Education is a social institution that transmits a society's knowledge, skills, norms and values across generations. It socializes children and develops habits and attitudes to face the future successfully. Education involves formal instruction in schools under trained teachers, as well as informal socialization. It serves functions like socializing youth, cultural innovation through research, social integration by establishing shared values, identifying talent for social placement, and providing childcare and career networks. Education systems vary across countries in aspects like attendance rates, exam competitiveness, and gender disparities.

1. Social Institutions :
EDUCATION
IMRAN AHMAD SAJID

2. • Education …. Latin educare  “bring up”.
• The idea of education is not merely to impart
knowledge to the pupil in some subjects but
to develop in them those habits and attitudes
with which they may successfully face the
future.

3. Education
John J. Macionis
• Education is the social institution through
which society provides its members with
important knowledge, including basic facts,
job skills, and cultural norms and values.

4. Durkheim:
– Education is the socialization of the younger
generation.
WG Sumner
– Education is the attempt to transmit to the child
the mores of the group, so that he can learn
“what conduct is approved and what
disapproved…how he ought to behave in all kinds
of cases: what he ought to believe and reject”.

5. Britannica Encyclopedia
• Education is the discipline that is concerned with
methods of teaching and learning in schools or
school-like environments as opposed to various
non-formal and informal means of socialization
• Education can be thought of as the transmission
of the values and accumulated knowledge of a
society. In this sense, it is equivalent to what
social scientists term socialization or
enculturation

6. Schooling
• Schooling is the formal instruction under the
direction of specially trained teachers.

7. Teaching
• Teaching, systematic presentation of facts,
ideas, skills, and techniques to students

8. Purpose of Education
• Plato: the end of education is to develop in
the body and in the soul (of the pupil) all the
beauty and all the perfection of which they
are capable.
• Aristotle: The aim of education is to develop
man’s faculties, especially, his mind, so that he
may be able to enjoy the contemplation of the
supreme truth, goodness and beauty in which
perfect happiness essentially consists.

9. Eleanor Roosevelt --1930 article,
• Good Citizenship

10. Jonathan Cohen, cofounder and president of the
National School Climate Center.
• “… the purpose of education is to support
children in developing the skills, the knowledge,
and the dispositions that will allow them to be
responsible, contributing members of their
community—their democratically-informed
community. Meaning, to be a good friend, to be a
good mate, to be able to work, and to contribute
to the well-being of the community."

11. Education: A Global Survey
• In much of the world, young people expect to
spend most of their first 18 years in school.
• This was not the case a century ago when just
a small elite had the privilege of attending
school.
• Even today, most young people in poor
countries receive only a few years of formal
schooling.

12. Schooling in Pakistan
• In Pakistan, most poor families depend on earnings of children.
Many children continue to work in factories—weaving rug or
making handcrafts—up to sixty hours a week, which greatly limits
their opportunities for schooling.
• Today, 91% children in Pakistan complete primary school most often
in crowded schoolrooms where one teacher typically faces forty or
more children.
• Likewise, in KP, one teacher faces 45-50 students in a primary
school classroom.
• In contrast, a US primary school teacher faces average 30 students
in a classroom.
• 60% go on to Secondary School, but very few enter college.
• Currently, 44% of Pakistan’s people are not able to read and write.

13. • Patriarchy also shapes Pakistani education. Pakistani
parents are joyful at the birth of a boy because he will
contribute income to the family.
• But there are economic costs to raising a girl: parents
must provide a dowry (a gift of wealth to the groom’s
family), and after her marriage, a daughter’s work
benefits her husband’s family.
• Therefore, many Pakistanis see less reason to invest in
the schooling of girls. So only a limited population of
girls reach secondary and higher education level.
• What do the girls do while the boys are in school?

14. Schooling in Japan
• Schooling has not always been part of the Japanese way of life. Before
industrialization brought mandatory education in 1872, only a privileged
few attended school. Today, Japan’s education system is widely praised for
producing some of the world’s highest achievers.
• The early grades concentrate on transmitting Japanese traditions,
especially a sense of obligation to family. Starting in their early teens,
students take a series of difficult and highly competitive examinations.
Their scores on these written tests, which are like NTS in Pakistan decide
the future of all Japanese students.
• More men and women graduate from high school in Japan (95%) than in
the US (87%). But competitive examinations allow just 48% of high school
graduates—compared to 70% in the US—to enter college.
• Understandably, Japanese students (and their parents) take entrance
examinations very seriously. About half attend “cram schools”: to prepare
for exams, which means very late nights completing homework. Such hard
work is one reason that Japanese students often nap in class-seen by
teachers as the mark of a serious student.

15. • Japanese schooling produce impressive
results. In a number of fields, notably
mathematics and science, Japanese students
(who rank 4th in the world) outperform
students in almost every other high income
nation, including US (ranked in 26th place).

16. Schooling in the UK

17. Functions of Education
Formal Education supports the operation and
stability of society. How? Through following
five (5) functions:
1. Socialization
2. Cultural Innovation
3. Social Integration
4. Social Placement
5. Latent Functions

18. 1. Socialization
• Technologically simple societies look to families to teach
skills and values and thus to transmit a way of life from one
generation to the next.
• As societies gain more complex technology, they turn to
trained teachers to develop and pass on the more
specialized knowledge that adults will need to take their
place in the workforce.
• In primary school, children learn language and basic
mathematical skills. Secondary school builds on this
foundation, and for many students, college allows further
specialization.
• In addition, all schooling teaches cultural values and norms.

19. 2. Cultural Innovation
• Faculty at colleges and universities create culture
as well as pass it on to students.
• Research in the sciences, the social sciences, the
humanities, and the fine arts leads to discovery
and changes in our way of life.
– For example, medical research at major universities
has helped increase life expectancy,
– just as research by sociologists and psychologists helps
us learn how to enjoy life more so that we can take
advantage of our longevity.

20. 3. Social Integration*
• Schooling molds a diverse population into one
society sharing norms and values.
*Social integration refers to the principles by which individuals or
actors are related to one another in a society; system integration refers
to the relationships between parts of a society or social system.

21. 4. Social Placement
• School identify talent that match instruction
to ability.
• Schooling increases meritocracy* by
rewarding talent and hard work regardless of
social background and provides a path to
upward social mobility.
* system based on ability:

22. 5. Latent Functions of Schooling
1. Child care
2. Marriage market
3. Establish networks that serve valuable career
resource throughout life.
4. Economic function
5. Political function

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