including principles, qualitative vs quantitative assays, and different methods like immunoprecipitation, particle immunoassays, immunonephelometry, radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, fluorescent immunoassay, and chemiluminescent immunoassay. It provides examples of using these techniques to detect antigens and antibodies.
1. Aeromonas are ubiquitous gram-negative bacteria found in fresh and brackish water that can cause two main types of infections: gastroenteritis and wound infections.
2. While known since the 1950s to be associated with childhood diarrhea, Aeromonas were not widely recognized as pathogens until studies in the 1980s.
3. Important virulence factors include toxins, invasiveness, adherence, and flagella which enhance invasion and biofilm formation. Common antibiotics used to treat Aeromonas infections include fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins.
This document provides information about Gram staining, including the mechanism, preparation of stains and modifications. Gram staining involves applying crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer like ethanol or acetone, and safranin in sequence. Bacteria that retain the crystal violet-iodine complex appear purple and are Gram positive, while those that lose the complex and take up the safranin counterstain appear pink and are Gram negative. The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer determines this difference. Various modifications to the standard Gram stain procedure are also described.
This document discusses autoimmune diseases, which occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages normal body tissues. It defines key terms like autoimmunity, autoantigens, and autoantibodies. The causes of autoimmune diseases include sequestered antigens, neoantigens, cessation of tolerance, and cross-reacting antigens. Autoimmune diseases are classified as haemolytic, localized, or systemic. Examples of specific autoimmune diseases discussed include autoimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, Graves' disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Diagnosis involves detecting autoantibodies, and treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms.
The document discusses the genus Staphylococcus, focusing on Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus is a gram-positive coccus that can cause a variety of infections through toxins and enzymes. It is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing superficial skin infections as well as serious deep infections like pneumonia, meningitis and toxic shock syndrome. Laboratory identification involves culturing on selective media, observing beta-hemolysis and testing for catalase and coagulase production. S. aureus remains an important cause of hospital-acquired infections due to increasing antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses quality control in microbiology. It covers various aspects of quality control including the pre-analytic, analytic and post-analytic phases of diagnostic testing. In the pre-analytic phase, it discusses proper specimen collection, transport and processing. The analytic phase covers microscopic examination, culture processing, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. It also discusses quality control of equipment, reagents and culture media. The post-analytic phase involves reporting of results and interaction with epidemiologists. Maintaining accurate records and samples is also emphasized.
1. Serology began in 1901 when Karl Landsteiner discovered the three main blood groups (A, B, and O). This discovery led to the recognition that cells carry antigens that are recognized by antibodies.
2. Serological tests are performed to diagnose infections and other conditions by detecting antibodies or antigens in blood serum. The most common technique is the ELISA test which detects antigens or antibodies.
3. Interpreting serological test results involves understanding concepts like sensitivity, specificity, affinity, avidity, titers, seroconversion, and different testing methods like agglutination, precipitation, immunofluorescence, and nephelometry. ELISA testing is now the most widely used technology.
Lecture 1- nitoduction to clinical serology said warsame
This document provides definitions and information about clinical serology. It defines serology as the scientific study of blood serum and antigen-antibody reactions, especially for diagnostic identification of antibodies. The key difference between serum and plasma is that serum is obtained from clotted blood without anticoagulants, while plasma is obtained from anticoagulated blood and contains clotting factors. Serological tests are important for diagnosis of infectious diseases and conditions by detecting antibodies or antigens in serum. The document discusses terms used in serology like sensitivity, specificity, quantitative vs. qualitative tests, and seroconversion. It also provides information on serum and plasma separation methods, disposal of lab waste, and equipment used in serology labs.
The Widal test detects antibodies in patient serum that agglutinate Salmonella antigens, indicating a current or previous typhoid or paratyphoid infection. It involves mixing patient serum with Salmonella typhi O and H antigens and S. paratyphi A and B antigens. Agglutination within 1 minute is a positive result. A quantitative test determines the antibody titer. While useful, the Widal test has limitations as it can be negative early in infection or late after 4 weeks, and results need to be interpreted in light of local antibody levels, as false positives can occur due to prior vaccination or cross-reacting infections.
- Vibrio are Gram-negative, curved rods or comma-shaped bacteria that are highly motile due to single polar flagella. They are found worldwide in marine and coastal environments.
- The most important species is Vibrio cholerae, which causes the disease cholera. Other medically important species include V. paraheamolyticus and V. vulnificus.
- V. cholerae produces a heat-labile enterotoxin that causes a massive loss of water and electrolytes from the intestines, leading to dehydration and cholera's severe diarrhea symptoms.
The pneumococcus is a gram-positive coccus that commonly causes pneumonia. It is covered by a polysaccharide capsule that allows it to evade phagocytosis. Virulence factors like pneumolysin and IgA protease allow it to spread from the nasopharynx and stimulate inflammation. Pneumonia is the most common disease caused, but it can also cause meningitis, bacteremia, and other infections. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, and culture, while penicillin is usually the treatment but resistance is increasing. Vaccination helps prevent pneumococcal disease.
This document discusses Mycobacterium leprae, the bacteria that causes leprosy. It describes the cultural characteristics of M. leprae, noting that they are unable to be cultivated in other medias. It then discusses the pathogenesis and types of leprosy. There are four main types described - lepromatous, tuberculoid, dimorphic/borderline, and indeterminate. The types are distinguished based on the appearance of skin lesions and presence of bacteria. Diagnosis involves examination of skin and nerves, biopsy of skin or nerves, and acid fast staining to look for the bacteria. Treatment recommended is multidrug therapy using dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine
Agglutination is the clumping together of antigens and antibodies. It occurs when the antibodies bind to particulate antigens. This causes the antigens to crosslink and form visible aggregates. Common applications of agglutination tests include blood typing (ABO and Rh), diagnosis of typhoid (Widal test), and identification of antibodies against Rh antigens (Coombs test). The titer or end point of an agglutination test refers to the highest dilution at which antigen-antibody clumping is still visible.
Staphylococcus is a genus of gram-positive cocci that commonly causes infections in humans. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogenic species, able to produce several toxins and enzymes that contribute to its virulence. These include hemolysins, leukocidins, enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin, and exfoliative toxins. S. aureus can cause a variety of infections through cutaneous, respiratory, or deep tissue routes. Laboratory identification involves gram stain morphology, culture characteristics such as catalase and coagulase production, and biochemical testing. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is an important antibiotic resistant variant.
What is Klebsiella? Klebsiella is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, which belongs to a family of bacteria called the Enterobacteriaceae.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Klebsiella
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Klebsiella pneumoniae
Laboratory Hazards, Accidents and Safety RulesTapeshwar Yadav
Injury, damage and loss by fire can be minimized when laboratory staff:
Understand how fires are caused and spread;
Reduce the risk of fire by following fire safety regulations at all times;
Know what to do if there is a fire in their laboratory;
Know how to use fire fighting equipment;
Know how to apply emergency First Aid, for burns.
This document summarizes common industrial hazards and safety measures. It discusses four main types of industrial hazards: fire and explosion, electrical, chemical, and mechanical. For each type of hazard, it describes potential causes and recommendations for prevention and safety measures. The overall purpose is to raise awareness of hazards found in industrial work environments and promote safety best practices.
This document discusses non-spore forming anaerobic bacteria. It begins by introducing anaerobic bacteriology and some of the challenges associated with culturing and identifying anaerobes. It then covers the different types of anaerobes including obligate, aerotolerant, and microaerophilic bacteria. The document discusses the classification of various anaerobic bacteria and some of the human infections they can cause. It also touches on methods for diagnosing anaerobic infections and techniques for anaerobic culture.
The document discusses ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), a blood test used to detect antibodies. There are several types of ELISA that detect antibodies through an antigen-antibody reaction, with detection via an enzyme conjugate. ELISA can detect antibodies related to HIV, Lyme disease, syphilis, and other infectious diseases. The test involves drawing blood, linking an antigen to an enzyme, and detecting if the sample causes a color change indicating the presence of antibodies. The document also discusses the VDRL test, a non-treponemal test for syphilis detection that detects antibodies reaction to cardiolipin antigen.
Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial infections involves specimen collection and direct detection methods like microscopy and molecular techniques to identify the causative agent. Specimen collection depends on the type of infection and aims to collect samples before antibiotics are started. Direct detection methods include staining techniques like Gram stain and acid-fast stain to visualize bacteria under microscopy. Laboratory diagnosis helps guide treatment and control of bacterial infections.
The document discusses antigen-antibody reactions. It begins by introducing antigens and antibodies and how they specifically combine in antigen-antibody reactions. The reactions occur in three stages: formation of an antigen-antibody complex, leading to visible events like precipitation or agglutination, and destruction or neutralization of the antigen. Key features of antigen-antibody reactions are their specificity, the formation of immune complexes, antigen binding sites called epitopes, and the binding force between antigens and antibodies. Common types of antigen-antibody reactions include precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation, ELISA, and immunofluorescence.
Serological techniques and immune assayseman youssif
This document discusses various serological and immune assay techniques. It begins by defining serological assays and immune assays. It then describes different types of serological reactions including agglutination (direct, indirect, conglutination, latex agglutination) and precipitation (ring precipitation test, slide precipitation, gel diffusion precipitation, immunoelectrophoresis, countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis). The document also discusses immune assays including principles, qualitative vs quantitative assays, and different methods like immunoprecipitation, particle immunoassays, immunonephelometry, radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, fluorescent immunoassay, and chemiluminescent immunoassay. It provides examples of using these techniques to detect antigens and antibodies.
1. Aeromonas are ubiquitous gram-negative bacteria found in fresh and brackish water that can cause two main types of infections: gastroenteritis and wound infections.
2. While known since the 1950s to be associated with childhood diarrhea, Aeromonas were not widely recognized as pathogens until studies in the 1980s.
3. Important virulence factors include toxins, invasiveness, adherence, and flagella which enhance invasion and biofilm formation. Common antibiotics used to treat Aeromonas infections include fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins.
This document provides information about Gram staining, including the mechanism, preparation of stains and modifications. Gram staining involves applying crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer like ethanol or acetone, and safranin in sequence. Bacteria that retain the crystal violet-iodine complex appear purple and are Gram positive, while those that lose the complex and take up the safranin counterstain appear pink and are Gram negative. The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer determines this difference. Various modifications to the standard Gram stain procedure are also described.
This document discusses autoimmune diseases, which occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages normal body tissues. It defines key terms like autoimmunity, autoantigens, and autoantibodies. The causes of autoimmune diseases include sequestered antigens, neoantigens, cessation of tolerance, and cross-reacting antigens. Autoimmune diseases are classified as haemolytic, localized, or systemic. Examples of specific autoimmune diseases discussed include autoimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, Graves' disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Diagnosis involves detecting autoantibodies, and treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms.
The document discusses the genus Staphylococcus, focusing on Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus is a gram-positive coccus that can cause a variety of infections through toxins and enzymes. It is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing superficial skin infections as well as serious deep infections like pneumonia, meningitis and toxic shock syndrome. Laboratory identification involves culturing on selective media, observing beta-hemolysis and testing for catalase and coagulase production. S. aureus remains an important cause of hospital-acquired infections due to increasing antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses quality control in microbiology. It covers various aspects of quality control including the pre-analytic, analytic and post-analytic phases of diagnostic testing. In the pre-analytic phase, it discusses proper specimen collection, transport and processing. The analytic phase covers microscopic examination, culture processing, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. It also discusses quality control of equipment, reagents and culture media. The post-analytic phase involves reporting of results and interaction with epidemiologists. Maintaining accurate records and samples is also emphasized.
1. Serology began in 1901 when Karl Landsteiner discovered the three main blood groups (A, B, and O). This discovery led to the recognition that cells carry antigens that are recognized by antibodies.
2. Serological tests are performed to diagnose infections and other conditions by detecting antibodies or antigens in blood serum. The most common technique is the ELISA test which detects antigens or antibodies.
3. Interpreting serological test results involves understanding concepts like sensitivity, specificity, affinity, avidity, titers, seroconversion, and different testing methods like agglutination, precipitation, immunofluorescence, and nephelometry. ELISA testing is now the most widely used technology.
Lecture 1- nitoduction to clinical serology said warsame
This document provides definitions and information about clinical serology. It defines serology as the scientific study of blood serum and antigen-antibody reactions, especially for diagnostic identification of antibodies. The key difference between serum and plasma is that serum is obtained from clotted blood without anticoagulants, while plasma is obtained from anticoagulated blood and contains clotting factors. Serological tests are important for diagnosis of infectious diseases and conditions by detecting antibodies or antigens in serum. The document discusses terms used in serology like sensitivity, specificity, quantitative vs. qualitative tests, and seroconversion. It also provides information on serum and plasma separation methods, disposal of lab waste, and equipment used in serology labs.
The Widal test detects antibodies in patient serum that agglutinate Salmonella antigens, indicating a current or previous typhoid or paratyphoid infection. It involves mixing patient serum with Salmonella typhi O and H antigens and S. paratyphi A and B antigens. Agglutination within 1 minute is a positive result. A quantitative test determines the antibody titer. While useful, the Widal test has limitations as it can be negative early in infection or late after 4 weeks, and results need to be interpreted in light of local antibody levels, as false positives can occur due to prior vaccination or cross-reacting infections.
- Vibrio are Gram-negative, curved rods or comma-shaped bacteria that are highly motile due to single polar flagella. They are found worldwide in marine and coastal environments.
- The most important species is Vibrio cholerae, which causes the disease cholera. Other medically important species include V. paraheamolyticus and V. vulnificus.
- V. cholerae produces a heat-labile enterotoxin that causes a massive loss of water and electrolytes from the intestines, leading to dehydration and cholera's severe diarrhea symptoms.
The pneumococcus is a gram-positive coccus that commonly causes pneumonia. It is covered by a polysaccharide capsule that allows it to evade phagocytosis. Virulence factors like pneumolysin and IgA protease allow it to spread from the nasopharynx and stimulate inflammation. Pneumonia is the most common disease caused, but it can also cause meningitis, bacteremia, and other infections. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, and culture, while penicillin is usually the treatment but resistance is increasing. Vaccination helps prevent pneumococcal disease.
This document discusses Mycobacterium leprae, the bacteria that causes leprosy. It describes the cultural characteristics of M. leprae, noting that they are unable to be cultivated in other medias. It then discusses the pathogenesis and types of leprosy. There are four main types described - lepromatous, tuberculoid, dimorphic/borderline, and indeterminate. The types are distinguished based on the appearance of skin lesions and presence of bacteria. Diagnosis involves examination of skin and nerves, biopsy of skin or nerves, and acid fast staining to look for the bacteria. Treatment recommended is multidrug therapy using dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine
Agglutination is the clumping together of antigens and antibodies. It occurs when the antibodies bind to particulate antigens. This causes the antigens to crosslink and form visible aggregates. Common applications of agglutination tests include blood typing (ABO and Rh), diagnosis of typhoid (Widal test), and identification of antibodies against Rh antigens (Coombs test). The titer or end point of an agglutination test refers to the highest dilution at which antigen-antibody clumping is still visible.
Staphylococcus is a genus of gram-positive cocci that commonly causes infections in humans. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogenic species, able to produce several toxins and enzymes that contribute to its virulence. These include hemolysins, leukocidins, enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin, and exfoliative toxins. S. aureus can cause a variety of infections through cutaneous, respiratory, or deep tissue routes. Laboratory identification involves gram stain morphology, culture characteristics such as catalase and coagulase production, and biochemical testing. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is an important antibiotic resistant variant.
What is Klebsiella? Klebsiella is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, which belongs to a family of bacteria called the Enterobacteriaceae.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Klebsiella
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Klebsiella pneumoniae
Laboratory Hazards, Accidents and Safety RulesTapeshwar Yadav
Injury, damage and loss by fire can be minimized when laboratory staff:
Understand how fires are caused and spread;
Reduce the risk of fire by following fire safety regulations at all times;
Know what to do if there is a fire in their laboratory;
Know how to use fire fighting equipment;
Know how to apply emergency First Aid, for burns.
This document summarizes common industrial hazards and safety measures. It discusses four main types of industrial hazards: fire and explosion, electrical, chemical, and mechanical. For each type of hazard, it describes potential causes and recommendations for prevention and safety measures. The overall purpose is to raise awareness of hazards found in industrial work environments and promote safety best practices.
This document discusses industrial hazards and safety precautions. It begins by defining industrial hazards as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury, death, property loss or loss of product. It then discusses hazardous waste rules and the types of hazards including biological, chemical, mechanical, physical, electrical, and fire/dust hazards. The document also covers industrial dermatitis, accident records, routes of infection, toxicity, diagnosis/control of hazards, treatment of hazardous wastes, and precautions. It stresses identifying potential hazards, safety equipment, policies, training, and eliminating hazards to ensure a safe work environment.
Industrial safety in the pharmaceutical industry aims to reduce risks from hazards like toxic chemicals, fires, dust, and machinery. Chemical hazards include irritants, asphyxiants, narcotics, and carcinogens. Fires can be caused by defects in equipment, smoking, or gas leaks. Dust is generated during processes like grinding, mixing, and packaging. Machinery hazards involve moving parts that may snag or crush workers. Proper ventilation, protective equipment, training, and emergency plans are needed to prevent accidents and protect workers from these various industrial hazards.
The document outlines safety training requirements and procedures for working with chemicals at UNL Chemistry. It discusses required online training courses and assessments. Key safety topics covered include personal protective equipment, risk assessment, emergency response, chemical handling and storage, fire safety, hazardous materials, and safety equipment like eyewashes and showers. The document provides guidance on protecting laboratory workers from potential chemical, electrical, fire, and other hazards.
The document outlines safety training requirements and procedures for working with chemicals at UNL Chemistry. It discusses required online training courses and assessments. Key safety topics covered include personal protective equipment, risk assessment, emergency response, chemical handling and storage, fire safety, hazardous materials, and safety equipment like eyewashes and showers. The document provides guidance on protecting laboratory workers from potential chemical, electrical, fire, and other hazards.
This safety data sheet provides information on aerosol spray paint product called METALSHIELD COLD GALV SILVER SPRAYPAK. It contains flammable gases like dimethyl ether and toluene. The product is classified as dangerous goods and poses fire, health and environmental hazards. Personal protective equipment including gloves and respirator is recommended when handling. The product information, first aid measures, storage, disposal and transport requirements are described to ensure safe use.
This document provides information on the hazards and safe handling of hydrofluoric acid (HF). HF is a highly hazardous liquid and vapor that causes severe burns. It can penetrate the skin and bones, and exposure may be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. The summary describes first aid measures for different exposure routes and symptoms of HF poisoning including burns and hypocalcemia. Firefighting procedures are outlined, and uses of HF in various industries are listed, along with examples of HF accidents and pollution incidents.
SAFETY PRECAUTION in pathology lab while handling samplesNiveditaDevi1
Safety precautions in laboratories are essential to protect personnel from various chemical, biological, fire, and electrical hazards. Proper planning must consider hazards, laboratory safety practices, and good laboratory techniques. Potential hazards include chemicals, biological agents, fires, sharps, spills, temperature extremes, and electrical accidents. Personnel must be trained on hazard identification, personal protective equipment, chemical storage, biological safety precautions, general safety measures, hygiene, and first aid. Laboratories must also follow proper design, health monitoring, waste disposal, and decontamination procedures to ensure safety.
This document outlines general safety rules and procedures for working in a medical microbiology laboratory. It discusses hazards such as exposure to biological agents, chemicals, radiation, and electrical accidents. The key safety practices include wearing personal protective equipment, keeping work areas clean and uncluttered, properly storing chemicals and biological materials, and knowing emergency procedures for injuries or accidents. Following these safety guidelines is important for protecting laboratory workers from health and safety risks.
The Material Safety Data Sheet for DOWTHERM™ MX Heat Transfer Fluid, a hazardous chemical that spilled at the MarkWest Mobley, WV natural gas processing plant. Some 3,000 gallons spilled on the ground and into the North Fork of Fishing Creek, temporarily disrupting the drinking water supply of a nearby community.
This material safety data sheet provides information on EP-600&EP-600S, a two-part conductive epoxy made up of silver, epoxy resins, and other proprietary modifiers. It lists the product ingredients and their exposure limits. It describes the product as having low volatility and no established vapor pressure. It also details fire and explosion hazards, necessary protective equipment, and spill response procedures for safe handling of the product.
This document provides an overview of chemistry safety training at Kyambogo University. It outlines the required training, which includes online training modules and an in-person departmental assessment. It discusses key safety principles like conducting risk assessments, required practices, and proper use of personal protective equipment and safety equipment like eyewashes, showers, and fire extinguishers. Procedures for responding to emergencies like fires, chemical spills, and medical emergencies are also covered. The training covers safe handling and storage of chemicals, hazards associated with chemicals and equipment, and compliance with regulations.
This document provides an introduction to universal safety rules for workers handling chemicals. It outlines key safety rules regarding hazard identification, preventing slips and falls, not rushing, using personal protective equipment, ergonomic workstations, skin protection, electricity safety, keeping escape routes clear, emergency response, and asking questions. Specific safety rules for chemical use cover obtaining information on chemicals and their hazards, proper storage quantities and containers, ventilation during decanting, waste handling, and solvent safety. The goal is to introduce basic safety practices to ensure personnel safety.
This document provides hazard and precautionary information for a product. It is classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxic to reproduction. It is also flammable as a liquid and solid. It may cause cancer, genetic defects, damage fertility or the unborn child, and cause serious eye damage and skin irritation. Precautions include obtaining instructions before use, wearing protective equipment, keeping away from heat and flames, and properly storing and disposing of the product. The product contains several hazardous chemicals including ethyl alcohol, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and triethylamine. First aid measures and firefighting procedures are also described.
In this unit learners will explore various hazards in the environment and will identify ways to minimize or eliminate these hazards.
At the completion of this unit learners will be able to:
1. Define safety 2. Describe the characteristics of safety 3. Identify physical and microbial hazards in environment 4. Discuss various ways to minimize hazards 5. Discuss the assessment for environmental safety 6. Identify physical and microbial hazards in the hospital environment, which interfere with patients‟ safety 7. Explain general preventive measures for safe environment for health team members and patient 8. Using assessment, identify people at risk for safety dysfunction.
This document discusses lab safety and first aid. It defines hazard containment and safety awareness for lab personnel. It outlines employer responsibilities like establishing safety policies and providing training, and employee responsibilities like following safety methods. It covers basic lab safety, physical hazards like fire and electricity, chemical hazards, and biological hazards. It also discusses first aid kits, universal precautions, and first aid for lab accidents.
This document provides an overview of chemical safety concepts including toxicity, hazards, safe handling and storage of chemicals, disposal of chemicals, and emergency procedures. It discusses key topics such as permissible exposure limits, standard operating procedures, material safety data sheets, physical and health hazards of chemicals, routes of exposure, personal protective equipment, flammability classifications, signs and symptoms of exposure, and emergency response. The document emphasizes the importance of planning, training, labeling, using proper handling techniques and protective equipment, and knowing emergency procedures in order to safely use and dispose of chemicals.
The document discusses the hazards of hydrofluoric acid, a poisonous and corrosive liquid. It causes severe burns that may not be visible or painful initially. Inhalation or ingestion can be fatal. The document provides first aid measures and details signs and symptoms of exposure. It also lists industrial uses of hydrofluoric acid and safety information important for its transportation and handling.
Similar to Lecture 1- nitoduction to clinical serology (20)
Delay in a seeking care among tuberculosis patients attending tuberculosis cl...said warsame
This document appears to be a thesis submitted for a bachelor's degree in public health focusing on delays in seeking care among tuberculosis patients in Yaqshid district, Mogadishu, Somalia. It includes an abstract stating that a cross-sectional study of 80 TB patients found that the majority (70%) had delays over 30 days in seeking care from symptom onset. Most delays were due to lack of knowledge about TB causes, transmission and treatment. The thesis will analyze sociocultural factors associated with treatment delays and their implications for TB prevention and control efforts.
This document contains a survey with questions about demographic characteristics, behavioral measurements, body mass index, and biochemical measurements. The survey questions gather information on topics such as age, sex, smoking habits, diet, physical activity, weight, and blood test results. Response options are provided for each multiple choice question. The survey aims to collect both self-reported and objectively measured health-related data.
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Somalia. It provides background on NCDs globally and in Africa, noting they account for over half of deaths worldwide and their treatment is expensive. The document then discusses the problem of NCDs in Somalia, where cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are increasing causes of death. The rationale for the study is described, focusing on identifying risk factors like lifestyle and diet that contribute to NCDs. The objectives are to assess NCD prevalence, risk factors, and their distribution in Somalia. Research questions and hypotheses relate to links between behaviors like smoking/inactivity and NCD risk.
Lecture 12-laboratory and field investigation said warsame
This document provides guidance on laboratory procedures for field epidemiologists, including specimen collection, transport, storage, and biosafety. It discusses the appropriate collection, handling, and transportation methods for different specimen types like blood, stool, respiratory samples and others. Key steps in successful laboratory investigations are advance planning, collection of adequate specimens, proper documentation, safety, packaging, rapid transport, and communication of results. Precautions like personal protective equipment, disinfection, and proper waste disposal are emphasized to protect patients, field workers and the environment.
Quality control and quality assurance are important for ensuring accurate and reliable laboratory test results. Quality control refers to measures taken during testing to verify that tests are working properly, including using controls. Quality assurance encompasses quality control and also ensures the right tests are performed correctly on the right specimens and results are delivered accurately. Laboratories should establish detailed policies and procedures for quality control and train all staff. Ongoing monitoring and process improvement are also important.
Lecture11 and 12qualitycontrolinserology-110711110534-phpapp01said warsame
Quality control and quality assurance are important for ensuring accurate laboratory test results. Quality control involves monitoring testing processes and accuracy of results, while quality assurance looks more broadly at the overall testing program. Key aspects of quality control include establishing standard operating procedures, using control samples and reagents, and monitoring equipment. Proper collection and handling of specimens is also important for obtaining reliable results from serological tests.
This document provides information about Toxoplasmosis, an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. It discusses the life cycle of the parasite, causes of infection, diagnosis methods including serological tests and PCR, and prevention through proper food handling and limiting exposure from cats. Serological tests can qualitatively and semi-quantitatively detect Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in serum using an agglutination test kit that detects antibodies when antigens on latex particles agglutinate in positive samples.
Rheumatoid factor is an antibody that is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. A test called the rapid latex agglutination test can detect rheumatoid factor in a patient's serum. This test works by mixing the patient's serum with latex particles coated with human IgG - if rheumatoid factors are present, the latex particles will agglutinate or clump together visibly. Controls and following the correct procedure are important to ensure accurate results. While rheumatoid factor can indicate rheumatoid arthritis, some patients may not have it present and it may be detected in other diseases as well.
This document discusses Streptolysin O, an exotoxin produced by Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, and the Antistreptolysin O (ASO) antibody produced in response. It describes how the ASO latex agglutination test is used to detect ASO antibodies as a way to diagnose post-streptococcal conditions like rheumatic fever when live bacteria cannot be cultured. The test works by detecting if patient serum causes agglutination of latex particles coated with Streptolysin O antigen, indicating the presence of ASO antibodies. The procedure, interpretation of positive and negative results, and limitations are provided.
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker for inflammation that is produced by the liver and measured via a blood test. CRP levels rise in response to inflammation and can help diagnose bacterial infections. A rapid latex agglutination test is commonly used to measure CRP levels qualitatively, involving mixing patient serum with antibody-coated latex particles. If CRP is present, the particles will agglutinate, indicating a positive result. Precise reaction timing and controls are needed to get an accurate reading.
The document discusses Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It explains that HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting and damaging the immune system. HIV is transmitted via bodily fluids and can be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. While HIV infection may be asymptomatic for years, it eventually leads to AIDS if untreated, characterized by life-threatening opportunistic infections. Laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection involves serological tests to detect HIV antibodies.
This document discusses human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCG) and pregnancy testing. It explains that HCG is secreted during pregnancy and can be detected in blood and urine through various tests about 11-14 days after conception. The two main types of tests are immunologic tests, which detect HCG through agglutination reactions, and include rapid latex slide tests, indirect and direct latex slide tests, and tube tests. Specimen collection and factors that can influence test results, yielding potential false negatives or positives, are also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of agglutination tests used to diagnose febrile diseases. It discusses the Widal test and Weil-Felix test, which detect antibodies produced in response to pathogens like Salmonella typhi. For the Widal test, a patient's serum is tested for O and H antibodies against Salmonella antigens. A positive result requires a titer above 1:80. The Weil-Felix test detects antibodies to rickettsiae, identifying the causative organism of diseases like typhus. Together, agglutination tests provide a serological approach to identifying certain febrile illnesses based on the immune response mounted by the patient.
This document provides information on syphilis serology testing. It discusses the stages of syphilis infection and describes the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test. The VDRL test detects reagin antibodies produced in response to syphilis. The document outlines the principles, procedures, equipment needed and quality controls for performing the VDRL test to detect syphilis. It also notes potential causes of false negative VDRL results and limitations of the test.
Viral hepatitis is the most common liver disease worldwide and is caused by several viruses including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through contaminated food or water and causes an acute form of hepatitis. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids and can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis. Hepatitis C virus is commonly transmitted through blood and causes hepatitis and is identified as non-A/non-B hepatitis. Hepatitis D virus requires hepatitis B as a helper virus and only infects those who are also infected with hepatitis B. Hepatitis E virus causes large waterborne outbreaks.
This document discusses sterilization and disinfection in a medical laboratory setting. It defines sterilization as the destruction of all microorganisms using physical means like heat or radiation, or chemical agents. The main purposes of sterilization are to prepare specimens and materials, sterilize contaminated items, and prepare apparatus for cultures. Methods of sterilization include physical methods like dry heat, moist heat, and radiation. Specific techniques covered are hot air ovens, flaming, boiling water, and autoclaving which uses high temperature steam under pressure to kill all microbes including spores.
This document discusses laboratory safety and accidents. It identifies several types of laboratory hazards including chemical, physical, infectious and fire hazards. Common laboratory accidents such as cuts, burns, infections and chemical exposures are described. First aid measures for various types of laboratory accidents are provided. The importance of safe chemical handling and storage is emphasized to prevent injuries. Laboratory safety can be improved by proper training, careful work practices, and maintaining well-stocked first aid kits.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
2. After completion of this chapter, the
student will be able to:
Identify the different medical laboratory accidents.
Explain the possible factors contributing to medical
laboratory accidents.
Carry out first aid for laboratory accidents.
Describe safe use and storage of chemicals and
reagents.
Explain the importance of planning for safety and
general precautions to avoid medical laboratory
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4. Chemical hazards
These apply to all who use chemicals in their
work.
The main dangers to the person are
associated with toxicity, chemical burns and
dermatitis.
Chemical related risk of explosion and fire are
also possible.
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5. Toxic symptoms may follow
ingestion,
inhalation or
skin absorption.
If eating, drinking and smoking are prohibited
in the laboratory, the risk is usually low.
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6. The followings are examples for
highly poisonous substances.
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7. Physical hazards
Hazards of glass are the biggest cause of lab,
accidents.
More than 30% of all laboratory causalities
are cuts from broken glass.
The glass may also be contaminated with
stool, pus, and bacteriological cultures
resulting in severe infections.
Always label all bottles clearly to show their
contents.
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8. The main hazards and accidents
associated with laboratory
work are as follows:
Infection.
Burns.
Cuts
Harmful effects of toxic chemicals.
Injury from explosions.
Electric shock.
Fire.
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9. Infection
Mouth- pipetting of specimens and cultures,
which is one of the commonest ways of
ingesting pathogens.
Pathogens entering the skin through needle
punctures, cuts.
Always handle infected needles with great
care.
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10. Burns
Flammable chemicals and stains, or by
reagents catching fire easily.
Fire from sprit lamps.
Corrosive chemicals being spilt on the skin or
ingested when mouth pipette.
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11. Cuts
Breakage.
Using glassware that is cracked or has
damaged edges
Walking on glass chipping
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12. Harmful effects of toxic
chemicals
Inhaling fumes from toxic chemicals.
Ingesting toxic chemicals by mouth - pipetting
Skin contact with toxic chemicals
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13. Injury from Explosions
A. Explosion of leaking gas.
B. Leaking gas exploding.
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14. Fire
A significant fire risk exists in laboratories due to
frequent use of matches and open flames in
close proximity to highly flammable chemicals
and reagents such as acetone, diethyl ether,
methanol, methylated spirit, acid alcohol and
stains thatare alcohol based.
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15. Minimized when laboratory
staff
Understand how fires are caused and spread;
Reduce the risk of fire by following fire safety
regulations at all times;
Know what to do if there is a fire in their
laboratory;
Know how to use fire fighting equipment;
Know how to apply emergency First Aid, for
burns.
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16. Fire Fighting Equipment
Buckets of water to extinguish paper and
wood fire.
Buckets of sand or dry soil to smother flames
and contain and extinguish a free flowing
liquid fire.
Fire blankets made from heavy cotton.
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17. Factors contributing to
laboratory accidents
A poorly designed laboratory and overcrowding
can increase the risk of accident occurrence. Most
lab, accidents are the result of bad lab. Practices
like
Poor training;
Lack of concentration;
Noisy environment;
Untidy working and not using racks to hold sample
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18. Factors contributing to
laboratory accidents
Allow the working bench to become disorderly;
Carelessness and negligence;
Over work and fatigue;
Hot and humid climatic conditions;
Hurrying to finish work.
Note:Accidents are also more likely to occur when
working under emergency conditions, especially
during night hours.
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19. First aid for laboratory hazards
Knowing what to do immediately if an accident
occurs can help to reduce suffering and the
consequences of serious accidents.
In some situations, first aid can be life saving,
example:
the control of bleeding.
protecting and treating wounds,
placing a person in the best possible position,
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21. First Aid Equipment
An adequately equipped first aid box
should be kept in the laboratory, in a
place that is known and accessible to
all members of staff. The box should be
clearly identified by a white cross on a
green background.
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22. Recommended contents of
laboratory first aid box include
Clear instruction on how to apply
emergency treatment of cuts, bleeding,
heat burns, chemical burns, chemical
injury to the eye, swallowing of acids,
alkalis and other poisonous chemicals,
treatment fainting, electric shock, and
how to perform emergency resuscitation.
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23. Emergency treatment of cuts
and bleeding
If the cut is small:
Wash with soap and water;
Apply pressure with a piece of cotton wool;
Disinfect the area with a skin antiseptic such
as tincture of iodine;
Cover with a waterproof dressing; If the cut
has been caused by contaminated glassware:
Encourage bleeding for two minutes;
Seek medical attention.
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24. Emergency treatment of burns
Heat burns:
• Immediately immerse the burnt area
into cold water
Cover with a dry dressing.
Note: If the burn is severe, look for
medical treatment.
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25. Chemical burns of the skin
Wash immediately with large quantities of water
and neutralize with a suitable chemicals as
follows:
If an acid burns, neutralize with sodium
bicarbonate if not seek medical attention.
If an alkaline burns, neutralize with boric acid
powder.
Seek medical attention.
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26. Chemical injury to the eye.
Wash the affected eye as quickly as possible with
large quantities of running water.
Neutralize with a suitable chemicals as follow:
If an acid injury, neutralize with 5% sodium
bicarbonate solution.
If an alkaline injury, neutralize with 5% acetic acid.
Immediately seek medical attention.
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27. Emergency treatment for
poisoning
Swallowing of an acid or alkali:
Immediately rinse the mouth well with water and
neutralize with a suitable chemicals as follows:
1. If acid has been swallowed, neutralize by drinking 8%
magnesium hydroxide suspension (milk of magnesia).
2. If an alkali has been swallowed, neutralize by drinking
lemon juice or 5% acetic acid.
3. Drink three or four cups of water.
4. Seek medical attention.
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28. Swallowing of other poisonous
chemicals
Rinse out the mouth well with water.
Depending on the chemical swallowed, take a
suitable chemical antidote under medical
supervision.
Note: Always seek medical advice and
treatment after swallowing toxic or harmful
chemicals.
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29. Electric shock:
Immediately turn off the electricity from the mains;
If the person has collapsed, send immediately for
medical help and if the person is not breathing give
artificial respiration until unit of assistance arrives.
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30. Safe use and storage of
chemicals and
reagents
Even in the smallest laboratory, dangerous
chemicals are used directly or incorporated
into stains and reagents. Hence the correct
handling and storage of hazardous chemicals
is essential to prevent injury and damage. In
addition to this, to reduce accidents caused
by chemicals, labeling is very important.
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31. Flammable chemicals
These include ether, xylene, toluene,
methanol, ethanol, other alcohol, glacial
acetic acid, acetone, and acetic anhydride.
Alcoholic Romanovsky stains and acid alcohol
solutions are also highly flammable.
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32. Flammable chemicals
Storage:
Flammable chemicals should be stored in a fire
proof metal box at ground level, preferably in and
out side cool and locked store. If a metal box is
not available, at least a container well lined with
tin foil should be used.
N.B: Only small quantities of flammable solvents
should be kept on lab, benches and shelves.
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33. Flammable chemicals
Safe Use:
Before opening a bottle containing a
flammable solvent, check that there is no
open flame such as that from a Bunsen
burner.
Do not light match near flammable chemicals.
N.B: Never heat a flammable liquid over a
Bunsen burner or lighted gas.
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34. Corrosive chemicals
Corrosive chemicals include strong acids
such as concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid,
glacial acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, ortho -
phosphoric acid, and caustic alkalis such as
sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) and
potassium hydroxide (caustic potash).
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35. Corrosive chemicals
Storage:
Corrosive chemicals should be stored at low
level to avoid any serious injury, which could
be caused if they are accidentally knocked off
a shelf.
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36. Corrosive chemicals
Safe use:
Never mouth pipette corrosive chemicals
instead use automatic pipettes. The
accidental swallowing of corrosive chemicals
can cause sever injury because such
chemicals destroy living tissues. Always pour
corrosive chemicals at below eye level, slowly
and with great care to avoid splashing.
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37. Toxic, harmful, and irritating
chemicals
Toxic chemicals are those chemicals which
can cause death or serious ill-health if
swallowed or inhaled, or if the chemical is
allowed to come into contact with the skin.
Examples of toxic chemicals include
potassium cyanide, sodium nitro-prusside,
formaldehyde solution, chloroform, barium
chlorideand methanol.
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38. Toxic, harmful, and irritating
chemicals
Storage:
Highly toxic chemicals such as potassium
cyanide must be kept in a locked cupboard.
Stock solutions or solids of harmful and
irritating chemicals should be stored safely in
cap board, not on an open shelf.
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39. Toxic, harmful, and irritating
chemicals
Safe use:
Handle toxic, harmful and irritating chemicals with
great care by wearing protective gloves. Always
lock away highly toxic chemicals immediately after
use.
N.B: Never mouth pipette any chemicals, instead
use automatic pipette or dispenser or pipette filler.
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40. Oxidizing chemicals
These chemicals include
chlorates, perchlorates, strong
peroxides, potassium
dichromate, and chromic acid.
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41. Oxidizing chemicals
Storage:
Oxidizing chemicals must be stored away
from organic materials and reducing agents.
They can produce much heat when in
contact with other chemical, especially
flammable chemicals.
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42. Oxidizing chemicals
Safe use:
Handle oxidizing chemicals with great care.
Most are dangerous to skin and eyes and
when in contact with reducing agents.
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43. Explosive chemicals
Heat, flame, or friction can cause explosive
chemicals to explode. An example of
explosive chemical is picric acid, which must
be stored under water. If picric acid is allowed
to dry, it can become explosive. This can
occur if the chemical is left to dry in pipes
without being flushed away with adequate
amount of water.
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44. Carcinogens
A chemical that can cause cancer by
ingestion, inhalation, or by skin contact is
known as a carcinogen. Chemicals with
proven carcinogenic properties include
benzene.
The risk in handling of these chemicals is
proportional to the length and frequency of the
exposure and the concentration of the
chemical.
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45. Carcinogens
Storage:
Carcinogens should be kept in closed
containers and labeled as ‘carcinogenic,
handle with special precautions’.
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46. Carcinogens
Safe use:
Always wear protective plastic or rubber
gloves, and face mask when handling
carcinogenic chemicals. Carcinogens must
not be allowed to come in contact with the
skin because some carcinogens can be
absorbed through the skin such as beta -
naphtylamine.
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47. Planning for safety
A laboratory should be planned not only for
efficient work but also designed with a view to
eliminate accidents.
The following are among the features of a
safety designed or planned and organized
laboratory.
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48. Planning for safety
Adequate floor, bench and storage space for
staff to work safely;
Ample light is essential, especially in the
examination areas of the laboratory;
A sufficient supply of wall electric points to
avoid the use of adapters;
Overcrowding must be avoided;
Good ventilation is essential with adequate
provision of fume cupboards;
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49. There should be a system for marking ‘’high risk’’
specimens.
Discard containers that contain infectious
microorganisms after each use
The floor should be well constructed with a
surface that is non-slippery,
Walls should be smooth, free from cracks,
impermeable to liquids and easily washable;
Doors of the of the lab, should be opened to the
out side direction;
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50. Sectioning of the lab, into separate rooms or
working areas with definite places (for
patients, visitors, and reception of specimens)
Bench surfaces should be without cracks,
washable and resistant to the disinfectants
and chemicals used in the laboratory;
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51. An adequate number of hand basins with
running water is essential.
Provision of protective clothing; Example,
gown
Fire extinguishers should be placed at
accessible points.
Ensure that all work in the laboratory is done
with a safety conscious attitude;
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52. All staff must ensure that the conditions of their work do
not create any hazard for those working near by.
The chances of an accident occurring in the laboratory
are much reduced if:
Every one works in a tidy fashion;
Every one works with out rush;
Benches are clean;
Reagents returned to the shelves after each use;
No eating, drinking or smoking in the laboratory.
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