Donald Knuth created LaTeX in 1978 to allow easy typesetting of documents containing mathematical formulas. LaTeX is a widely used document preparation system for scientific documents and publications. It offers features for page layout, formatting text and mathematical equations, and inserting figures and tables. Documents are written in plain text and compiled to produce a formatted PDF or other output file suitable for publishing.

1. LaTeX
By
G.PRADEEP REDDY
LECTURER
JNTUACEA
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2.  LaTeX is a family of programs designed to produce
publication-quality typeset documents. It is particularly
strong when working with mathematical symbols.
 In 1978, a computer scientist by the name of Donald
Knuth grew frustrated with the mistakes that his
publishers made in typesetting his work.
 He decided to create a typesetting program that everyone
could easily use to typeset documents, particularly those
that include formulae, and made it freely available. The
result is TEX.
INTRODUCTION TO LATEX
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3. Why using LATEX ?
 Page Setting : automatic classes, styles
 It looks Awesome straight away! (Professional, that is)
 Easy to type mathematical equations and other usually tricky
 scientific items such as chemical formula.
 Handles perfectly tables, figures, bibliography, table of
contents, etc. . .
 Adaptable to countless languages and texts (accents,
alphabets).
 Once tamed, a real time saver (macros)
 Customizable
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4. Installation of Latex
In Windows: You need Compiler and Editor
 Preferred Compiler : Miktex
 Preferred Editor : Texmaker
 Advanced packages: can be installed from the
option menu in MiKTeX
In Linux: You need Compiler and Editor
 Preferred Compiler : TeXLive-bin
 Preferred Editor : Texmaker
 Advanced packages: most of them are
automatically installed with MacTeX
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5. Mac OS X:
• Preferred compiler : MacTeX
• Preferred LATEX editor : Texmaker
• Advanced packages: most of them are
automatically installed with MacTeX.
Compiled Language:
 source file: .tex
 output file: .pdf (or .dvi and .ps)
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6. In Windows
Double Click Miktex Compiler setup and run
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7. In Windows
Double Click Texmaker Editor setup and run
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8. In Windows Texmaker View
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9. Installation in LINUX (Ubuntu)
Type Texmaker, in ubuntu software center it searches for plug-in in web
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10. Search by category
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11. Click install to install Texmaker
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12. Process to Create a Document Using
LaTeX
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13. Basic Structure of LaTeX Document
Every LaTeX document must contain the
following three components. Everything else is
optional (even text).
• 1. documentclass{article}
• 2. begin{document}
• 3. end{document}
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14. Classes
Article
Report
Letter
Book
Slide
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15. Basic Commands
• Line break:
• ! or newline does a carriage return.
• ! leaves a blank line without starting a new paragraph
• ! Leaving a blank line between 2 lines of text begins a new paragraph
(i.e. with indentation)
• Page break : newpage
• Font size: It’s also very easy to change the font size: {tiny some text} or
begin{tiny} some textend{tiny}
• Notice that there is a special menu in Texmaker that helps you find these font
size commands: tiny
• Font Style: textbf{some text}
• There is a special menu in Texmaker that helps you find these font
• style commands: ‘LaTeX ! Font Styles’
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16. HOW TO WRITE A DOCUMENT
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18. Getting Started
• documentclass{article}
• begin{document}
• Hello World!
• end{document}
Let’s try to open it in Texmaker: save file as
example1.tex and to compile it: use the Quick
Build button or the other buttons
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19. Compiling Document
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24. How to compile from command
prompt
Pdflatex example1.tex
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25. How to open pdf from command
prompt
• Pdfopen --file filename.pdf
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26. Example of Latex document
documentclass{article}
title{Simple Example}
author{Name of author}
date{March 2012}
begin{document}
maketitle
Hello world!
end{document}
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27. The Basics
• Document Class
documentclass[options]{class}
options = a4paper, 11pt, 12pt, 10pt, twocolumn,
landscape,...
• Packages
usepackage{package name}
epsfig = insert PS pictures into the document
fancyhdr = easy definition of footer and header
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28. Body of Text
• Start with begin{document}
• End with end{document}
• Typesetting Text
– or newline and newpage
– Quotations
– Bold textbf{……………} or bf
– Italics emph{…………} or textit{………} or it
– Underline underline{…………} or ul
• Including Multiple Files
– input{filename.tex}
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29. Abstracts
• To create an abstract, place your text in an abstract
environment, i.e., between:
• begin{abstract} and end{abstract} commands.
• The abstract should come immediately after your
maketitle command, but before any tableofcontents
command.
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30. Format
• Sections
– section{…} = 1. Latex is Great
– subsection{…} = 1.1 Why Latex is Great
– subsubsection{…} = 1.1.1 Reason One
– appendix - changes numbering scheme
– chapter{…} - To be used with book and report document
classes
• Titles, Authors and others
– title{…} author{…}
– footnote{…}
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31. Format Contd.
• maketitle - Display Title and Author
• tableofcontents - generates TOC
• listoftables - generates LOT
• listoffigures - generates LOF
• Labels
– label{marker} - Marker in document.
– pageref{marker} - Displays page no. of marker.
– ref{marker} - Displays section location of marker.
• Itemize
– Use either enumerate, itemize or description.
– see handout for example.
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32. Lists
• Source
– begin{itemize}
– item Apple
– item Orange
– end{itemize}
• Result
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33. Lists (Contd..)
• Enumerate instead of itemize gives a numbered list
• Lists can be recursive
• documentclass[10pt]{article}
• begin{document}
• begin{enumerate}
• item nested enumerated item
• item another enumerated item
• begin{enumerate}
• item nested enumerated item
• end{enumerate}
• item first nested item
• end{enumerate}
• end{document}
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34. Environment
• Something between
– begin{name}
– end{name}
• Many command, for example bf affect the text until the end
of environment
• Environments can be recursive
• Examples:
– itemize, center, abstract
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35. Group
• Group is some text between { and }
• Many commands work until the end of the group
• Code
– put {one word bf in bold} here
• Result
– put one word in bold here
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36. Alignment
• Environments center, flushleft, flushright
• Example
– begin{flushright }
– Right aligned
– end{flushright }
• Result
Right aligned
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37. Font size
tiny scriptsize footnotesize
small normalsize
large Large
LARGE huge
Huge
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38. TABLE OF CONTENTS
• documentclass[10pt]{article}
• begin{document}
• section{A}
• subsection{B}
• subsubsection{C}
• tableofcontents
• end{document}
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39. BOOK
• documentclass[10pt]{book}
• begin{document}
• chapter{Software Engineering}
• Contents
• section{Testing}
• Functional Testing
• subsection{Regression Testing}
• Powerful Testing
• subsubsection{Advantages and Disadvantages}
• Reduces Bugs but costlier
• end{document}
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40. Tables
• Columns
– begin{tabular}{|…|…|}
– end{tabular}
• Rows
– & - Split text into columns
– - End a row
– hline - Draw line under row
– e.g. 123123 & 34.00 hline
Two Columns
l = automatically adjust
size, left justify
r = automatically adjust
size, right justify
p = set size
e.g p{4.7cm}
c = centre text
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41. Example of Table
• documentclass[10pt]{article}
• begin{document}
• begin{tabular}{|l|r|c|} hline
• Date & Price & Size hline
• Yesterday & 5 & big hline
• Today & 3 & small hline
• end{tabular}
• end{document}
Date Price Size
Yesterday 5 Big
Today 3 Small
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42. Example of Table (Cont..)
• documentclass[10pt]{article}
• begin{document}
• begin{table}
• begin{tabular}{| l | r | r | l |}
• hline town&temperature&radiometry
• hline York&32&5 cm
• hline York&22&0 mm
• hline London&23&10 cm
• hline Aberdeen&20&5 mm
• hline
• hline
• end{tabular}
• end{table}
• end{document}
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43. Floating Objects
• Floating objects can stop splitting of tables and
images over pages.
begin{figure}[options]
end{figure}
begin{table}[options]
end{table}
• They will now appear in the
– List of Figures (LOF) and
– List of Tables (LOT).
Options (recommendations)
h = place table here
t = place at top of page
b = place at bottom of page
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44. Example of floating figure
• documentclass[10pt]{article}
• usepackage{epsfig}
• begin{document}
• begin{figure}[ht]
• centeringepsfig{file = Bluehills.jpg, width=5cm}
• caption{University of Helsinki}
• label{uni}
• end{figure}
• end{document}
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45. Graphics
• documentclass[10pt]{article}
• usepackage{graphicx}
• begin{document}
• begin{figure}
• begin{center}
• includegraphics[height=2in, width=3in] {nature.jpg}
• caption{THIS IS NATURE}
• end{center}
• end{figure}
• end{document}
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46. Mathematical Typesetting
 Single line Equations :
• $sqrt{frac{a}{b}}$
 Multiple line Equations :
• $$
• frac{x^n-1}{x-1} = sum_{k=0}^{n-1}x^k
• $$
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47. Mathematical Typesetting (Cont..)
• $$
• lim_{xrightarrow 0} frac{sin x}{x} = 1
• $$
• produces
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48. Braces Above and Below
• documentclass[10pt]{article}
• begin{document}
• $$
• (frac{a}{b})
• left(frac{a}{b}right)
• $$
• $$
• left(
• begin{array}{c}
• m+nnewline
• m
• end{array}
• right)
• =frac{(m+n)!}{m!n!}
• =frac
• {overbrace{(m+n)(m+n-1)cdots(n+1)}^{mbox{$m$factors}}}
• {underbrace{m(m-1)cdots}_{mbox{$m$factors}}}
• $$
• $overline{x+overline{y}}=overline{x}+y$
• end{document}
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49. Output
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50. Dots
• The continuation dots ... are known as an
ellipsis. LaTeX to have four commands to
typeset them with the right spacing. They are:
• 1. cdots for center height dots.
• 2. ddots for diagonal dots, which occur in
matrices.
• 3. ldots for lower height dots.
• 4. vdots for vertical dots.
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51. • documentclass[10pt]{article}
• begin{document}
• $$
• left(
• begin{array}{ccc}
• a_{11}&cdots&a_{1n}
• vdots&ddots&vdots
• a_{m1}&cdots&a_{mn}
• end{array}
• right)
• $$
• end{document}
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52. Chemical Equations
• documentclass[10pt]{article}
• begin{document}
• $6 CO _ 2+6 H _ 2 Orightarrow{}C _ 6 H _{12}O _ 6+C
O _ 2~~~delta G^circ=+2870KJ/MOL$
• end{document}
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53. Slides
• In seminar slides are constructed using
• begin{slide}
• slide contents here
• end{slide}
• Since prosper uses seminar, slides are built the same
way. However, now we include a title.
• begin{slide}{title}
• slide contents here
• end{slide}
• If the title is left out the letter s will become the title.
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54. Bibliography
• documentclass[10pt]{article}
• begin{document}
• begin{thebibliography}{}
• bibitem[1]{Come95} Prof.A.Ananda Rao,
• D. E., {it Software engineering:
• Principles, Design and Architecture},
• volume 1, 3rd edition. Prentice-Hall,
• 1995.
• end{thebibliography}
• end{document}
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55. Bibliography using Bibtex
• Bibliography information is stored in a *.bib
file, in Bibtex format.
• Include chicago package
– usepackage{chicago}
• Set referencing style
– bibliographystyle{chicago}
• Create reference section by
– bibliography{bibfile with no extension}
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56. Bibliography using Bibtex
@book{Come95,
author=“D. E. Comer”,
title={Internetworking with TCP/IP: Principles,
Protocols and Architecture},
publisher=“Prentice-Hall”,
year=1995,
volume=1,
edition=“Third”}
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57. Bibliography contd.
• Citing references in text
– cite{cuc98} = (Cuce 1998)
– citeN{cru98} = Crud (1998)
– shortcite{tom98} = (Tom, et. al. 1998)
• Creating Bibtex Files
– Use Emacs with extensions.
– or copy Bibtex entries from bibliography database.
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58. Conclusions
• Latex is optimal for master and phd thesis?
• Mathematical formulae are easy.
• Use bibtex search engines
• Consider converting Postscript files to PDF
(more widespread in Windows world) and to
conserve space.
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