Laser light has properties of being monochromatic, directional, and coherent that make it useful for cancer therapy. Lasers can be used for cancer surgery, to shrink tumors, and with photodynamic therapy. Different types of lasers like CO2, Nd:YAG, and argon lasers are used for specific cancer treatments depending on the location and type of cancer. Laser therapy provides benefits like precision, reduced bleeding and scarring, and shorter recovery time compared to surgery with scalpels. However, laser use requires safety precautions and training while limitations include cost and potential need for repeated treatments.
Produces radiation that is referred to as a high-energy x-ray for patients with cancer In 1928, RWideroe demonstrated that electrons could be accelerated through a tube by applying a radio frequency voltage to sections of the tubeThe linear accelerator is an extension of Wideroe’s ideaThe name ‘linear accelerator’ comes from the fact that electrons are produced in the machine and accelerated in a straight line.
Here is all about laser therapy. These slides contain all about laser in the field of healthcare and treatment. Role of laser in the physical therapy field. I hope these slides helps you to learn more about laser therapy and its benefits.
Produces radiation that is referred to as a high-energy x-ray for patients with cancer In 1928, RWideroe demonstrated that electrons could be accelerated through a tube by applying a radio frequency voltage to sections of the tubeThe linear accelerator is an extension of Wideroe’s ideaThe name ‘linear accelerator’ comes from the fact that electrons are produced in the machine and accelerated in a straight line.
Here is all about laser therapy. These slides contain all about laser in the field of healthcare and treatment. Role of laser in the physical therapy field. I hope these slides helps you to learn more about laser therapy and its benefits.
How are lasers used to treat Cancer.pptxDr.Kanury Rao
Compared to standard surgical tools, lasers have some advantages (pros) and downsides (cons). If you are looking for a reputed oncologist, you can seek medical help from Dr. Kanury Rao. Laser therapy uses a super-intense narrow beam of light to kill cancer cells
Low-level laser therapy is a form of medicine that applies low-level lasers or light-emitting diodes to the surface of the body. Whereas high-power lasers are used in laser medicine to cut or destroy tissue, it is claimed that application of low-power lasers relieves pain or stimulates and enhances cell function. There are 4 type of LASER and it’s use in acute and chronic conditions.
Light is an integral part of our life. Advances in technology are increasing and changing the ways that the patient experience dental treatment. One of the milestones in technological advancements in dentistry is the use of lasers The early 20th century saw one of the greatest inventions in science & technology, in that LASERS which later went on to became a gift to health sciences. Albert Einstein is usually credited for the development of the laser theory. He was the first one to coin the term “Stimulated Emission” in his publication “Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung”, published in 1917 in the “Physikalische Zeitschrift”
Lasers are devices that produce beams of coherent and very high intensity light. The word LASER is an acronym for “Light Amplification by Stimulated\Emission of Radiation”. A crystal or gas is excited to emit light photons of a characteristic wavelength that are amplified and filtered to make a coherent light beam. The effect of the laser depends upon the power of the beam and the extent to which the beam absorbed. Several types of lasers are available based on the wavelengths. These range from long wavelengths (infrared), to visible wavelengths, to short wavelengths (ultraviolet), to special ultraviolet lasers called excimers. Lasers are used nowadays in many areas in the field of dentistry It is of the most captivating technologies in dental practice. Even though, introduced as an alternative to the traditional halogen curing light, laser now has become the instrument of choice, in many dental applications. Its advancements in the field of dentistry are playing a major role in patient care and well being.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
1. Laser Light in Cancer Therapy
Prof Amin E Amin
Dean of the Higher Institute of Optics Technology
&
Prof of Medical Physics
Radiation Oncology Department
Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University
2. Introduction
This is a preliminary presentation to let us know what is
laser light and what are its uses in cancer therapy.
3. L ight
A mplification by
S timulated
E mission of
R adiation
The Word LASER Is An Acronym For
4. Laser Therapy
❖ Laser light is nonionizing radiation.
❖ Hence, laser therapy is not considered as radiotherapy.
5. • Laser light has the following properties;
• Monochromatic
• Directional
• Coherent
Properties Of Laser
6. Ordinary Vs Laser Light
1. Many wavelengths
2. Multidirectional
3. Incoherent
1. Monochromatic
2. Directional
3. Coherent
Laser light is different from regular light (The light from
the sun or from a light bulb)
7. 7
Monochromatic Light
▪ The light emitted from a laser
is monochromatic, that is, it
is of one color/wavelength
(frequency).
▪ In contrast, ordinary white
light is a combination of many
colors (or wavelengths) of
light.
8. 8
Directional Light
▪ Lasers emit light that is highly directional, that is, laser light is
emitted as a relatively narrow beam in a specific direction.
▪ Ordinary light, such as from a light bulb, is emitted in many
directions away from the source.
9. 9
Coherent Light
▪ The light from a laser is said to be coherent, which means
that the wavelengths of the laser light are in phase in
space and time.
▪ Ordinary light can be a mixture of many wavelengths.
10. 10
Laser Fundamentals
• These three properties of laser light are what can make it
more effective and hazardous than ordinary light.
• Laser light can deposit a lot of energy within a small area.
11. Basic Concepts For A Laser
• Absorption
• Spontaneous Emission
• Stimulated Emission
• Population inversion
13. Spontaneous Emission
• The atom decays from level 2
to level 1 through the
emission of a photon with the
energy hv = E2-E1.
• It is a completely random
process.
E2
E1
14. Stimulated Emission
Atoms in an upper
energy level can be
triggered or stimulated
in phase by an incoming
photon of a specific
energy.
E2
E1
15. Inverted Population
➢ When a sizable population of electrons resides in upper levels,
this condition is called a "population inversion“.
➢ In order to obtain the coherent light from stimulated emission,
two conditions must be satisfied:
1. The atoms must be excited to the higher state. That is, an inverted
population is needed, one in which more atoms are in the
upper state than in the lower one, so that emission of
photons will dominate over absorption.
Unexcited system
E1
E2
E3
Excited system
E1
E2
E3
16. Metastable State
Metastable state
Photon of energyE2 − E1
E1
Metastable system
E2 E2
2. The higher state must be a metastable state – a state in which the
electrons remain longer than usual so that the transition to the
lower state occurs by stimulated emission rather than
spontaneously.
Stimulated emission
Incident photon
E1Emitted photo
E3 E3
17. Stimulated Emission
❖The stimulated photons have unique properties:
➢In phase with the incident photon
➢Same wavelength as the incident photon
➢Travel in same direction as incident photon
18. Laser Therapy for Cancer Treatment
• Laser light is concentrated so that it makes a very
powerful and precise tool.
• Laser therapy uses light to treat cancer cells.
19. Laser Therapy for Cancer Treatment
• Lasers can cut a very tiny area, less than the width of the finest
thread. They can remove very small cancers without harming
nearby tissue.
• Lasers are used to put heat on tumors to shrink them.
• Lasers are sometimes used with medicines that are activated by
laser light to kill cancer cells.
• Laser beams can be bent by going through tubes for hard-to-reach
places.
• Lasers can be used with microscopes to let healthcare providers
see the site being treated.
20. How Are Lasers Used During Cancer
Surgery?
• Laser surgery is a type of surgery that uses laser beams instead
of tools such as scalpels.
• There are several types of lasers. Each is used to do certain
things during surgery.
• Laser light can be delivered either continuously or as pulses.
• It can be used with fiber optics to treat areas of the body that are
often hard to reach.
• These are some of the lasers used for cancer treatment:
21. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Lasers
• CO2 lasers can remove a very thin layer of tissue from the
surface of the skin without removing deeper layers.
• The CO2 laser may be used to remove skin cancers and some
precancerous cells.
22. Neodymium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet
(Nd:yag) Lasers
• Nd:YAG lasers can get deeper into tissue.
• They can cause blood to clot quickly.
• The laser light can be carried through optical fibers to reach
internal parts of the body.
• For example, the Nd:YAG laser can be used to treat throat
cancer.
23. Laser-Induced Interstitial Thermotherapy
(LITT)
• LITT uses lasers to heat certain parts of the body.
• The lasers are directed to areas within body tissues that are
near a tumor.
• The heat from the laser raises the temperature of the tumor.
• That shrinks, damages, or kills the cancer cells.
24. Argon Lasers
• Argon lasers pass only through outer layers of tissue such as
skin.
• Argon lasers can be used to treat skin problems or in eye
surgery.
• Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses argon laser light to
activate chemicals in the cancer cells.
25. What Is Photodynamic Therapy?
• PDT can destroy just cancer cells and leave most healthy cells alone.
• It is used to treat certain cancer tumors.
• PDT is also called photoradiation therapy or photochemotherapy.
• It uses a combination of a light source and a photosensitizing
medicine activated by light.
• The medicine is often injected into the blood. It collects more in
cancer cells than in normal cells.
• When the laser's light is focused directly on the tumor, the cancer
cells absorb the light.
• A chemical reaction occurs that kills the cancer cells.
26. What Is Photodynamic Therapy?
• The FDA has approved the use of PDT for certain types of
cancer that are found just under the skin or in the lining of
certain organs.
• This is because PDT can only pass through a limited tissue
depth.
• Cancer types that may be treated with PDT are cancer of the
esophagus, non-small cell lung cancer, and a precancerous skin
lesion (actinic keratosis).
• PDT may have fewer side effects than other treatments. It can
also be used again and again at the same site if needed.
27. What Is Photodynamic Therapy?
• Major side effects of PDT are sensitivity to light and swelling at
the treatment site.
• Both the eyes and skin are affected by light sensitivity.
• This may last up to 3 months after treatment.
• Swelling can cause pain.
• The swelling also may make it hard to swallow or breathe,
depending on the location of treatment.
28. What Is Photodynamic Therapy?
• Other side effects may occur.
• They depend on the area being treated.
• A small amount of damage may also occur in healthy tissue.
• As each person's health profile and diagnosis are different, so is his
or her reaction to treatment.
• Side effects may be severe, mild, or absent.
29. What Cancers May Be Treated With
Laser Therapy?
• Lasers are used in surgery for certain types of cancer because these
often have a special requirement that only lasers can meet. For
instance, the laser can reach a hard to treat area, apply heat, or cut
only a very small area: They may be used for:
• Vocal cords, Esophagus, Cervix, Skin, Lung, Vagina, Vulva
30. What Cancers May Be Treated With
Laser Therapy?
• Laser surgery is also used for palliative surgery in people with
cancer.
• Palliative surgery can help the person feel better and more
comfortable or function better even though the surgery may not
treat the cancer.
• An example of this type of surgery may involve removing a growth
that is making it hard for a person to eat.
31. Positive Aspects Of Laser Treatment
• Lasers are more precise and exact than blades (scalpels). For
instance, the tissue near a laser cut (incision) is not affected
since there is little contact with skin or other tissue.
• The heat produced by lasers helps clean (sterilize) the edges
of the body tissue that it’s cutting, reducing the risk of
infection.
• Since laser heat seals blood vessels, there is less bleeding,
swelling, pain, or scarring.
32. Positive Aspects Of Laser Treatment
• Operating time may be shorter.
• Laser surgery may mean less cutting and damage to healthy
tissues (it can be less invasive). For example, with fiber
optics, laser light can be directed to parts of the body through
very small cuts (incisions) without having to make a large
incision.
• More procedures may be done in outpatient settings.
• Healing time is often shorter.
33. Limitations Of Laser Treatment
• Not many doctors and nurses are trained to use lasers.
• Laser equipment costs a lot of money and is bulky compared with the
usual surgical tools used. But advances in technology are slowly
helping reduce their cost and size.
• Strict safety precautions must be followed in the operating room when
lasers are used. For example, the entire surgical team and the patient
must wear eye protection.
• The effects of some laser treatments may not last long, so they might
need to be repeated. And sometimes the laser cannot remove all of the
tumor in one treatment, so treatments may need to be repeated.