Proteins are complex biomolecules composed of amino acid chains that perform essential functions in the human body. They can be classified based on their composition, structure, and function. Some key types of proteins include structural proteins like collagen and keratin; transport proteins like hemoglobin; catalytic proteins which include enzymes; and regulatory proteins such as hormones. There are approximately 50,000 to 200,000 different proteins present in the human body, performing vital roles such as oxygen transport, muscle movement, immune defense, and metabolic processes.

2. PROTEIN CHEMISTRY
BY
DR SHAMIM AKRAM
AP BIOCHEM.AIMC

5. Chemistry of Proteins

6. General Characteristics of Proteins
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They are the most complex and most diverse in
chemical composition, conferring upon the different
tissues.
Protein molecule contains elements of C, H, O,N, S,
and P together with traces of Fe, Cu, I, Mn, and Zn.
It has a molecular weight of 5,000 to 3,000,000
They are the most important of the biologic
substances being the fundamental constituent of
cell cytoplasm.
They supply not only heat and energy but also
material for building and repair.
Unlike carbohydrates and lipids, only small amounts
of protein is temporarily stored in the body, and
which can be quickly used up upon demand.

7. What are proteins?
• Proteins are necklaces of amino acids – long chains molecules.
• Proteins are the basis of how biology get this done.
• As enzymes, they are the driving force behind all the biochemical reaction
which make biology work.
• As structural elements, they are main constituents of our bones, muscles,
hair, skin, and blood vessels.
• As antibodies, they recognize invading elements and allow the immune
system to get rid of the unwanted invaders.
• For these reasons, scientists have sequenced the human genome – the
blueprint for all of the proteins in biology.
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9. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS(mushtaq p.97)
BASED ON COMPOSITION:
Simple proteins
Conjugated proteins
Derived proteins (primary/secondary)
BAESD ON AXIAL RATIO:
Globular proteins
Fibrous proteins
BASED ON BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION:
Structural &Transport proteins
Catalytic & Contractile proteins
Regulatory & Receptive proteins
Protective & Storage proteins

10. Classification of
Based on Composition:
• Simple proteins – composed of entirely
amino acids only.
Ex.Albumin,Globulin,Globins,Prolamins,
Histones,Protamines etc.
• Complex or Conjugated proteins – made
up of amino acids and other organic
compounds. The non-amino acid group is
termed as the prosthetic group.
Ex. Nucleoproteins, lipoproteins,
glycoproteins, metalloproteins

11. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS
• PRIMARY DERIVED PROTEINS (Denatured Proteins):
In native proteins,its aminoacid composition & its molecular
conformation are unchanged as in natural state.some chemical &
physical agents(heat,PH,radiation etc) denature proteins when some or all
of its cross-links,forces holding the molecule intact are split.Mostly
denaturation is irreversible.Cooking denature & help digestion.
• SECONDARY DERIVED PROTEINS:
These are intermediats of different sizes & composition formed during
progressive hydrolysis of protein by acid/enzyme digestion. Proteins
having>10,000aa break into proteoses,peptones,polypeptides(>10 aa)
Peptide (upto10 aa),oligopeptides (di,tri,tetrapeptide)

12. Important peptides
• Monopeptide:Homocystien
• Dipeptide:Cystine,
• Tripeptide:Creatinine,Glutathion
• Tetrapeptide:
• Octapeptide:
• Nanopeptide:ADH,oxytocin,tHYRON
• Decapeptide:

13. Protein denaturation
 Change in the tertiary/quartenary structure –
breaking of bonds
 Denaturated proteins cannot play their role in cells
 Denaturation is often irreversible (eg. fried egg
yolk cannot be ‘unfried’)
 Denaturating agents include acids, bases,
detergents, heavy metals

14. Protein denaturation

15. Difference B/W Denaturation &Coagulation
• In denaturation all sec,ter. Quat. Structures are broken but pri str-
peptide bond remain intact,while in coagulation peptide bond also
breaks.
• Denatured proteins can be reversed,if ideal conditions are
reversed,while coagulation is irreversible,even if ideal conditions are
reversed.

16. Classification of Proteins
Based on Axial Ratio:
Axial ratio is the ratio of the length to the
bredth.
• Globular proteins – with axial ratio less than 10 but not
below 3 or 4. They are compactly folded and coiled.
Ex. Insulin, plasma albumin, globulin,
enzymes
• Fibrous proteins – with axial ratio greater than
10. They are spiral and helical and are cross linked
by disulfide and hydrogen bonds.
Ex. Keratin, myosin, elastin, collagen

17. Globular Proteins
• Globular proteins
have their axial ratio
less than 10 but not
below 3 or 4. They
are compactly folded
and coiled.
• Examples are insulin,
plasma albumin,
globulin, enzymes

18. Fibrous Proteins
• Fibrous proteins
are spiral and
helical and are
cross linked by
disulfide and
hydrogen bonds
• Examples are
keratin, myosin,
elastin, collagen

19. Based on Biologic Functions
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Structural proteins: collagen, elastin, keratin, fibroin of
silk and webs
Transport proteins: hemoglobin, myoglobin,
lipoproteins
Protective proteins: immunoglobulins, fibrinogen,
thrombin, snake venoms, bacterial toxins
Contractile proteins: actin, myosin, tubulin
Catalytic proteins: enzymes
Regulatory proteins: hormones
Storage proteins: ferritin, hemosiderin, gluten, casein,
ovalbumin
Reception of Stimuli: rhodopsin, membrane receptor
proteins, acetylcholine, insulin

20. How many types of proteins
are in our body?
• The proteins in our bodies are made of 20
different amino acids strung together like
beads on a string.
• All 20 have a part in common: a central C
attached to a carbonyl, an amino and a H atom
• The 20 AA contain, in their 20 different side
chains, a remarkable collection of chemical
groups.
• It is this diversity of the monomers that allows
proteins to exhibit such a great variety of
structures and properties.
• There are about 50,000-10,000 proteins in
human body.

21. Biologically Important Proteins
Protein Function
Insulin
Cytochrome C
Growth hormone
No. of
AA
51 Enzyme for sugar
metabolism
104 Enzyme for cell respiration
191 Used as anti-aging treatment
Hemoglobin
Hexokinase
Gamma globulin
Myosin
574 Oxygen transport in blood
730 Enzyme for glycolysis
1320 Part of immune system in
blood
6100 Muscle action

22. Blood Proteins
Albumins Create osmotic pressure and
transport other molecules
Immunoglobulins Participate in immune system
Fibrinogens Blood coagulation
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin
Regulatory proteins
Neutralize trypsin that has
leaked from the digestive
system
Regulation of gene
expression