There are four main categories of crime: 1) violent crimes against persons such as murder, assault, and kidnapping, 2) property crimes against property like theft, fraud, and arson, 3) public order crimes which violate moral standards but have no direct victim such as drug use, pornography, and prostitution, and 4) enterprise crimes committed by criminal organizations and businesses through activities like organized crime, white-collar crime, cyber crime, and corporate crime. Violent crimes directly harm individuals through violence or threat of violence while property crimes damage or steal property. Public order crimes undermine social order and morality. Enterprise crimes involve ongoing criminal operations and illegal business activities for financial gain.

1. Categories of Crime
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
IPCS| UOP
imranahmad131@uop.edu.pk
Source: Siegel, L.J. (2005). Criminology [The Core Second Edition]. Wadsworth Publishers

2. There are at least four (4) categories of
crime
A. Violent Crimes / Crime Against Person
B. Property Crimes
C. Public Order Crimes
D. Enterprise Crimes

3. A. CRIME AGAINST PERSON
• Crimes against person are crimes in which
damage, injury or harm is inflicted upon a person’s
body or honour.

4. Violent crimes
• Violence is the use of physical force to injure
somebody or damage something.
• Violent crimes are crimes that involve violence
either in expressive form or instrumental form.
– Expressive/Hostile violence: acts that involve rage,
anger, or frustration. The major goal is to inflict harm or
injury. Hurting is an end in itself.
Instrumental violence: In instrumental violence,
actions may cause harm but are not motivated by the
desire to cause harm per se.

5. Murder/homicide: the unlawful killing of a
human being
1. 1st degree murder: killing a person after premeditation and
deliberation. Qatl-e-Amad
2. 2nd degree murder: a killing caused by dangerous conduct and
the offender's obvious lack of concern for human life.
3. 3rd Degree Murder/Manslaughter: homicide without malice
aforethought.
1. Voluntary manslaughter: a killing committed in the heat of passion
or during a sudden quarrel that provoked violence.
2. Involuntary manslaughter:
the unlawful killing of another human being without intent.
3. Felony murder: a killing accompanying a felony, such as
robbery or rape.

6. Qatl
1. Qatl-i-Amd
2. Qatl-i-Shibh-i-Amd
3. Qatl-bis-Sabab
4. Qatl-i-Khata

7. • Qatl-e-Amd:
• Causing death with the intention of causing death
or with the intention of causing bodily injury to a
person, by doing an act which in the ordinary
course of nature is likely to cause death, or with
the knowledge that his act is so imminently
dangerous that it must in all probability cause
death

8. • Qatl-i-Shibh-i-Amad:
• Causing death with intent to cause harm to the body
or mind of any person by means of a weapon or an
act which in the ordinary course of nature is not likely
to cause death.
• Illustration
– A in order to cause hurt strikes Z with a stick or stone which
in the ordinary course of nature is not likely to cause death.
Z dies as a result of such hurt. A shall be guilty of Qatl
shibh-i-amd.

9. • Qatl-bis-sabab:
• Causing death without any intention to cause death or
harm to any person, by doing any unlawful act which
becomes a cause for the death of another person.
• Illustration
• A unlawfully digs a pit in the thoroughfare, but without
any intention to cause death of, or harm to, any
person, B while passing from there falls in it and is
killed. A has committed qatl-bis-sabab.

10. • Qatl-i-khata:
• Causing death without any intention to cause death of,
or cause harm to, a person either by mistake of act or
by mistake of fact, is said to commit qatl-ikhata.
• Illustrations
– (a) A aims at a deer but misses the target and kills Z who is
standing by, A is guilty of qatl-i-khata.
– (b) A shoots at an object to be a boar but it turns out to be a
human being. A is guilty of qatl-i-khata.

11. Assault and Battery
• Battery is offensive touching, such as slapping, hitting, or
punching a victim.
• Assault requires no actual touching but involves either
attempted battery or intentionally frightening the victim by
word or deed.
• Road Rage violent assault by a motorist who loses control
while driving.
• Assault in the home
– Child abuse
– Child sexual abuse
– Parental abuse
– Spousal abuse

12. Hurt
• Whoever causes pain, harm, disease, or injury to any
person or impairs, disables or dismembers any organ
of the body or part thereof of any person without
causing his death, is said to cause hurt.
The following are the kinds of hurt:
(a) Itlaf-i-udw: amputation
(b) Itlaf-i-salahiyyat-i-udw: Impairment
(c) shajjah: injury on Head or Face
(d) jurh: Injury on other than head or face
(e) all kinds of other hurts.

13. Robbery
• Robbery: taking or attempting to take anything of
value from the care, custody, or control of a person
or persons by force or threat of force or violence
and/or by putting the victim in fear.

14. Kidnapping
• The action or crime of forcefully taking away and
holding somebody prisoner, usually for ransom

15. Terrorism
• Terrorism, premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against
noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents,
usually intended to influence an audience.
1. Revolutionary terrorism: Terrorism for replacing existing government with
a regime that holds acceptable political or religious views to that of terrorists
(TTP, BLA, PKK).
2. Political terrorism: Terrorism that targets political rivals but does not
necessarily involve replacing the existing government (Target Killing in
Karachi).
3. Nationalist terrorism: terrorism that promotes the interests of a minority
ethnic or religious group that believes it has been persecuted under majority
rule and wishes to carve out its own independent homeland (Khalistan
Movement, Pakhtun Zalmi).
4. Cause-based terrorism: terrorism directed to impose a social and religious
code on the world (Al-Qaida, DAISH, Templers).
5. State-sponsored terrorism: terrorism when a repressive regime forces its
citizens into obedience, oppresses minorities (sometimes majority), and
stifles political dissent (former USSR).
6. Criminal terrorism: terrorism groups who become involved in common-law
crimes such as drug dealing and kidnapping (Mangal-Bagh).

16. B. PROPERTY CRIMES
• Crimes against property are crimes in which harm
or damage is inflicted upon a person’s property,
either tangible or non-tangible.
• e.g.
– Motor-vehicle theft,
– Arson
– Burglary
– Dacoity

17. THEFT / LARCENY: taking for one’s own use the property of another,
by means other than force or threats on the victim or forcibly breaking
into a person’s home or workplace.
1. Petty larceny: theft of a small amount of money or
property.
2. Grand larceny: theft of money or property of
substantial value.
3. Shoplifting: theft involving the taking of good from
retail stores.
4. Credit card theft: theft involving stealing and using
of credit cards.
5. Auto theft: theft of motor vehicles.

18. 1. Fraud (False Pretense): involves misrepresenting a
fact in a way that causes a victim to willingly give his
or her property to the wrong-doer, who then keeps it.
2. Embezzlement: taking and keeping the property of
others, such as clients or employers, with which one
has been entrusted.
3. Burglary: entering a home by force, threat, or
deception with intent to commit a crime.
4. Arson: the willful, malicious burning of a home,
building, or vehicle.

19. • 5. Extortion: the act of intentionally putting any person in
fear of any injury to that person, or to any other, and thereby
dishonestly inducing the person so put in fear to deliver to
any person any property or valuable security or anything
signed or sealed which may be converted into a valuable
security.
• …the crime of obtaining something such as money or
information from somebody by using force, threats, or other
unacceptable methods
• …to obtain [something] from a person by force, intimidation,
or undue or illegal power
Blackmailing

20. • 6. Mischief: the act of causing wrongful loss or
damage to the public or to any person’s property,
thereby destroying or diminishes its value or utility

21. C. PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES
• Public order crime is a behaviour that is outlawed because it
threatens the general well-being of society and challenges
its accepted moral principles.
1. Victimless crimes/moral crimes
2. Homosexuality
3. Sodomy
4. Homophobia
5. Paraphilia
6. Prostitution
7. Pornography
8. Substance Abuse

22. 1. Victimless Crime
• Public order crime that violates the moral order but
has no specific victim other than society as a
whole.
• Such as
– Prostitution
– Pornography
– Drug addicts

23. 2. Homosexuality
• Homosexuality refers to Erotic interests in
members of one’s own sex…and who usually (but
not necessarily) engages in over sexual relations
with them.

24. 3. Sodomy
• Deviant intercourse.

25. 5. Paraphilia
• From the Greek “para” meaning “to the side of” and
“philos” meaning “loving.”
• Pharaphilias are bizarre or abnormal sexual practices
involving recurrent sexual urges focused on
– 1) nonhuman objects,
– 2) humiliation or the experience of receiving or giving pain
– 3) children or others who cannot grant consent.
• E. g Sexual activity with animals, corpses or other
objects.

26. 6. Prostitution
• Granting non-marital sexual access, established by
mutual agreement of the prostitutes, their clients,
and their employers, for remuneration.

27. 7. Pornography
• Greek “porne” meaning “prostitute” and “graphein”
meaning “to write”.
• Production, display and sale of obscene material.
– Obscenity, from Latin “cenum” meaning “filth” is “deeply
offensive to morality or decency---designed to incite to
lust or depravity”.

28. 8. Substance Abuse
• The use of illicit drugs or alcohol

29. D. ENTERPRISE* CRIMES
• Enterprise crimes are crimes of illicit**
entrepreneurship
1. White-collar crime
2. Organized crime
3. Cyber crime
*Commercial Business **Illegal
EC are the crimes of the Market Place

30. 1. White-collar Crime
• A crime committed by a person of respectability and high
social status in the course of his occupation (Sutherland,
1939).
– Today, there is a broader definition of WCC…White-collar
crime refers to financially motivated nonviolent crime committed
by business and government professionals.
– White collar crimes are such acts as income tax evasion, credit
card fraud, and bankruptcy fraud.
– WCC breeds
• distrust in economic and social institutions,
• lower public morale, and
• undermine faith in business and government.
• And may lead to conflict.

31. Forms of WCC
1. Sting and Swindles: are white collar crime in which people use
their institutional or business position to bilk people out of their
money.
– e.g. door-to-door sale of faulty merchandise, fraudulent charitable
organizations
2. Chiseling: cheating an organization, its consumers, or both on
a regular basis.
– e.g. charging for bogus auto repairs, short-weighting (Ghee Mil in
Industrial State Peshawar).
3. Individual Exploitation of Institutional Position
– It involves individual’s exploiting their power or position in
organizations to take advantage of other individuals who have an
interest in how that power is used.
– e.g. A Thana Moharir asks for additional payment in order to launch
an FIR
– Installation of gas or electricity meters

32. 4. Influence Peddling and Bribery
– Using one’s institutional position to grant favours and sell information
to which someone is not entitled
– e.g. awarding contracts to someone who could not have won on
merit, rigging elections
5. Client Fraud: a WCC, a theft by an economic client from an
organization that advances credit to its clients or reimburses
them for services rendered. e.g.
– Cheating by welfare recipients
– Healthcare frauds
– Bank Frauds: check forgery, false statements of loan applications etc
– Tax evasion

33. Corporate Crime
• Is a form of WCC and AKA Organizational crime
• Powerful institutions or their representatives willfully
violate the laws that restrain these institutions from
doing social harm or require them to do social good.
– The target of their crimes can be the general public, the
environment, or even their companies’ workers.
• e.g. illegal restraint of trade and price fixing,
• Deceptive pricing
• False claims or advertising
• Environment crimes, workers’ safety crimes
• Not registering workers

34. • Trade fixing:
– Division of markets: firms divide a region into territories, and
each firm agrees not to compete in the others’ territories
– Tying arrangement: a corporation requires customers of one of
its services to use other services it offers.
– Price-fixing: a conspiracy to set and control the price of a
necessary commodity.
• Deceptive pricing: DP occurs when contractors provide the
government or other corporations with incomplete or
misleading information on how much it will actually cost to
fulfill the contracts they are bidding on or use mischarges
once the contracts are signed.

35. 2. Cyber Crime
• Cyber crimes are a new breed of enterprise crimes
that can be singular or ongoing and typically
involve the use of computers to illegally take
possession of information, resources, or funds.
• Cyber criminals use emerging form of technology
to commit criminal acts.

36. 1. Identity Theft: the deliberate use of someone else's identity,
usually as a method to gain a financial advantage or obtain
credit and other benefits in the other person's name, and
perhaps to the other person's disadvantage or loss.
2. Phising/Spoofing: Phishing is the attempt to obtain sensitive
information such as usernames, passwords, and credit
card details (and sometimes, indirectly, money), often for
malicious reasons, by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in
an electronic communication. e.g.
– sending multiple e-mails;
– resending multiple commercial email messages with the intent to
deceive recipients; or
– falsifying header information in multiple email messages.

37. 3. Blackmail/Extortion*: Using the Internet to threaten to
cause damage with the intent to extort from any person any
money or other thing of value.
– e.g. Gandageer Khan
4. Accessing Stored Communications (Hacking):
Intentionally accessing, without authorization, a facility
through which an electronic communication service is
provided.
5. Cyber Terrorism: an act of terrorism committed through
the use of cyberspace or computer resources.
*Obtaining something by illegal threats

38. 3. Organized Crime
• Organized crimes are crimes of ongoing criminal
enterprise groups whose ultimate purpose is personal
economic gain through illegitimate means.
• Here a structured enterprise system is set up to
continually supply consumers with merchandise and
services banned by criminal law but for which a ready
market exists:
– prostitution, pornography, gambling, and narcotics.
– Mafia, Underworld, Syndicate

39. ENTERPRISE
CRIMES
Internet
Pornography
CYBER CRIME
•Identity Theft
•Computer Crime
WHITE-COLLAR
CRIME
•Bribery
•Price Fixing
ORGANIZED CRIME
•Extortion
•Gambling
•Illegal Dumping of
Pollutants:
•Money Laundering
•Online
Securities
Fraud