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Laser therapy presentation dr. clark
- 1. Cold Laser Therapy And Applications in Canine Rehabilitation Therapy Presented by Deanna Clark DVM, CCRT of 4 Paws Swim and Fitness 10/26/2011
- 2. What is Laser Phototherapy? • Low Level Laser Therapy • Low light intensity influences cell/tissue functions • Heating is negligible • Effects due to photochemical or photobiologic reactions like effect of light in plants
- 3. The Power of Light • Remember atoms? • Photon energy excites an atom and electrons change their energy level • Electron jumps from inner to outer orbit then back—gives off energy!
- 4. Physiological Effects • Visible red light absorbed in mitochondria • Infra red light absorbed at cellular membranes • Increases ATP • DNA production • Opens Ca channels • Increases cellular proliferation • Increase in release of growth factor • Increased myofibroblast activity • Alters pain threshold
- 5. What Defines Laser Light? • Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation • Monochromic - the color of light/wavelength • Coherent—laser light sticks together/amplifies
- 6. Coherency is Special • Waves have the same frequency and phase • Polarized light—light moves together • Almost parallel beam—Moves together without spread (collimating)
- 7. Laser Light • Visible: Helium Neon (HeNe) 400-700 nm • Invisible: Infrared 750nm-950nm • 600-1000 nm is therapeutic window • < 600 nm Bactericidal • 600 nm Skin repair and acupoint stim • 600-1000 nm tissue repair
- 8. Does it have to be Laser? • Monochromatic (non coherent light) light from LED's can give good effect on superficial tissues such as wounds • In comparative studies lasers have shown to be more effective especially in deep tissue
- 9. How Deep can Laser Penetrate? • Long wavelength penetrates deeper than short • 808-904 nm is ideal? • “Penetration depth, its accurate definition, its measurement, and even its importance in phototherapy, are hotly debated topics” http://www.spectramedics.com/index.php?id=105
- 10. Power of Penetration • Still a lot to learn! • One study shows 904nm with super pulsing is best • Twice the power isn’t twice as deep (5-10% ) • Wavelength, super pulsing, power, intensity, tissue contact and compression
- 11. What about Absorption? • Light is weaker further from surface it penetrates • Tissue type (bone,fat,muscle), pigment, dirt, hair, clothes decrease penetration • Clothes reduce penetration between 80 and 100% http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkGJvvWD1vw • Blood absorbs energy-pushing lightly pushes blood away
- 12. What does this Imply? • Due primarily to absorption by water in tissue, 980 nm (class IV) penetrates less than 808 nm, and this is not compensated by the higher power • Holding space between laser and skin to avoid heating will further decrease penetration
- 13. Does LLLT Cause Heating of Tissue? • Yes - all light causes heating if absorbed • GaAlAs (3B) lasers in 300-500 mW range cause noticeable heat sensation, particularly hairy areas, tattoo • Melanin important factor; dark skin > fair skin • Increased circulation causes increase 0.5-1 °C local
- 14. The Laser Class • Classified by wavelength/max output power into four classes (subclasses) • Ability to produce damage in exposed people • Class 1 (no hazard during normal use) to class 4 (severe hazard for eyes and skin) • Classification is not effectiveness
- 15. Laser Classes • Class I 0.4 mW • Class II 0.5-1.0 mW blink adequate • Class IIIa 1-5 mW eye caution • Class IIIb 5-500 mW eye danger • Class IV >500 mW fire hazard, Danger
- 16. Class 1 (less than 0.5 mW) • Visible and non visible • No eye or skin danger • Laser printers, car entry, CD players • No heating/no healing • Safe in all uses unless focused through magnifier
- 17. Class 2 (less than 1 mW) • Visible • Safe for short periods on eyes and extended on skin • Safe because blink reflex limits retina exposure • No healing/no heating
- 18. Class 3 (1mW to 500 mW) includes 3a and 3b • Visible and invisible • Helium neon (HeNe) • Galium Arsenide (GaAs)--infrared • GaAluminumAs (GaAlAs)—infrared • MPE can be exceeded with limited effects (skin) • Protective eye ware if direct viewing of beam
- 19. Class 4 (>500 mW) • Increases tissue temperature--can burn • Dehydrates tissue • Coagulates protein • Thermolysis • CO2, Argon, YAG laser • Eye danger can result from indirect or reflected beam
- 20. The Calculations • Energy is power over time • Energy (Joules) = Watt (W) x second • Lasers come in mW and 1000 mW= 1 watt • 1 joule from 5 mW laser requires 200 seconds of time (3.3 minutes) • 50 mW laser requires 20 seconds • 500 mW laser requires 2 seconds
- 21. More Power is Not Better • More Power means shorter treatment time • More Power is more cost! • More Power is more dangerous!
- 22. It Comes Down to Dose • Class 3 and 4 can deliver same dose • http://www.laser.nu/lllt/pdf/theimpossibledose.pdf
- 23. Dosage • Doses—Respond 904 nM, 500 mW, IIIb • 1-3 j/cm(2) circulation • 1-6 j/cm(2) acute pain • 2-4 j/cm(2) muscle pain • 4-6 j/cm(2) neurological indications • 4-8 j/cm(2) joint pain • 5-6 j/cm(2) wounds • 8-12 j/cm(2) chronic pain and OA • Acu-points @ 60 mW = 33 sec = 2J • Laurie Edge-Hughes
- 25. Laser Dosing is Cumulative • Repeated dose 1-7 day intervals has stronger effect then given at once • Recent research hints low power and long exposure -better than high power/short time for tissue regeneration • Treatment times in excess of 15-20 minutes may produce systemic effects
- 26. Can you use too high of a dose? • With Class IV it would burn • May have bio-suppressive effect or non optimal effect • The healing of a wound may take longer • Found evidence that 16j/cm(2) is inhibitory
- 27. Can Laser Light Cause Cancer? • No mutational effects with wavelengths in red or infra-red range • No mutational effects with doses used within LLLT • Cancer cells in vitro have shown stimulation • Rat studies shown small tumors can recede or completely disappear • Rat studies shown no effect on tumors over a certain size • Probably local immune system is stimulated more than the tumor
- 28. What about Bacteria • The situation is the same for bacteria and virus in culture--stimulated by laser light in certain doses • Bacterial or viral infection is cured much quicker after treatment with LLLT • Study on MRSA-one positive and other refuted http://www.stanford.edu/~kendric/PDF/B57.pdf
- 29. Can Lasers Really Damage your eyes? • Any strong light source can injure eyes • Powerful laser (many watts) is more hazardous • Parallel light enters--further focused to concentrated spot • To burn the retina, certain energy or time is needed • With visible wavelength range, we blink • Lasers in general are much less dangerous than people think--But I wouldn’t want to experiment! • Japanese researcher treated calves with KCS with excellent results (HeNe)
- 30. Is Laser Therapy Proven? • Mostly yes • More than 130 double-blind positive studies confirming clinical effect of LLLT • About 250 papers annually published in peer reviewed scientific papers • www.pubmed.com • www.laser.nu
- 31. And the Flip Side • Many studies prove it doesn’t work • Closer look reveals serious study flaws • Don’t clearly indicate dose or are under-dosed • LLLT will not work on everything • Matter of dosage, diagnosis, treatment technique, individual reaction for any modality
- 32. Biological Effects • Heals leg ulcers • Accelerates collagen synthesis • Accelerates inflammation phase of wound healing • Enhances immune cells to combat invading pathogens • Increases vascularity of healing tissue • Pain reduction from endorphin release • Fibroblast production • Cartilage stimulation
- 33. Indications • Arthritis • Tendonitis • Wounds • Edema • Contractures/scar tissue • Increase circulation • Pain • Muscle spasms
- 34. Contraindications • Dr. Laurie Edge-Hughes says…. • Eye • On cancerous lesions • Pregnant abdomen (no testing) • Unclosed fontanels • Over Vagus nerve • Over sympathetic ganglia • Cardiac region of heart patients • Areas of hemorrhage • Over thyroid/endocrine glands • Areas treated with recent cortisone injection (wait 1 week as may flare site) • Stem cell therapy—wait 6-8 weeks
- 35. Contraindications? • www.lasernu.com says…. • None medical • In most countries-legal, i.e. you should not treat cancer or some other serious diseases • Pregnancy is not-if treatment done with common sense • Pacemakers are electronic -not influenced by light • Most valid contraindication is possible lack of adequate medical treatment
- 36. Actually Using Laser! • We use a Class 3b (Chattanooga) • I diagnose my patients and set up treatment plan • My technicians or myself carry out plan
- 37. What Dose Do We Use? • Changed dose for each indication- depth etc. • Generally 8 J/cm(2) routine • 10 J/cm(2) for spine • Long treatment duration • Recently changed to 5 J/cm(2) • Changing back?
- 38. Post-operative • Treat operated joint • Base dose on depth of concern • Caution lateral suture surgery as may actually prevent fibrous tissue needed! • Treat compensatory concerns
- 39. Dakota • TPLO (failed Lateral suture) 8 weeks post-op
- 40. Osteoarthritis • Treat joints affected based on depth • Treat local muscles that are affected • Acupuncture points?
- 41. Maddie • Bilateral cruciate tears—no surgery—recent concern for meniscus, bilateral severe hip DJD • Does great with just recent once monthly visit!
- 42. Muscle injuries • Laser really seems to heal muscle strains • Great success with iliopsoas in 4-6 weeks • Combined with other physical therapy modalities of course! • Treat compensatory concerns
- 43. Cutter • Iliopsoas and gracilis strain with return to agility in 8 weeks!
- 44. Myofascial pain/trigger points • Complete “trigger point massage” • Laser affected areas • Complete gentle range of motion and stretching at same time • Acupuncture points?
- 45. Sadie Mae • My own girl and reason for rehab—tolerated nothing else!
- 46. Tendonitis • Laser can be used similar to ultrasound • Supraspinatus/Biceps • Diagnose specific area of discomfort-anatomy • True P.T. Exam crucial to diagnosis
- 47. Frannie vs. Angus • Laser vs. Ultrasound
- 48. Performance Athletes • Laser over trigger points and sore muscles • Stretch and assess at same time • Baltimore VOSM
- 49. Helmet • Does one time laser session work? • Study suggests endurance training program combined with LLLT lead to greater reduction in fatigue http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870127
- 50. How long does it take? • Intense osteoarthritis patient may take upwards of 30-40 minutes for laser alone • Combine with other exercises? • Combine with underwater Treadmill?
- 51. How to charge? • Some charge per time • Some charge per modality • At 4 Paws we designate Level which is basically time and includes more modalities
- 52. References • http://www.laser.nu/lllt/pdf/Confounders.pdf • http://www.laser.nu/lllt/pdf/Penetration.pdf • Laurie McCauley, DVM TOPS Veterinary rehabilitation • www.laser.nu • Dr. Laurie Edge-Hughes • CRI—likes Spectra-Vet laser • Swedish Laser-Medical Society
- 53. Questions?
Editor's Notes
- Introduction and certification….. My name is Dr. Deanna Clark I graduated from UW vet school in 2004 as a large animal practitioner. My journey evolved to a mixed animal and now small animal only practitioner. I became interested in Canine Rehab about 2 ½ years ago due to my own interest in Canine sports medicine. I then began the journey through CRI to become certified in March. I have been working at 4 Paws with somewhat limited hours for the last 1 ½ years
- Cold laser therapy
- Lots of debate on what coherence is!! Like an onion—source comes from center and moves out where as other light is similar—but comes from multiple atoms and is like looking through a frosted pain of glass—image becomes distorted
- A laser designed for the treatment of humans is rarely suitable for treating animals with fur. There are, in fact, lasers specially made for this purpose. The special design feature here is that the laser diode(s) obtrude from the treatment probe rather like the teeth on a comb. By delving between the animal's hair, the laser diode's glass surface comes in contact with the skin and all the light from the laser is "forced" into the tissue. increasing power only increases the depth of penetration marginally. With the higher superficial absorbance of the 980 nm laser there will be considerable heating, and, while heat is finefor many conditions, it is not of what photomedicine
- The most surprising part of this is that the GaAs differs so much from the other. What is so special with that wavelength – 904 nm? It is not the wavelength, it is the extreme pulsing (super pulsing). Today it is possible to find GaAlAs-lasers with the 904 nm wavelength and then the energy loss due to the skin barrier is about 80%. Bjordal states further: “In vivo trials with 904 nm pulse lasers, have demonstrated that these lasers achieve similar effects on collagen production with far lower doses on the animal´s skin than lasers with continuous output (Enwemeka 1991a; van der Veen and Lievens 2000).This effect can be attributed to the photobleaching phenomenon, where the first strong pulse bleaches the opaque barrier of tissue, letting the second pulse pass through the tissue barrier with less loss of energy (Kusnetzow et al. 2001), (Fig. 7).”This has further been studied by Jon Joensen and presented by himself at the WALT meeting, September, 2010in Bergen, Norway. Figure 3 and 4. Surprisingly, the penetration of the super pulsed laser light is markedlyincreasing by the time, while the 810nm laser light transmission remained constant. The very high power peaksof the GaAs laser “bleaches” the collagen and thus gradually creates a more transparent tissue. This gradually increasing transmission supports the theory of bleaching
- limit at which intensity is so low no biological effect
- Classification has nothing to do with effectiveness
- MPE is maximal permissibleexposure
- yttrium aluminum garnet
- Energy is measurement of power over time
- Remember that Class 3 is 1mW-500 mW and Class 4 is >500 mW
- Use in our patients?
- Obvious that a powerful laser is more hazardous to stare into than a weak laserEnergy is power multiplied by time, so exposure time is important.
- String cheese and Deli meat!!