This presentation discusses nutritional considerations for preventing and managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes and describes the different types. It states that the current prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pakistan is 11.77% and is expected to be the 4th largest diabetes population globally by 2030. Obesity and excess weight gain are identified as major risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes, with obese individuals up to 80 times more likely to develop the disease. Nurses play an important role in diabetes prevention through health education, promoting lifestyle changes like healthy eating, exercise and weight control.

1. Nutritional Consideration in the
Prevention and Management of
Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Imran Waheed
Demonstrator
(INS-KMU)
Applied Nutrition Unit-VIII
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2. Objectives
By the end of this presentation the students will be
able to:
• Define diabetes
• Identify different types of diabetes
• Describe the prevalence of DM in Pakistan.
• Describe dietary factors associated with the diseases.
• Explain the role of weight gain in the Etiology of type
II DM.
• Identify the role of the nurse in prevention and
management of type II DM.
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3. Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
• Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as
diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders
characterized by a high blood sugar level over
a prolonged period of time.
• Symptoms often include frequent urination,
increased thirst, and increased appetite.
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4. Types of Diabetes Mellitus
• Diabetes mellitus Type I
• Diabetes mellitus Type II
• Gestational diabetes
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5. 6/29/2020 5
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6. Global Prevalence of Diabetes
• According to the International Diabetes Federation
(IDF) 463 million people have diabetes in the world. By
2045 this will rise to 700 million.
• The number of people with diabetes rose from 108
million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014.
• The global prevalence of diabetes among adults over
18 years of age rose from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014.
• In 2016, an estimated 1.6 million deaths were directly
caused by diabetes.
(WHO Fact Sheet , 8 June 2020)
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7. Prevalence of DM in Pakistan
• The current prevalence of type 2 diabetes
mellitus in Pakistan is 11.77% .
• Prevalence of diabetes in adults:17.1% (IDF)
• In males the prevalence is 11.20% and in females
9.19%.
• The mean prevalence in Sindh province is 16.2%
in males and 11.70 % in females
• In Punjab province it is 12.14% in males and
9.83% in females
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8. Conti…
• In Baluchistan province 13.3% among males,
8.9% in females.
• In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) it is 9.2% in males
and 11.60% in females
• The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in
urban areas is 14.81% and 10.34% in rural areas
of Pakistan.
• It is estimated that Pakistan is the 7th largest
country in terms of Diabetes population and it
will be the 4th largest by the year 2030.
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9. Dietary Factors Associated With The
Diseases
• High saturated fat intake
• Dairy
• Western diet
• Fast food intake
• Sugary beverages and soda intake
• Alcohol intake
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10. • Maintain a healthy body weight
• Eat a healthy diet
Fruits
Vegetables
Bread
Milk
• Exercise at least for 30 minutes daily.
Prevention
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11. Role of Weight Gain in The
Etiology of Type II DM.
• The exact causes of diabetes are still not fully
understood, it is known that factors up the
risk of developing different types of diabetes
mellitus.
• For type 2 diabetes, this includes being
overweight or obese (having a body mass
index – BMI – of 30 or greater).
• Obesity is believed to account for 80-85% of
the risk of developing type 2 diabetes
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12. Conti…
• Obese people are up to 80 times more likely
to develop type 2 diabetes than those with a
BMI of less than 22.
• Obesity is also thought to trigger changes to
the body’s metabolism.
• These changes cause fat tissue (adipose
tissue) to release fat molecules into the blood,
• Which can affect insulin responsive cells and
lead to reduced insulin sensitivity.
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13. • Nurses have a key role in promoting physical
activity and other lifestyle behaviors that reduce
risk of diabetes.
• Structured education is an effective and systematic
way of providing self management and behavior
change strategies for those at risk of diabetes.
• Communicating risk is key to starting the behavior
change process.
• No sweets to be eaten by diabetic patients
• Advise complex carbohydrate instead of simple
• Weight control and exercise are best to manage DM
Role of Nurse
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14. References
• Meo SA,Zia I, Bukhari IA,Arain SA.Type 2 diabetes
mellitus in Pakistan: Current prevalence and future
forecast.JPMA. 2016,66, 12
• https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-and-obesity.html
Retrieved on 25/06/2020
• Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration,
and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-
analysis of 102 prospective studies. Emerging Risk
Factors Collaboration.Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR,
Gobin R, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio et al. Lancet.
2010; 26;375:2215-2222.
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15. The only time you
mustn't fail is the
last time you try.
Charles Kettering
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