This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including defining it, describing the different types, and examining the prevalence around the world. It covers type 1 and type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and the diagnostic criteria and recommendations. Global statistics are presented on the prevalence of diabetes in countries like China, the UK, Canada, India, and worldwide. The document concludes that the number of adults living with diabetes is increasing rapidly and is projected to almost double by 2030, with the majority being type 2 cases.

1. Dr.Anjalatchi Muthukumaran
Vice principal
Era college of Nursing

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the class the students will be able to :
 Define diabetes mellitus.
 Explain the types of diabetes mellitus.
 Describe the prevalence of diabetes mellitus.
 Elucidate the epidemiological determinants of diabetes mellitus.
 Enlist the diagnostic tests for diabetes mellitus.
 Elaborate the prevention of diabetes mellitus.

3. Diabetes is a condition that’s characterized by high blood
sugar levels. This can be due to the body’s inability to make
any or enough insulin, use insulin effectively, or both.
Insulin is a hormone that helps the cells of your body
absorb blood sugar to make energy. Insulin is produced by
the pancreas in larger amounts after you eat food.
 Types of diabetes:
There are two major classifications of diabetes:
type 1 diabetes
type 2 diabetes

9. TYPE 2 DIABETES
In type 2 diabetes, there are primarily two interrelated
problems at work. Your pancreas does not produce
enough insulin — a hormone that regulates the
movement of sugar into your cells — and cells respond
poorly to insulin and take in less sugar.

12. IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE
It is a condition in which your blood sugar is
higher than normal, but not as high as it is in
diabetes.
Impaired glucose tolerance is a pre-diabetic state
of hyperglycemia that is associated with insulin
resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular
pathology.

14. PREVALENCE OF
DIABETES
MELLITUS

15. China
Almost one Chinese adult in ten has diabetes. A 2010 study
estimated that more than 92 million Chinese adults have the
disease, with another 150 million showing early symptoms.
The incidence of the disease is increasing rapidly: a reported
30% increase in 7 years. Indigenous nomadic peoples
like Tibetans and Mongols are at much higher susceptibility
than Han Chinese.

16. United Kingdom
About 3.8 million people in the United Kingdom have diabetes
mellitus, but the charity Diabetes U.K. have made predictions that
could become high as 6.2 million by 2035/2036.
Diabetes U.K. have also predicted that the National Health
Service could be spending as much as 16.9 billion pounds on
diabetes mellitus by 2035, a figure that means the NHS could be
spending as much as 17% of its budget on diabetes treatment by
2035. However, since the United Kingdom practices a national
health care system with universal access, there are far fewer cases
of diagnosed diabetes compared to the United States.

17. Canada
Almost 2.4 million Canadians (6.8%) have been diagnosed with type 1 or
type 2 diabetes, based on 2009 chronic disease surveillance data. Prevalence
is higher among males (7.2%) than females (6.4%). However, these numbers
are likely an underestimate, as data obtained from blood samples indicate
about 20% of diabetes cases remain undiagnosed.
The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among Canadians increased by 70%
over the decade from 1999 to 2009. The greatest relative increase in
prevalence was seen younger adults (35 to 44 years), attributable in part to
increasing rates of overweight and obesity. The Public Health Agency of
Canada estimates that if current trends in diabetes continue, the number of
Canadians living with diabetes will reach 3.7 million by 2019.

18. India
Until recently, India had more diabetics than any other country in the
world, according to the International Diabetes Foundation, although the
country has now been surpassed in the top spot by China. Diabetes
currently affects more than 62 million Indians, which is more than 7.2%
of the adult population. Among young and middle-aged adults, the
prevalence of diabetes is 6.7% and prediabetes is 5.6% according to
the National Family Health Survey-4. The average age on onset is 42.5
years. Nearly 1 million Indians die due to diabetes every year.
According to the Indian Heart Association, India is projected to be
home to 109 million individuals with diabetes by 2035. A study by the
American Diabetes Association reports that India will see the greatest
increase in people diagnosed with diabetes by 2030. The high
incidence is attributed to a combination of genetic susceptibility plus
adoption of a high-calorie, low-activity lifestyle by India's growing

22. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DIABETES.

27. 14 November of each
year marks the
celebration of World
Diabetes Day.

28. SUMMARY
Under the topic ‘application of epidemiology on diabetes
mellitus’, we have covered: the definition of diabetes
mellitus; types of diabetes mellitus; prevalence of diabetes
mellitus; epidemiological determinants of diabetes mellitus;
diagnostic tests for diabetes mellitus; elaborate the
prevention of diabetes mellitus.

29. CONCLUSION
Globally, an estimated 463 million adults are living with diabetes, according to the latest 2019 data
from the International Diabetes Federation.[1] Diabetes prevalence is increasing rapidly; previous
2017 estimates put the number at 425 million people living with diabetes.[2] The number is
projected to almost double by 2030.[1] Type 2 diabetes makes up about 85-90% of all
cases.[3][4] Increases in the overall diabetes prevalence rates largely reflect an increase in risk
factors for type 2, notably greater longevity and being overweight or obese.[5

30. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Park K. Parks Textbook of preventive and social
medicine. 23rd ed. M/S Banarasidas Bhanot publishers.
Prem Nagar Nagpur road Jabalpur (India). 2015. Pp:421-
426.