This document provides an overview of topics that will be covered in a unit on directing, including foundations of individual and group behavior, motivation, motivation theories, job satisfaction, leadership, communication, and behavioral models of human factors in managing. It discusses McGregor's Theory X and Y, which present differing assumptions about human motivation, and Raymond Miles' Dual Model Theory about integrating organizational and human variables for effective management.

1. MG 9401 POM Slides by K.P.Dhanabalakrishnan 1
Directing
Lecture 1

2. What in this unit ?????
• Foundations of Individual and Group
Behaviour
• Motivation
• Motivation theories
• Motivational techniques
• Job Satisfaction
• Job Enrichment
• Leadership
MG 9401 POM Slides by K.P.Dhanabalakrishnan 2

3. • Types of leadership
• Theories of Leadership
• Communication
• Process of communication
• Barriers in communication
• Effective communication
• Communication and IT
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Introduction
• Management and Leadership are often
considered same
• Management involves several functions
• Leadership is one of the functions
• Leading – is the process of influencing
people so that they will contribute to
organization and group goals
• Human factor of what people are
influences managerial behavior

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The Human Factors in Managing
• Multiplicity of Roles
– Workers, Consumers, Parents, Children, Believers,
Members etc
– Social System
• Average Person
– Even though organizations develop an average person,
it can not be the same for all people since their needs,
aspirations, capabilities, attitudes, responsibility etc
– Managers should understand the complexity and
individuality of people
• Personal Dignity
– Never violate the dignity
• Whole Person
– Consider the whole person including knowledge,
attitudes, skills, personality and external factors

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Behavioral Models
• Edgar H. Schein Model – Rational
Economic View to the Complex Person
– Rational Economic Assumption
• People are motivated by economic incentives –
Mc Gregor
– Social Assumption
• People are motivated by social needs – Elton Mayo
– Self Actualizing Assumption
• Motives fall into five classes of which self
actualization Is the highest - Maslow
– Complex Assumption
• People are complex variables – Schein’s

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Lyman Porter Models - 6
• Rational
– People are systematic
• Emotional
– People are ruled by emotions
• Behavioristic
– Behavior is controlled by their environment
• Phenomenological
– Opposite if behavioristic which says people are
unpredictable
• Economic
– People are motivated by economic factors
• Self Actualizing
– People strive to use their potential

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Mc Gregor’s Theory X and Y
• Theory X Assumptions
– Average human beings have an
inherent aversion to work
– Because of dislike of work people must
be coerced, controlled, directed and
threatened
– Average humans prefer to be directed,
wish to avoid responsibility, have little
ambition and want security above all

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Mc Gregor’s Theory X and Y
• Theory Y Assumptions
– Expenditure of physical effort and mental effort is
natural as play or rest
– External control and threat are not the only means of
producing effort, people will exercise direction and
control in the service of objectives to which they are
committed
– Degree of commitment to objectives is proportional to
the rewards
– Average human beings learn under proper conditions
not only to accept responsibility but seek it
– Capacity to exercise a high degree of imagination,
ingenuity and creativity is widely distributed in the
organization
– In modern industrial life, intellectual potential of average
humans is partially utilized

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Clarification of Theories
• Theory X and Y
– Are just assumptions and must be tested
against reality
– Do not mean hard and soft managers, but
effective management will be recognition of
dignity and capabilities
– Are not a matter of degree to be viewed as
opposite to each other but are views of people
– Are not for or against the use of authority but
one way of exercising authority for leadership
– Highlight that different approaches to
management at different situations

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Dual Model Theory
• Raymond E. Miles
• Managerial task is to integrate –
organizational variables with human
variable
• Organizational variables – goals,
technology and structure
• Human variables – capabilities, attitudes,
values, needs and demographic
characteristics