Leadership, mgt, problem solving& decision making

By Jones H,M-MBA
9/15/2019by Jones H.M-MBA

 Are not synonymous terms
 Leaders are not automatically good managers
 Managers are often not effective leaders
 To manage means to bring about, to
accomplish, to have responsibility for and to
conduct
 To lead means to influence, to guide in terms
of direction, course, action or opinion.
 In today’s health care organizations or
operations, people want to be led – not
managed

 Managers are people who do things right
(carry out the policy) and leaders are people
who do the right things (formulate policy)
 Main aim of a manager is to maximize output
of the organization thru administrative
implementation
 To achieve this, they undertake the functions
of planning, organizing, staffing, directing
and controlling

 Leaders ensure attainment of organizational
goals thru the facilitation of healthy relationships
among employees
 This is achieved thru free communication,
utilization of group dynamics, participative
decision-making and motivation towards change
 Good leaders are made not born, they are
developed thru a never-ending process of self
study, education, training and experience
 Basis of good leadership is an honourable
character and selfless service to your
organization

 Managers have employees, leaders have
followers
 Managers command and control, leaders
empower and inspire
 Management can be taught, leadership must
be experienced to be learned
 Managers seek stability, leaders seek
flexibility

 Manager think incrementally (do things by the
book and follow policy), leaders think
radically (follow their intuition which may be
of more benefit to the company)
 Managers make decisions and solve
problems, leaders set directions and then
empower and enable their teams to make
their own decisions and solve their own
problems

 Managers accept the organizational structure
and culture, leaders look for a better way
 Managers control, leaders let vision,
strategies, goals and values be the guide for
action behaviour
 Managers must be respected as they have
obtained their position of authority thru time
and loyalty given to them by the institution
and followers, leaders are people whom
others naturally follow thru their own choice

 Could be viewed with the dimensions of clarity,
commitment, self-image, price and behaviour
 Clarity-are healthcare professionals clear on their
tasks and responsibilities?
 Commitment- what do followers need from their
leaders?
 Self-image- do hc know their own abilities: what
they can and cannot accomplish
 Price- what is the price that hc professionals pay
or reward thy receive for working hard and
productively?
 Behaviour- does the style of the leader promote
+ve and effective behaviour among followers

 Know yourself and seek self-improvement –
understand your own being and continue
strengthening your attributes thru reading, self
study etc
 Be technically proficient – know your job and
have a solid familiarity with your employees’ jobs
 Seek responsibility and take responsibility for
you actions – search for ways to guide your
organization, when things go wrong, as they will
sooner or later, do not blame others. Analyse
situation, take corrective action and move on to
the next challenge

 Make sound and timely decisions – use good
problem-solving, decision-making and planning
tools.
 Set an example – be a good role for your
followers. They must not only hear what they are
expected to do, but also see this.
 Know your followers and look after their well-
being. Know human nature and the importance
of caring for your followers
 Keep your followers informed – know how to
communicate with your followers, seniors and
other key people within the organization

 Develop a sense of responsibility in your
followers – develop good character traits
within your followers that will help them carry
out their professional responsibilities
 Ensure tasks are understood, supervised and
accomplished – communication is key to this
responsibility
 Train your followers as a team
 Use the full capabilities of your organization

 Assertiveness is expressing thoughts,
feelings and beliefs in a direct manner.
 As one is expressing herself, that person
should not violate the rights of others.
 When one is acting assertively, that person
would be confident and gain respect of peers
and friends.
 Assertiveness increases the chances of
honest relationships.

 Assertiveness improves one's decision
making ability and getting what one wants.
 When one is assertive, they put the rights of
other people before their own.
 Assertiveness is different from non-
assertiveness in that non-assertive behavior
is indirect.
 Non-assertiveness also communicates a
message of inferiority.

 Non-assertiveness also creates lose-win
situation because a non-assertive person
decides his/her needs are secondary and opts
to be a victim.

 The position of self is expressed clearly
using ‘I’ statements.
 The strategies respects the rights of self
and others.
 Full responsibility of personal feeling and
wants is assumed.
 Only issues related to the present conflicts
are addressed.
 Tact and awareness of the clients frame of
reference are considered of primary
importance throughout the interaction.

 Undesired attitudes are the focus for
change.
 The amount of forcefulness employed in the
delivery of assertion depends on the nature
of the conflict involved.
 Long explanation detract from the true
impact of the spoken message to be the
main point quickly saying what is supposed
to be said in the simplest, most possible
way cuts down on

Levels of assertive behavior.
 Basic assertion- these are simply
statements that identify personal rights,
feelings or opinions.
 Escalating assertion – statements similar to
basic assertion but presented in more
stronger tone and with more attention to
specific details.

 Confrontive assertion – where one describes
objectivity what one would do, he/she has
said and the actual behavior that occurred
and the behavior one would like to see and
the statements are delivered I a strong term
and tactful manner.
 Persistence is the key feature.

 Facial expression, gestures and voice tone
that accompany the message add support
to the message.
 Messages of importance or anger may be
ignored or misunderstood if they are
delivered in a timid fashion and
accompanied by a big smile.
 Choice of words should complement the
intended message of the speaker.

 Assertiveness requires the use of common
sense, self-awareness, tact, sense of
perspective, knowledge, and human respect.
Use of assertive behavior produces desired
interpersonal goals.

 Problems can be very obvious or vague or covert
 Sources of problems are innumerable arising from
many angle internally or externally.
 Many problems have more than one potential
solution
 Problem exists whenever there is a difference
between what actually happens and what the
supervisor wants to have happen.

 A helpful guide in working toward the
resolution of a difficult situation
 Problem solving is a process, a strategy for
organizing and sequencing thinking
 Problem solving is the process of taking
corrective action in order to meet objectives

 People may use one fundamental, innate approach that does
not change easily even if taught different method
 People generate hypotheses early, do not wait for all facts
before coming up with tentative conclusions or solutions.
 People are best at particular problems. One’s profession may
affect how he/she solves a particular problem
 People have also been found with tendency to simplify a
situation or use solutions that worked in the past

 Problem analyzer has a standard of
performance against which to compare
 A problem is a deviation from the expected
standard
 A deviation from a standard must be
identified, located and described.

 There is always something distinguishing
that which has been affected by the cause
from that which has not.
 The cause of the problem is always a
change that has taken place through some
distinctive features, mechanism or
condition to produce a new unwanted
effect.

 The possible causes of the deviation are
deduced from the changes in analyzing the
problem found.
 The most likely cause of the deviation is
one that exactly explains all facts in the
specification of the problem.

 Problem solving itself does not supply the answers:
it is only a process used to arrive at an answer
 It is the basis of the nursing process
 It is a deliberate, thoughtful way to deal with
immediate problem creating difficulty for which
there is no ready made solution
 Steps in problem solving can be used in crisis
intervention because it helps the person or group
in crisis to bring some order to what appears an
uncontrollable situation

 Assessment: collect data, list as much information
concerning the problem…
 Diagnosis: define the problem, analyze, looking at
patterns and clues in the data
 Plan: select strategies, write every appropriate
action that you can think of
 Implementation: take action, selecting strategies
that are most likely to be effective and appropriate
 Evaluation: evaluate results, think critically about
data collected and evaluate the responses

 Identify the problem and prioritize:
 Is it important?
 Is there support for change?
 Does it have emotional appeal?
 Are there any risks?
 Is it within your sphere?
 Is of high risk or volume or problem prone?

 Define the problem
 What is the problem
 How do you it is a problem
 What are its effects
 How will you know its effects

 Identify who will act on the problem
 Analyze and study the problem
 Choose and design the solution
 Implement the solution
 Evaluate the implementation and its
outcomes

 Introduction .
 Planning: is a dynamic, future oriented process
which involves a whole set of interrelated actions
and decisions. It is not a single event.
 Planning: a primary management function that
decides in advance what needs to be done and
charts the course for the future action.
 Decision making: involves critical thinking,
problem solving and managerial decision making.
 Decision making:a process of identifying and
selecting a course of action to solve a specific
problem

 Decision making process is arriving at a set
of promises that relate to a situation.
 Decision making in nursing is measured in
relation to professional standards.

 To focus attention on objectives
 To get managers participate in decision
making about the goals and strategies for
the organization ( Jones, G.R& George, J.M.
2003)
 To offset uncertainty, chance; and give
direction and purpose
 To gain economic cooperation
 To facilitate control of managers

 To coordinate managers of different
functions and divisions of an organization so
that they pull in the same direction

 Corporate level: top managements decisions
pertaining to the organization’s mission, overall
strategy and structure
 Business level: division managers’ decisions
pertaining to division’s long term goals, overall
strategy, and structure
 Functional level: functional managers decisions
pertaining to the goals that they propose to pursue
to help the division attain its business-level goals

 Health care planning: involves determining
the health of a population
 Project planning: a process applied within
the organization or project to be carried out
in cooperation with other agencies.
 Strategic planning: focuses on the future of
an organization.It may consider political,
economic, and social forces affecting health
care system

 REACTIVE: responding to an existing
problem.
 PROACTIVE: done before a problem occurs,
in anticipation of changing needs, promote
growth and excellence in an organization.
 OPPORTUNISTIC : done instead of a
breakpoint to occur, the organization’s
administration creates one,
(Tappen,R.M,1995)

 This is divided into three phases which is
commonly referred to as the planning
model:
 Developing the plan
 Presenting the plan
 Implementing and monitoring the plan.
 Planning therefore requires careful
reflection of what it is that one wants to
accomplish and achieve it with a given set
of resources.

 Establish the purpose
 Analyze the situation:
 Confirm that a problem exists
 Establish factors that affect the problem
 Anticipate response to the change
 Formulate objectives

 Generate alternative solutions by applying
the following :
 Brain storming; encourages to break out of
the old
 Nominal group technique: encourages free
thinking
 Idealized redesign: encourages creative
thinking
 Synectics: encourages nurturing new ideas
and protect the source

 Analyze the options and select a course of
action:
 Simulation
 Role playing scenarios
 Pilot projects

 Obtain approval
 Making a presentation:
 Content must be supported by facts
 Delivery mode of the plan has an effect on
its fate:
1.Persuasive
2.Concise
3.Professional
4.Personalised
5.Imaginative

 Organize the implementation involves many
people and activities using the following
techniques:
 Gantt charts
 Pert charts
 Critical path method

 Direct the implementation
 Monitoring the implementation by ensuring
the original design has been followed
 Evaluating the outcomes based on formative
and summative
 Revising and updating the plan.

 Decision making in response to opportunities
occurs when managers search for ways to
improve organizational performance to
benefit customers, staff, clients and
stakeholders

Leadership, mgt, problem solving& decision making

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