The document discusses different learning styles and provides sample activities to engage each style. It describes 8 styles: bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, logical-mathematical, musical, naturalistic, verbal-linguistic, and visual-spatial. For each style, it explains characteristics important to that way of learning and 3-4 example activities students could do to engage that style, such as acting out concepts, working in groups, self-reflection, puzzle-solving, music-making, nature observation, discussion, and visual representation. The document suggests engaging multiple styles can improve student learning.
THE COGNITIVE PROCESS
Cognition is important in human learning. Many of the task as well as our activities and responsibilities in personal and professional life require our cognitive abilities.
Cognition involves various intellectual processes (such as perception, memory thinking and language) through which information is obtained, transformed, stored retrieved and used.
Cognition is a way of processing information, an active process, and a useful process.
THE COMPLEX PROCESS OF COGNITION
COGNITIVE PROCESS OF EXPERTS AND EXPERTS SYSTEM
Special Knowledge-
Domain Specificity-
Analogical Reasoning-
Expert System-
Creative-
5 BASIC UNITS OF COGNITION
1. Concepts –building blocks of cognition, it is general labels that we attach to categories of things and information that share common characteristics.
2. Propositions- composed of related concepts.
3. Schemata - general knowledge structures used for understanding.
4. Production – basic unit of procedural knowledge.
Classical Approach-
Prototypical Approach
Exemplar Approach
5. Scripts- specific knowledge structures that contain the sequence of events that usually occur in certain situations.
COGNITIVE STRATEGIES
-mental plans that we apply to manage our thinking and behavior during problem solving or learning.
Student-centered instruction .Students must be actively involved in the learning process.
Activating prior knowledge. Prior knowledge pays major role in constructing meaning.
Social interactions. Social interactions are necessary for students to develop authentic learning
Problem Solving. The creative process of solving a problem happen when students themselves in meaningful learning.
Elaboration . As much as possible we avoid the used of memorization of basic facts . instead we should require students to use those facts in meaningful context.
Concept learning. Concept learning equates with knowledge construction
Important to consider in concept learning
Using core knowledge-
Integration of concepts across curriculum
Provision of an open Ended curriculum
Provision of cognitive flexibility
Provision of cognitive apprenticeship
References/Sources: Facilitating Human
Learning( Aquino A.M.,2009)
THE COGNITIVE PROCESS
Cognition is important in human learning. Many of the task as well as our activities and responsibilities in personal and professional life require our cognitive abilities.
Cognition involves various intellectual processes (such as perception, memory thinking and language) through which information is obtained, transformed, stored retrieved and used.
Cognition is a way of processing information, an active process, and a useful process.
THE COMPLEX PROCESS OF COGNITION
COGNITIVE PROCESS OF EXPERTS AND EXPERTS SYSTEM
Special Knowledge-
Domain Specificity-
Analogical Reasoning-
Expert System-
Creative-
5 BASIC UNITS OF COGNITION
1. Concepts –building blocks of cognition, it is general labels that we attach to categories of things and information that share common characteristics.
2. Propositions- composed of related concepts.
3. Schemata - general knowledge structures used for understanding.
4. Production – basic unit of procedural knowledge.
Classical Approach-
Prototypical Approach
Exemplar Approach
5. Scripts- specific knowledge structures that contain the sequence of events that usually occur in certain situations.
COGNITIVE STRATEGIES
-mental plans that we apply to manage our thinking and behavior during problem solving or learning.
Student-centered instruction .Students must be actively involved in the learning process.
Activating prior knowledge. Prior knowledge pays major role in constructing meaning.
Social interactions. Social interactions are necessary for students to develop authentic learning
Problem Solving. The creative process of solving a problem happen when students themselves in meaningful learning.
Elaboration . As much as possible we avoid the used of memorization of basic facts . instead we should require students to use those facts in meaningful context.
Concept learning. Concept learning equates with knowledge construction
Important to consider in concept learning
Using core knowledge-
Integration of concepts across curriculum
Provision of an open Ended curriculum
Provision of cognitive flexibility
Provision of cognitive apprenticeship
References/Sources: Facilitating Human
Learning( Aquino A.M.,2009)
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Learning
Learning can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominate psychology and sought to explain the learning process.
The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychology are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism was the school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors.
Founded by John B. Watson and outlined in his seminal 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, the behaviorist standpoint held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that internal mental processes should not be considered because they could not be directly observed and measured.
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For example, in Pavlov's classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response.
How Classical Conditioning Works
Operant Conditioning
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Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment would result in decreases. He also found that the timing of when reinforcements were delivered influenced how quickly a behavior was learned and how strong the response would be. The timing and rate of reinforcement are known as schedules of reinforcement.
How Operant Conditioning Works
Observational Learning
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1. Learning Styles Quiz Results: Digger Deeper
Taken from Edutopia
(http://www.edutopia.org/your-learning-styles)
2. Introductory Information
Editor's Note (2013): There is no scientific
evidence, as of yet, that shows that people
have specific, fixed learning styles or
discrete intelligences, nor that students
benefit when teachers target instruction to
a specific learning style or intelligence.
However, providing students with multiple
ways to learn content has been shown to
improve student learning (Hattie,
2011). Read more about the research on
multiple intelligences and learning styles.
3. Bodily-Kinesthetic
• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is about thinking
in movements and includes the ability to use
movements for either self-expression or
precision to achieve a goal. It is crucial for
surgeons, athletes, mimes, choreographers, and
directors.
• This type of intelligence helps you retain
information when it is associated with an activity,
such as dance, acting, and sports. Relating what
you are trying to learn to one of these activities
will help you retain information and gain
understanding.
4. Bodily-Kinesthetic Sample
Activities:
• Perform a skit to show the action of the
idea you are trying to learn.
• Make a game out of the materials.
• Apply what you are learning to hands-on
models or in-practice examples.
• Stay active when you are in a situation in
which you need to concentrate. You can
squeeze a stress ball when talking with
someone or walk around while reading a
book.
5. Interpersonal
• Interpersonal intelligence is about social
interaction and understanding the people
around you and their motives, emotions,
perspectives, and moods.
• This type of intelligence is important in
managing relationships, understanding
situations, and negotiating conflict. It is
especially applicable in careers that
require insight and a sensitivity to what
someone else is thinking or feeling, such
as teaching, psychology, or sales.
6. Interpersonal Sample Activities:
• Give and receive feedback.
• Talk out problems.
• Work on large-group projects so you can
use your social abilities to divide up tasks
and understand all aspects of the project.
• Be a part of active learning through
mentoring, tutoring, or an apprenticeship.
This activity will reinforce your own
knowledge or abilities.
7. Intrapersonal
• Intrapersonal intelligence has been said
to be the road to achievement, learning,
and personal satisfaction. It is about
being connected to who you are and how
you feel, and knowing your own limits
and abilities.
• Intrapersonal intelligence is involved in
making decisions and setting goals for
yourself, self-management, and self-
reflection.
8. Intrapersonal Sample Activities:
• Study alone in a comfortable yet quiet
environment.
• Set goals for yourself, and monitor your
progress regularly.
• Reflect on what you have learned, and
think through new material.
• Create a connection between new
material and subjects you already know,
and gain understanding by finding their
similarities.
9. Logical-Mathematical
• Logical-mathematical intelligence is
about understanding complex problems
and conceptualizing relationships
between symbols, processes, and
actions.
• This type of intelligence asks questions,
finds solutions, and reflects on the
problem-solving process.
10. Logical-Mathematical Sample
Activities:
• Think about what you are trying to learn as a
puzzle or a formula.
• Ask questions and allow yourself to
experiment with your own hypotheses to find
solutions or new answers.
• Concentrate on symbols, designs, and words
to bridge mathematical and verbal logic.
• Create an outline to understand your subject
step by step. Doing so will allow you to stay
organized and track what you're learning in a
logical sequence.
11. Musical
• Musical intelligence is associated with
enjoying music, singing, making music,
and playing an instrument. It involves a
sensitivity to sounds as well as the
emotions music conveys.
12. Musical Sample Activities
• Listen to music while you study to connect its
patterns and sounds with the subject you are
studying. Replay the same song just before a
test.
• Create a rhyme, song, or chant for material
you would like to memorize.
• Associate what you're learning with a song
you like.
• Use your ability to distinguish sounds as well
as hear the beat, tone, or chord in a song by
learning an instrument or mixing sound.
13. Naturalistic
• Naturalistic learning is about
understanding the patterns of living
things, and applying scientific reasoning
to the world. Nature intelligence is
particularly applicable in careers such as
farmer, naturalist, animal behaviorist, and
scientist.
14. Naturalistic Sample Activities:
• Recognize and classify different types of
plants or animals.
• Observe and record data.
• Create a "living system" for the material
you are trying to learn. Imagine the new
material as an ecosystem or a pattern for
you to figure out.
• Write about nature, daily life, or people
as a topic so you become engaged in
your assignment.
15. Verbal-Linguistic
• Verbal-linguistic intelligence (along with
logical-mathematical intelligence) is often
associated with doing well in school.
• It involves the ability to use words
effectively for reading, writing, listening,
and speaking. The poet has been
described as the epitome of verbal-
linguistic intelligence.
16. Verbal-Linguistic Sample
Activities:
• Use words to explain complicated
subjects.
• Ask questions.
• Engage in the Socratic method, digesting
information through a question-and-
answer exchange.
• Hone your native ability to tell a story.
17. Visual-Spatial
• Visual-spatial intelligence allows you to
see and modify things in your mind.
• This kind of understanding of the visual
world and its relation to physical items is
valuable in solving spatial problems,
designing, and doing crafts.
18. Visual-Spatial Sample Activities:
• Use art projects to create representations
of the content you are learning.
• Draw related images next to your notes
(along with arrows between ideas) to
create connection and reference points.
• Organize with color. Use different-colored
highlighters, paper, index cards, folders, or
tabs to create a visual system for finding
things and grouping topics.
• Visualize your topic. When you are
learning something new, imagine what it
looks like.