- Toussaint L'Ouverture led a rebellion of slaves in Haiti against French colonial rule in the late 18th century and established an independent state, though he later surrendered to the French and died in captivity. - Simon Bolivar led independence movements that liberated several South American countries from Spanish rule in the early 19th century, including Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. - Miguel Hidalgo initiated Mexico's war for independence from Spain with his 1810 "Cry of Dolores," though he was later captured and executed - the movement continued and Mexico achieved independence in 1821.